EMBEDDED SYSTEM VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP

A summer Internship-2 Report Submitted in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by

VASUPALLI NITHIN (23KD5A0217)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology(A)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Gurajada University Vizianagaram)
Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’Grade
Vizianagaram-535005
2024-2025
 CERTIFICATE

This report on “EMBEDDED SYSTEM VIRTUAL INTRNSHIP” is a bona fide record of the

internship work submitted by VASUPALLI NITHIN with Reg. No 23KD5A0217, in His 5th semester

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering during the academic year 2024-25.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr.K.Subbaramaiah, M Tech, Ph. D
Professor & H.O.D
Department of EEE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my esteemed institute Lendi Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), which has provided me an opportunity to fulfill my
cherished desire.
I am highly indebted to Dr.K.Subbaramaiah, Professor - Head of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous), for giving me the opportunity to do the internship in college.
I express my sincere thanks to Principal, Dr. V. V Rama Reddy, Lendi Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Autonomous) for his encouragement to me during this Internship,
giving me a chance to explore and learn new technologies in the form of summer Internship-2.
I am grateful for EDUSKILLS and AICTE for providing me this learning opportunity.
Finally, I am indebted to the teaching and non-teaching staff of the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department for all their support in completion of my Internship

VASUPALLI NITHIN
(23KD5A0217)
CERTIFICATE
 INSTITUTE

VISION

Producing globally competent and quality technocrats with human values for the holistic needs of
industry and society.

MISSION
➢ Creating an outstanding infrastructure and platform for enhancement of skills, knowledge and
behavior of students towards employment and higher studies.
➢ Providing a healthy environment for research, development and entrepreneurship, to meet the
expectations of industry and society.
➢ Transforming the graduates to contribute to the socio-economic development and welfare ➢ Of the
society through value based education.
 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PROGRAM OUT COMES (POs)

PO1:EngineeringKnowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics ,science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design & Development: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety ,and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
PO4:ComplexProblems & Investigations: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern Tools: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: Engineer & Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment & Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9:Individual &Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
PO10: Communication Skills: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11:Project Management &Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multi disciplinary environments
PO12:Life Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAMSPECIFICOUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Capable of design, develop, test, verify and implement electrical and electronics engineering
systems and products.
PSO2:Succeed in national and international competitive examinations for successful higher studies
and employment
 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

COURSE OUTCOMES
S.No Description
CO1 Construct the company profile by compiling the brief history, management
structure, products / services offered, key achievements and market
performance of internship organization.

CO2 Determine the challenges and future potential of internship organization in

particular and the sector in general.

CO3 Test the theoretical learning in practical situations by accomplishing the tasks
assigned during the internship period.

CO4 Apply various soft skills such as time management, positive attitude and
communication skills during performance of the tasks assigned in internship
organization.

CO5 Analyze the functioning of internship organization to assess its Strengths,

Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and recommend changes for
improvement in processes.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1 Understanding the Microcontroller of PIC family

1.1 Brief Overview of Embedded Systems

1.2 8 Bit Microcontrollers: Architecture of the PIC16

1.3 Introduction to MPLAB X IDE

1.4 Getting started with PIC16F1xxx MCUs using MCC ans State Machines

CHAPTER -2 Programming in C (basic to advanced)

2.1 Syntax and Structures of C
2.2 C programming: Linked List Data Structures
2.3 C Programming Callbacks
2.4 Advanced C Programming
2.5 Advanced Embedded C Tips, Tricks and Cautions

CHAPTER-3 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDED SYSTEMS (Link)

3.1 Design Considerations for your first IOT project

3.2 Exploring Bluetooth Low energy (BLE) from first steps to final
application

3.3 Creating a sensor node for Azure IOT Central

3.4 Motor Control Workshop using ds PIC Digital signal Controllers(DSC)

Dual core Devices
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded system: Any combination of hardware and software which is intended
to do a particular or specific task is known as Embedded system
Example: mobiles, smart tv, refrigirator etc....
Categories:
1. Standalone Embedded system

a) Slave Embedded system

b) Independent Embedded system

2. Real time Embedded system

3. Networked Embedded system

4. Mobile embedded Embedded system

Slave Embedded system does not decide on its own which means that it is not
having intervenience but in independent Embedded system it can take necessary
actions based on input from the synthesis
Example: driver less car ,semiautomatic washing machine

Real time Embedded system are the systems takes action within a specific amount
of time
Example: airbags in cars, pacemakers which are used for blood pumping

Networked Embedded system are the systems which are connected via network
Example: routers ,gps modems

Mobile embedded Embedded system are the movable embedded systems

Example: cars

some of the embedded systems which satisfies all above criteria are called Hybrid
Embedded systems category
Example: Robots etc..
 1.2 8 Bit Micro controllers: Architecture of the PIC16
The PIC16 family of micro controllers, produced by Microchip Technology (formerly
Microchip PIC), is a popular series of 8-bit micro controllers known for their
simplicity, low power consumption, and versatility. These micro controllers are
widely used in various embedded systems, including consumer electronics, industrial
automation, and automotive applications. Here, I'll provide an overview of the
architecture of the PIC16 micro controller.

1. CPU Core:

- The PIC16 micro controllers are based on a Harvard architecture, which means
they have separate program memory (Flash memory) and data memory (RAM).

- They feature an 8-bit RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) CPU core,
which is highly optimized for low-power and fast execution of instructions.

- The CPU can execute most instructions in a single instruction cycle, making it
relatively efficient.

2. Memory:
- Program Memory (Flash): This is where the program code is stored. The size of
the Flash memory can vary depending on the specific PIC16 model.

- Data Memory (RAM): This is where variables and data are stored during
program execution. PIC16 devices typically have a limited amount of RAM.

- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Some

PIC16 devices also include a small EEPROM for non-volatile data storage
3. Registers:
- PIC16 micro controllers have a set of special function registers (SFRs) that control
various hardware features and are used for I/O operations.
- These include general-purpose registers, status registers, and control registers.

4. Instruction Set:
- The instruction set of the PIC16 micro controller is relatively small and designed
for simplicity and efficiency.
- Instructions are mostly 8-bit wide and include arithmetic, logical, and control
operations.

5. Peripherals:
- PIC16 micro controllers offer a variety of on-chip peripherals, which can include
timers, USARTs (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter),
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) controllers, and more.
- These peripherals can be configured and controlled through SFRs.

6. I/O Ports:
- PIC16 micro controllers typically have multiple I/O ports for connecting to
external devices and sensors.
- These ports can be configured as inputs or outputs and can be used for digital I/O
operations.

7. Interrupts:
- PIC16 micro controllers support both hardware and software interrupts, allowing
for responsive event handling.
- Interrupts are vectored, meaning there are specific memory locations for
different interrupt sources.

8. Clock and Reset:

- These micro controllers have an internal oscillator, but they can also be
connected to an external crystal or clock source for more precise timing
-They provide reset and power-on reset circuitry to ensure a controlled start-up.
9. Low Power Modes:
 - PIC16 micro controllers are known for their low power consumption and offer
various low-power modes to conserve energy.
10. Development Tools:
- Microchip provides a range of development tools, including integrated
development environments (IDEs) and programmers, to facilitate programming and
debugging of PIC16 micro controllers.

The specific features and capabilities of PIC16 micro controllers can vary depending
on the exact model within the family. Developers choose a particular PIC16 device
based on the requirements of their application, considering factors like memory size,
available peripherals, and power consumption.

1.3 Introduction to MPLAB X IDE

MPLAB X IDE is an integrated development environment (IDE) specifically
designed for programming and developing applications for Microchip micro
controllers and digital signal controllers (DSCs). It's a powerful tool that provides a
comprehensive set of features to streamline the entire embedded software
development process. Here's an introduction to MPLAB X I

1. Supported Microchip Devices:

- MPLAB X IDE is primarily used for developing software for Microchip's micro
 controllers and digital signal controllers, including PIC micro controllers, dsPIC
digital signal controllers, and more.
2. Cross-Platform Compatibility:
- MPLAB X IDE is designed to be cross-platform, which means it runs on
multiple operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it
accessible to a wide range of developers.
3. Integrated Development Environment:
- MPLAB X IDE provides a complete environment for embedded software
development. It includes all the tools and features required for writing, compiling,
debugging, and programming code for Microchip devices.
4. Code Editor:
- The IDE includes a powerful code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, code completion, and code navigation to assist developers in writing and
editing code.
5. Project Management:
- Developers can create and manage projects within MPLAB X IDE. Projects help
organize code files, configuration settings, and build options.
6. Device Configuration:
- MPLAB X IDE offers a device configuration tool that simplifies the process of
setting up and configuring peripherals, pins, and clock settings for the target
microcontroller.
7. Compiler and Debugger Integration:
- The IDE seamlessly integrates with Microchip's XC compilers, allowing you to
compile your code directly within the IDE.
- MPLAB X IDE also supports debugging through various tools, including in-
circuit debuggers and programmers. You can set breakpoints, view register values,
and step through your code during debugging sessions.

8. Plugin Support:

- MPLAB X IDE supports plugins, which extend its functionality. Developers can

create custom plugins or use existing ones to enhance the IDE's capabilities.
9. Real-Time Data Monitoring:

- For debugging and analysis, the IDE provides real-time data monitoring and

visualization tools, allowing you to monitor variables and peripheral registers while

your code runs on the target device.

10. Integrated Programmer:

- MPLAB X IDE includes support for Microchip's programmers and debuggers,

making it easy to program your microcontroller with the compiled code directly from

the IDE.

11. Version Control Integration:

- The IDE can integrate with version control systems like Git, making it easier for

teams to collaborate on projects and manage source code revisions.

12. Community and Support:

- Microchip provides a wealth of documentation, tutorials, and a user community
to help developers get started and troubleshoot any issues.

MPLAB X IDE is an essential tool for anyone developing applications for Microchip
microcontrollers and digital signal controllers. It offers a user-friendly interface and a
wide range of features that simplify the development process, from writing code to
programming and debugging your embedded systems.

1.4 Getting started with PIC16F1xxx MCUs using MCC

and State Machines
Getting started with PIC16F1xxx microcontrollers (MCUs) using the MPLAB Code
Configurator (MCC) and state machines is a great way to quickly develop embedded

applications. This approach simplifies the configuration of peripherals and the

creation of state-based applications. Here are the steps to get started:
1.Hardware Setup:
- Start by setting up your hardware. This includes connecting the PIC16F1xxx
MCU to your development board and ensuring you have a suitable power supply.
2. MPLAB X IDE and MCC Installation:
- If you haven't already, download and install MPLAB X IDE from the Microchip
website. Ensure that you also install MPLAB Code Configurator (MCC), which is a
plugin for MPLAB X IDE.
3. Create a New Project:
- Launch MPLAB X IDE, and create a new project by going to "File" > "New
Project."
4. Select the Target Device:
- In the project wizard, select the PIC16F1xxx MCU as your target device.
5. Configure the Clock:
- Use MCC to configure the MCU's clock settings. Select the clock source and
frequency that best suits your application.
6. Configure Peripherals:
- Use MCC to configure the peripheral modules you plan to use in your project.
This might include GPIO pins, timers, UART, or other peripherals.

- MCC provides a graphical interface to configure and initialize these peripherals,

making it easy to set up their parameters.
7. Create State Machines:
 - Define your application's behavior using state machines. State machines are
powerful way to model complex behavior in an organized manner. You can use MCC's
"State Machine" feature to create and manage state machines within your project.
- Define states, transitions, and actions for your state machine to describe how
your application should respond to events.
8. Code Generation:
- After configuring your peripherals and creating state machines, generate code
using MCC. MCC will generate initialization code for your peripherals and state
machine code based on your configurations.
9. Custom Application Code:
- Write custom application code to handle high-level logic and interactions within your
state machine. You can do this in the main.c file or other source files created in
your project.
10. Build and Debug:
- Build your project to compile the code, and use MPLAB X IDE's debugging
tools to test your application. You can set breakpoints, examine variable values, and
step through your code to identify and fix issues.
11. Program the MCU:
- Once you're satisfied with your code and it's free of errors, use a suitable
programmer (e.g., PICkit) to program the PIC16F1xxx MCU on your development
board.
12. Test and Iteration:
- Test your application on the hardware, and iterate as necessary to refine and
expand its functionality.

13. Documentation and Resources:

- Throughout the development process, refer to the PIC16F1xxx datasheet and
reference manual for detailed information on the MCU's features and operatio n.
 CHAPTER 2
2.1 Syntax and Structures of C
The C programming language is known for its simplicity and power. It consists of
various syntax rules and structures that govern how programs are written. Here's an
overview of some key syntax and structures in C:

1. Comments:

- Comments in C are used to add explanatory notes within the code.

- Single-line comments start with `//`, and multi-line comments are enclosed in `/*
*/`.

Example:

// This is a single-line comment

/*
This is a
multi-line comment
*/

2. Preprocessor Directives:

- Preprocessor directives begin with a `#` symbol and are used to include header
files, define macros, and perform other preprocessing tasks.

Example:

#include <stdio.h> // Include a standard library header

#define PI 3.1415 // Define a macr
3. Main Function:
- Every C program must have a `main` function where program
execution begins.
- The `main` function returns an integer value that represents the
program's exit status.

Example:
int main() {
// Program statements
return 0; // Indicates successful execution
}

4. Variables:
- Variables are used to store data. They must be declared before use,
specifying their data type.
- Variable names can include letters, digits, and underscores but must
start with a letter or underscore.

Example:

int age = 25; // Declare and initialize an integer variable

float temperature; // Declare a floating-point variable

5. Data Types:
- C supports basic data types such as `int`, `float`, `char`, and more.
- You can also create user-defined data types using structures and
enumerations.
Example:

int x = 42;
float pi = 3.1415;
char grade = 'A';

struct Person {
char name[50];
 int age;
};

6. Operators:
- C includes various operators for performing operations on variables
and values, including arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment
operators.

Example:
int sum = 5 + 3;
int isEqual = (sum == 8); // Comparison operator
int isTrue = (1 && 0); // Logical AND operator

7. Control Structures:
- C provides control structures like `if`, `else`, `while`, `for`, and
`switch` for decision-making and looping.

Example:
if (x > 10) {

// Code to execute if x is greater than 10

} else {
// Code to execute otherwise
}
while (count < 10) {

// Code to repeat while count is less than 10

count++;
}

8. Functions:
- Functions are blocks of code that can be called and reused.
- Functions are defined with a return type, a name, and optional
parameters.

Example:
int add(int a, int b) {
 return a + b;

} int result = add(5, 3); // Call the add

function

9. Arrays:
- Arrays are used to store collections of data of the same data type.

Example: int numbers[5] = {1, 2,

3, 4, 5}; char name[20] = "John";

10. Pointers:
- Pointers are variables that store memory addresses. They are used
for dynamic memory allocation and accessing data indirectly.
Example: int value = 42; int *ptr = &value; // Declare a pointer and
assign the address of 'value' printf("Value: %d\n", *ptr); //
Dereference the pointer to access the value

These are some of the fundamental syntax and structures in the C programming
language. Understanding and mastering these concepts is essential for writing C
programs effectively. C is a versatile language, and it allows for low-level
memory manipulation, making it suitable for systems programming and
embedded development.

2.2C programming: Linked List Data Structures

In C programming, linked lists are a fundamental data structure used to

store and manage collections of data dynamically. A linked list consists of
a sequence of nodes, where each node contains two parts: a data element
and a reference (or pointer) to the next node in the sequence. Linked lists
come in various forms, including singly
linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circular linked lists. Here's an overview of
implementing singly linked lists in C:

Singly Linked List Structure:

In a singly linked list, each node points to the next node in the sequence, and the last
node points to NULL to indicate the end of the list.
Example: struct Node { int data;
struct Node *next;
};

Creating a Linked List:

To create a linked list, you typically start with a pointer to the first node (the head) and
initialize it to NULL. You then add nodes dynamically as needed.
Example: struct Node *head = NULL; // Initialize an empty
linked list
Inserting Nodes:

To insert a node at the beginning of the linked list, you allocate memory for the new
node, set its data and next pointer, and update the head to point to the new node.
Example:

struct Node *newNode = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));

newNode->data = 42; newNode->next = head; head = newNode;
To insert a node at a specific position or at the end of the list, you traverse the list until
you reach the desired position or the end, then update the pointers accordingly.
Deleting Nodes: To delete a node, you update the pointers of the previous node to
bypass the node you want to remove, then free the memory of the deleted node.

Example:
// Assuming 'prevNode' is the node before the one you want to
delete struct Node *temp = prevNode->next; prevNode->next =
temp->next; free(temp);
Traversing the Linked List:

To access and process the elements in the linked list, you traverse it using a loop or
recursion. Example:
struct Node *current = head; while
(current != NULL) {
// Process the current node
printf("%d ", current->data);
current = current->next;
}

Advantages of Linked Lists:

1. Dynamic Size: Linked lists can grow or shrink dynamically, making them
suitable for situations where the size is not known in advance.

2. Memory Efficiency: Linked lists can be more memory-efficient than

arrays because they allocate memory for each element only when needed.

3. Insertions and Deletions: Inserting or deleting elements in a linked list is more

efficient than in an array because you don't need to shift elements.

Disadvantages of Linked Lists:

1. Random Access: Unlike arrays, linked lists don't support direct random
access to elements. To access an element, you need to traverse the list from the
beginning.

2. Memory Overhead: Linked lists require extra memory for the next
pointer, which can lead to higher memory consumption compared to arrays
Linked lists are a fundamental building block in C programming and are widely used
in various applications, including implementing data structures like stacks, queues,
and hash tables. Understanding linked lists and their operations is crucial for C
programmers.

2.3 C Programming Callbacks

In C programming, callbacks are a powerful and flexible way to implement functions
that can be passed as arguments to other functions. Callbacks allow you to define
custom behavior for functions, making your code more modular and adaptable.
Callbacks are often used in event-driven programming, asynchronous operations, and
in scenarios where you need to customize the behavior of a function without modifying
its code.

Here's how callbacks work in C programming:

1. Function Pointers:
Callbacks are implemented using function pointers. A function pointer is a
-
variable that stores the address of a function instead of its value.
Function pointers have a specific function signature, meaning they point to
-
functions with a specific set of parameters and return type.
Example:
// Declare a function pointer type typedef void

(*CallbackFunction)(int);

// Define a function that takes a callback function as an argument void

doSomething(int value, CallbackFunction callback) {

// Perform some operation

callback(value); // Call the callback function

}
// Define a callback function void myCallback(int value) {
printf("Callback invoked with value: %d\n", value);
} int main() { doSomething(42, myCallback); // Pass the callback function as an
argument return 0;
}

In this example, `doSomething` is a function that takes an integer value and a callback
function as arguments. When called, it performs some operation and then invokes the
provided callback function with the given value.
2. Using Callbacks for Custom Behavior:

- Callbacks are often used when you want to customize the behavior of a function
without modifying its code. This allows for greater flexibility and reusability of code.
Example:

// Another callback function void

doubleCallback (intvalue){ printf("Double Callback:
%d\n", value * 2);
} int main() { doSomething(42, myCallback); // Pass one callback
doSomething(10, doubleCallback); // Pass another callback
return 0;
}
In this modified example, we pass different callback functions to `doSomething`,
resulting in different behaviors based on the callback provided.
3. Callbacks in Library Functions:

- Callbacks are commonly used in C library functions, such as sorting algorithms.

For example, the `qsort` function in the C standard library allows you to provide a
comparison callback to customize the sorting order.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Comparison callback function for sorting integers in ascending order int

compareAscending(const void *a, const void *b) { return (*(int *)a - *(int *)b);

} int main() { int arr[] = {5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6}; int size = sizeof(arr) /

sizeof(arr[0]); qsort(arr, size, sizeof(int), compareAscending); for

(int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{ printf("%d ", arr[i]);

} return 0;

In this example, `qsort` is a library function that sorts an array of integers. It accepts a
callback function (`compareAscending`) to determine the sorting order.
Callbacks are a powerful tool in C programming that allows you to create flexible and
reusable code by separating functionality from behavior. They are commonly used in
libraries, frameworks, and event-driven systems to enable customization and
extensibility.

2.4 Advanced C Programming

Advanced C programming delves into more complex and nuanced aspects of the C
language, enabling developers to write efficient and sophisticated code. Here are some
topics and concepts that are considered advanced in C programming:
1. Pointers and Memory Management:

- Mastery of pointers is essential for advanced C programming. This

includes pointer arithmetic, dynamic memory allocation with `malloc` and
`free`, and understanding stack vs. heap memory.

2. Data Structures:
 - Implementing and working with complex data structures like linked
lists, trees, graphs, and hash tables. This involves memory management and
pointer manipulation.
3. Function Pointers and Callbacks:

- Utilizing function pointers to implement callback mechanisms and

dynamic function invocation, as discussed in the previous response.
4. File Handling:

- Advanced file I/O operations, binary file handling, and handling

complex file formats. Understanding fseek, ftell, and how to read and write
binary data is important.
5. Multi-threading and Concurrency:

- Writing multithreaded programs using libraries like pthreads or

Windows threads. Managing shared resources, synchronization, and avoiding
race conditions.
6. Advanced Data Types:

- Working with advanced data types such as unions and bitfields to

optimize memory usage and data representation.
7. Dynamic Data Structures:

- Implementing dynamic arrays, queues, and stacks with resizing

capabilities.
8. Error Handling:

- Creating robust error-handling mechanisms using error codes, errno,

and custom error reporting.
9. Preprocessor Directives:

- Advanced use of preprocessor directives for conditional compilation,

macro tricks, and code generation.
10. Bit Manipulation:
- Performing bitwise operations and optimizing code through bit
manipulation.
11. Advanced Memory Techniques:
Understanding memory layout, alignment, and cache optimization.
-
Utilizing memory-mapped I/O and direct memory access (DMA).
12. Optimization Techniques:
- Profiling and optimizing code for performance and memory efficiency.
Understanding compiler optimization flags and inline assembly.

13. Security and Secure Coding Practices:

Writing secure code to prevent common vulnerabilities like buffer
-
overflows and injection attacks.
14. Advanced Input/Output:
Working with sockets for network programming and using select/poll
-
for asynchronous I/O operations.
15. Low-Level Programming:
Writing low-level code for hardware interaction, embedded systems, or
-
operating system development.
16. Design Patterns:
Applying design patterns to create modular and maintainable code.
-
Examples include Singleton, Factory, and Observer patterns.
17. Debugging and Profiling Tools: Using advanced debugging tools, such
as gdb, and profiling tools to analyze code performance.
18. Portability and Cross-Platform Development:
-Writing code that is portable across different platforms and compilers.

19. Custom Libraries and Frameworks:

-Building custom libraries and frameworks to encapsulate functionality
for reuse.
2.5 Advanced Embedded C Tips, Tricks and Cautions
Advanced embedded C programming involves working with microcontrollers and
embedded systems, where resource constraints and real-time considerations are
critical. Here are some tips, tricks, and cautions to keep in mind:

Tips and Tricks:

1. Efficient Data Types: Use data types that match the target hardware's
architecture to improve performance and reduce memory usage. For example, use
`uint8_t` for an 8-bit microcontroller.

2. Memory Management: Carefully manage memory, especially in

systems with limited RAM. Use dynamic memory allocation sparingly and consider
implementing memory pools or fixed-size buffers.

3. Interrupt Handling: Understand interrupt priorities and use efficient

interrupt handlers. Minimize the time spent in interrupts to avoid disrupting the
system's realtime behavior.

4. Clock Management: Be aware of clock sources and settings. Accurate

timing is critical in embedded systems. Pay attention to clock initialization and
configuration.

5. Power Management: Implement power-saving modes when appropriate to

reduce energy consumption. Understand the power-down and sleep modes of the
microcontroller.

6. Watchdog Timers: Use watchdog timers to recover from system crashes

or lock-ups. Ensure that your code periodically resets the watchdog timer.

7. Optimize Code: Write efficient code. Profile your code to identify

bottlenecks and optimize critical sections. Employ compiler optimization flags.
8. Modular Design: Use modular and structured code design. Divide your code
into manageable functions and modules. Avoid long, complex functions.

9. Testing and Debugging: Invest in debugging tools like in-circuit

emulators or debuggers. Implement logging and diagnostics to aid in debugging
10. RTOS (Real-Time Operating System): If using an RTOS, understand its
features and limitations. Proper task scheduling and synchronization are crucial.

Cautions and Considerations:

1. Resource Constraints: Be mindful of memory and processing power

limitations. Avoid using unnecessary libraries or features that may consume
excessive resources.
2. Real-Time Requirements: Ensure that your code meets real-time deadlines.
Understand and minimize interrupt latency.

3. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Be cautious when using floating-point arithmetic, as

it can be slow and may not be supported on all microcontrollers.
4. Global Variables: Minimize the use of global variables, as they can lead to
maintenance challenges and make debugging difficult.
5. Concurrency Issues: Be aware of concurrency issues in multi-threaded or multi-
tasking systems. Use proper synchronization mechanisms to prevent data
corruption.
6. Hardware Abstraction: Implement hardware abstraction layers (HALs) to
isolate hardware-specific code. This makes porting to different microcontrollers
easier.
7. Memory Alignment: Pay attention to memory alignment requirements,
especially when working with peripherals that require specific data alignments.
8. Error Handling: Implement robust error handling and recovery
mechanisms.
Understand how to handle and report errors gracefully.

9. Security: Consider security vulnerabilities, especially in connected

embedded systems. Protect against unauthorized access and data breaches.
10. Documentation: Maintain thorough documentation of your code, including
comments, data structures, and interfaces. This aids in code maintenance and
collaboration.
11. Testing Environments: Be aware that testing on a development board may
not fully replicate the real-world environment. Test thoroughly in the target
environment.

12. Regulatory Compliance: If your embedded system is used in a regulated

industry (e.g., medical or automotive), be aware of the necessary compliance
standards and follow best practices for safety and reliability.

Advanced embedded C programming requires a deep understanding of both the C

language and the specific microcontroller or platform you are working with. It's
important to continuously update your knowledge, leverage debugging tools, and
thoroughly test your code to ensure the reliability and performance of your embedded
systems.

CHAPTER3
3.1 Design Considerations for your first IOT
project
Designing your first IoT (Internet of Things) project involves several important
considerations to ensure the success and functionality of our project. Here are key
design considerations for your first IoT project:
1. Define the Problem and Objectives:

- Clearly define the problem you want to solve with your IoT project and
set specific objectives. Understand the needs and requirements of your target
users or customers.
2. Select the IoT Platform:

- Choose a suitable IoT platform or framework to build upon. Platforms

like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or cloud-based platforms like AWS IoT, Azure
IoT, or Google Cloud IoT can simplify development.
3. Hardware Selection:
 - Select the appropriate hardware components, including sensors,
actuators, microcontrollers, and communication modules (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
LoRa, etc.), based on your project's requirements.

4. Power Supply and Management:

- Plan for the power supply and management of your IoT device.
Consider battery life, power efficiency, and whether the device needs to
operate in a low-power mode.

5. Connectivity:

- Determine how your IoT device will connect to the internet or other
devices. This could involve Wi-Fi, Ethernet, cellular, or LPWAN (Low-Power
Wide Area Network) technologies.

6. Security:

- Prioritize security in your design. Implement encryption, authentication,

and access control mechanisms to protect data and devices from unauthorized
access and attacks.

7. Data Collection and Sensors:

- Choose the appropriate sensors to collect relevant data for your project.
Consider factors like accuracy, precision, and calibration.

8. Data Processing and Analytics:

- Decide how and where data will be processed and analyzed. It can be on
the device itself, at the edge, or in the cloud. Determine the necessary
processing power and storage capacity.

9. User Interface:

- Design a user interface if your project requires user interaction. This could be
a web or mobile app, a dashboard, or even voice commands through virtual assistants.
10. Data Storage:

- Plan for data storage requirements. Decide whether you will store data
locally on the device, in a cloud database, or in a hybrid setup.

11. Scalability and Future Growth:

 - Consider the scalability of your IoT solution. Can it handle a growing
number of devices and users? Plan for future updates and expansions.

12. Regulatory Compliance:

- Be aware of regulatory requirements and certifications, especially if

your IoT device is intended for specific industries like healthcare or
automotive.

13. Power Efficiency:

- Optimize power consumption to extend the device's battery life and

reduce operational costs.

14. Firmware Updates and Maintenance:

- Plan for remote firmware updates to fix bugs, add features, and enhance
security. Ensure that updates can be deployed seamlessly.

15. Data Privacy and Compliance:

- Address data privacy concerns and comply with data protection

regulations, such as GDPR or HIPAA, if applicable.

16. Testing and Validation:

- Perform rigorous testing, including unit testing, integration testing, and

field testing, to ensure the reliability and functionality of your IoT device.

17. Documentation and Support:

- Create comprehensive documentation for users, developers, and

maintainers.
Provide customer support channels for troubleshooting and inquiries.

18. Cost Analysis:

- Calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) for your IoT project,
including hardware, software development, maintenance, and operational
costs.

19. Environmental Impact:

 - Consider the environmental impact of your IoT project, including the
disposal of electronic waste and energy efficiency.
20. Backup and Redundancy:

- Plan for data backup and implement redundancy mechanisms to ensure

the availability of critical functions.
By carefully addressing these design considerations, we can increase the chances of a
successful and functional IoT project. Remember that IoT development often involves
collaboration between hardware and software engineers, data scientists, and domain
experts, so effective communication and teamwork are essential.

3.2 Exploring Bluetooth Low energy (BLE)

from first steps to final application

Exploring Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) from first steps to a final application
involves understanding the technology, developing the necessary skills, and
following a systematic approach to building your project. Here's a step-by-step guide:

1. Understand BLE Technology:

- Start by learning the fundamentals of BLE technology. Understand how

it differs from classic Bluetooth and its advantages, such as low power
consumption and compatibility with smartphones and IoT devices.
2. Choose Development Tools:

Select the development platform and tools that suit your project. Popular options
include Nordic Semiconductor's nRF series, Texas
 - Instruments' CC26xx/CC13xx series, and the Arduino platform with
BLE shields.

3. Learn BLE Protocols:

- Study the BLE protocol stack, which includes the Generic Attribut
Profile (GATT), Generic Access Profile (GAP), and more. Understand
concepts like advertising, connections, services, and characteristics.

4. Set Up Development Environment:

- Install the necessary software development kits (SDKs), compilers, and

debugging tools provided by your chosen hardware platform. Familiarize
yourself with the IDE and development workflow.

5. Develop Basic BLE Applications:

- Start with simple BLE applications, like creating a peripheral device

that broadcasts data (e.g., sensor readings) and a central device that scans for
and receives this data.

6. Study BLE Profiles:

- Explore standard BLE profiles like Heart Rate Monitor, Proximity, or

Health Thermometer to understand how services and characteristics are
structured. Create custom profiles if needed.

7. Design Your Application:

- Define the purpose and functionality of your BLE application. Decide

what data it will transmit, how devices will interact, and any specific
requirements.

8. Code Your Application:

- Begin coding your BLE application. Implement the necessary services,

characteristics, and descriptors. Handle advertising, connections, data
exchange, and disconnections.

9. Test and Debug:

 - Test your BLE application thoroughly. Use debugging tools and real
devices for testing. Address any bugs or issues that arise during the testing
phase.

10. Optimize Power Consumption:

- BLE is known for its low power consumption, but you can optimize further by using
low-power modes, optimizing advertising intervals, and minimizing data transfers.
11. Implement Security:

- Ensure data security by implementing encryption, authentication, and

authorization mechanisms as required by your application.

12. Handle Errors and Exceptions:

- Implement error handling and exception management in your code to

handle unexpected situations gracefully.

13. User Interface (UI):

- If your application has a user interface, design and implement it to

interact with the BLE functionality effectively.

14. Connectivity with Mobile Devices:

- If your final application involves mobile devices, create mobile apps

(iOS/Android) that communicate with your BLE device using platform-
specific BLE APIs.

15. Documentation and Support:

- Document your code, hardware connections, and any user instructions.

Provide customer support channels for troubleshooting.

16. Compliance and Certification:

- If your BLE device is intended for commercial use, ensure that it

complies with relevant regulatory standards and undergoes certification (e.g.,
Bluetooth SIG certification).

17. Scalability and Future Improvements:

-Consider future enhancements and scalability. Plan for firmware updates and
feature additions
18. Real-World Testing:

- Conduct real-world testing in the intended environment to evaluate the

performance and reliability of your BLE application.

19. Deployment:

- Deploy your BLE devices or applications in the target environment or

market.
20. Maintenance:

- Continue to support and maintain your BLE application by addressing

bug fixes, updates, and customer feedback.

Building a BLE application from start to finish involves a combination of hardware

and software development skills, along with a deep understanding of BLE protocols
and best practices. It's also beneficial to engage with the BLE developer community
and access online resources and documentation provided by your hardware platform
and the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).3.2

3.3 Creating a sensor node for Azure IOT Central

Creating a sensor node for Azure IoT Central involves several steps, from hardware
selection and sensor integration to setting up communication with the Azure IoT
Central platform. Here's a high-level guide to help you get started:

1. Define Your Project:

- Determine the purpose of your sensor node and the type of data it will
collect.
Consider factors like the environment, power constraints, and communication range.

1. Select Hardware:
- Choose a microcontroller or single-board computer (SBC) that is
compatible with Azure IoT Central. Common options include Raspberry Pi,
Arduino, or specialized IoT development boards with built-in connectivity.
2. Assemble Hardware: -
- Assemble your hardware components, including the microcontroller, sensors
(e.g., temperature, humidity, light), power supply, and any necessary peripherals.
3. Set Up Development Environment:
- Install the necessary software tools and libraries for your chosen
hardware platform. Configure your development environment.
4. Interface Sensors:
- Connect and interface your sensors with the microcontroller. Read data
from the sensors using appropriate libraries or code.
5. Implement Communication:
- Choose a communication method to send sensor data to Azure IoT
Central. Common options include Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or cellular connectivity.
Ensure your hardware supports the chosen method.
6. Azure IoT Central Setup:
- Sign in to the Azure IoT Central portal
(https://apps.azureiotcentral.com/).

- Create a new application or use an existing one.

- Define a device template that describes the capabilities and properties of

your sensor node.
7. Device Provisioning:
- Implement device provisioning on your sensor node. Azure IoT Central
supports various methods, such as symmetric key authentication or X.509
certificates.
8. Develop Firmware:
-
 - Write firmware for your sensor node that collects sensor data and sends
it to Azure IoT Central. Use the Azure IoT SDK for your chosen platform.

9. Security Implementation:
- Ensure that your firmware includes secure communication practices,
such as using TLS/SSL for data encryption and proper authentication
mechanisms.

10. Test and Debug: - Test your sensor node in a real-world environment to
ensure data collection and transmission work as expected. Use debugging tools
and logs to troubleshoot any issues.

11. Device Integration:

- Register your sensor node with Azure IoT Central by providing device-
specific information and credentials.

12. Data Visualization:

- Define dashboards and visualizations in Azure IoT Central to display

the data sent by your sensor node.

13. Configure Alerts and Rules:

- Set up rules and alerts in Azure IoT Central to trigger actions based on
sensor data, such as sending notifications or performing specific tasks.

14. Monitoring and Management:

- Implement remote monitoring and management capabilities for your

sensor node using Azure IoT Central's features.

15. Deployment:

- Deploy your sensor node in the target environment. Ensure it has a

reliable power source and network connectivity.

16. Scalability:

- Consider how to scale your solution if you need to deploy multiple

sensor nodes. Azure IoT Central supports device management at scale.
17. Documentation:

- Create documentation for your project, including hardware schematics,

firmware source code, and instructions for setup and maintenance.

18. Compliance and Security:

- Ensure that your solution complies with regulatory standards and

follows security best practices.

19. Continuous Improvement:

- Plan for ongoing maintenance, updates, and improvements based on user

feedback and changing requirements.

Creating a sensor node for Azure IoT Central involves both hardware and software
development, along with integration with the Azure IoT platform. Be prepared to
iterate on your design and implementation to achieve a reliable and scalable IoT
solution.

3.4 Motor Control Workshop using ds PIC

Digital signal Controllers(DSC) Dual core
Devices
A Motor Control Workshop using dsPIC Digital Signal Controllers (DSC) with

DualCore Devices is an excellent opportunity to learn about embedded systems and

motor control. These dual-core devices combine a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) core

with a microcontroller core, making them suitable for demanding control applications

like motor control. Below is a structured outline for conducting such a workshop:
 Workshop Title: Motor Control Workshop using
dsPIC Dual-Core DSC Devices
Workshop Duration: Typically, a full-day or multi-day workshop, depending on the
depth of the content and hands-on activities.
Workshop Goals:

1. Introduce Dual-Core dsPIC DSCs: Provide an overview of the dsPIC dual-core

architecture and its advantages in motor control applications.

2. Motor Control Fundamentals: Cover the basics of motor control theory,

including types of motors (DC, BLDC, AC), control techniques, and hardware
requirements.

3. Hands-On Lab: Practical exercises with dsPIC DSC development boards,

motor control hardware, and software tools.

4. Advanced Topics: Explore advanced motor control concepts, such as

sensorless control, field-oriented control (FOC), and position control.

5. Real-World Applications: Discuss real-world applications of motor control in

robotics, automotive, industrial automation, and more.
6. Troubleshooting and Debugging: Learn debugging techniques for motor
control systems and common challenges.

Workshop Outline:

Session 1: Introduction to dsPIC Dual-Core DSCs (1-2 hours)

- Overview of dsPIC DSCs and their dual-core architecture.

- Features and benefits of dsPIC DSCs for motor control.

- Introduction to the development environment (MPLAB X IDE).

Session 2: Motor Control Basics (1-2 hours)

- Types of motors and their characteristics.

- Open-loop vs. closed-loop control.

- Introduction to pulse-width modulation (PWM) and motor drive circuits.

Session 3: Motor Control Hardware (2-3 hours)

- Overview of motor control hardware components (sensors, drivers, encoders).

- Hands-on lab: Assembling motor control hardware with dsPIC DSC development
boards.

Session 4: Motor Control Software (2-3 hours)

- Introduction to motor control software development using the Motor Control

Application Framework (MCAF).
- Hands-on lab: Writing code to control a motor using PWM and sensor feedback.

Session 5: Advanced Motor Control (2-3 hours)

- Sensorless motor control techniques.

- Field-oriented control (FOC) principles.

- Hands-on lab: Implementing FOC for motor control.

Session 6: Real-World Applications (1-2 hours)

Case studies of motor control applications in various industries
- Discussion of challenges and innovative solutions

. Session 7: Troubleshooting and Debugging (1-2 hours)

- Common issues in motor control systems.

- Debugging techniques and tools.

- Hands-on lab: Debugging a motor control system.

Session 8: Project Showcase (1-2 hours) -

Participants present their motor control projects.

- Discussion and feedback.

Session 9: Q&A and Conclusion (1 hour)

- Open Q&A session to address participants' questions.

- Recap of key takeaways.

- Closing remarks and certificates distribution.

Materials and Resources:

- dsPIC Dual-Core DSC development boards and motor control kits.

- MPLAB X IDE and MPLAB Harmony framework.

- Motors, sensors, and motor drive circuits.

- Oscilloscopes, multimeters, and debugging tools.

- Workshop manuals, code examples, and reference materials.

Evaluation and Assessment:

- Participants may be evaluated based on their performance in hands-on labs and

project presentations.

- Assessment can also include quizzes or written assignments to test their

understanding of motor control concepts.
By following this structured workshop outline and providing hands-on experience
with dsPIC dual-core DSCs, participants can gain a solid foundation in motor control
and develop practical skills for real-world applications. The workshop should be
adaptable
to different skill levels, from beginners to experienced engineers, based on the depth
of the content covered.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, my internship as an embedded system developer has been a valuable
and enriching experience. Over the course of this internship, I have had the opportunity
to work on real-world projects, collaborate with a talented team, and expand my
technical skills significantly.
This internship has reaffirmed my passion for embedded systems development and has
equipped me with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in this field. I am grateful
for the guidance and mentorship I have received throughout this journey, and I am
excited to continue my career as an embedded system developer, applying the lessons
and experiences gained during this internship to future endeavors .

FUTURESCOPE
The future scope for an embedded system developer is promising and diverse. As
technology continues to advance, embedded systems are becoming increasingly
integral to various industries. Here are some key points regarding the future scope of
an embedded system developer:

1. IoT (Internet of Things): With the proliferation of IoT devices, embedded

systems will continue to be in high demand. Developers will work on creating smart,
connected devices for applications in healthcare, smart homes, industrial automation,
and more.

2. Automotive Industry: Embedded systems play a crucial role in the automotive

sector, powering advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), infotainment systems,
and autonomous vehicles. Future opportunities will abound in this rapidly evolving
field.
3. Medical Devices: The healthcare industry relies heavily on embedded systems
for medical devices, patient monitoring, and diagnostics. Developers will continue to
innovate in this area, contributing to improved healthcare solutions.

4. Aerospace and Defense: Embedded systems are critical in aerospace and

defense for avionics, missile systems, and communication equipment. As technology
advances, there will be ongoing development and maintenance of these systems.

5. Robotics: The robotics industry is expanding rapidly, and embedded systems

are at its core. Developers will have opportunities to work on robotics for various
applications, from manufacturing to healthcare and beyond.

6. Consumer Electronics: Consumer electronics, such as smartphones, smart

TVs, and wearable devices, rely heavily on embedded systems. Continuous
innovation in this sector ensures a steady demand for developers.

7. Energy and Green Technologies: Embedded systems are used in energy

management, renewable energy systems, and smart grids. As sustainability becomes
increasingly important, developers in this field will work on eco-friendly solutions.

8. Security: With the growing importance of cybersecurity, embedded system

developers will be tasked with creating secure systems that protect data and privacy
in an interconnected world.

9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: Integrating AI and ML into

embedded systems is a growing trend. Developers will work on optimizing hardware
and software for AI-driven applications.

10. Education and Research: Embedded system development will continue to be a

focus of educational institutions and research organizations, offering opportunities
for teaching and contributing to cutting-edge research projects.
 REFERENCES

1. Academic Journals: Websites like IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and

ScienceDirect host academic journals and papers related to embedded systems. You

can search for specific papers or journals that are relevant to your research or

interests.

2. Online Courses and Tutorials: Websites like Coursera, edX, Udemy, and

YouTube offer online courses and tutorials on embedded systems development.

These can serve as educational references.

3. GitHub Repositories: Many developers and organizations share open-source

embedded systems projects on GitHub. You can explore repositories, access source

code, and learn from real-world examples.

THEEND