Complex tissue is consisting of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit. They transport water, minerals salts; food material to various parts of plant body. Therefore, they are also known as the Conducting and Vascular tissues. They are of two types, namely Xylem tissue and Phloem tissue.
Components of xylem: Xylem is a complex tissue farming a part of vascular bundle. The function of xylem is to conduct water, minerals and also for mechanical support. As a complex tissue it consists of different types of living and nonliving cells / elements. Xylem consists of four components/elements i.e. Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem parenchyma and Xylem parenchyma/fibre
1. Tracheids: Tracheids are fundamental cell type in xylem. These are lignified and dead cells. Tracheid is an elongated cell with tapering ends. Pits are abundant on their wall. Tracheids help for conduction of water and give mechanical strength.
2. Vessels: Vessels are pipe like structures, the wall of vessels are thick, hard and lignified. They do not have any cross wall, they are lignified. Vessels are characteristics of the angiosperm but are lacking in only few. Vessels help for conduction of water and give mechanical strength.
3. Xylem parenchyma: This is only living tissues in xylem. Xylem parenchyma cells are thin walled, Store reserve food in the form of starch.
4. Xylem sclerenchyma: Xylem fibre: These are sclerenchymatous cells in xylem. These cells are thick walled tapered and elongated functioning for mechanical support and conduction of water.
Functions of xylem: 1. Vessels carries water and Minerals which is absorb by roots to leaves and other parts of the plant body. 2. Tracheids of xylem give rigidity two plants and carries water and Minerals from root to stem and leaf. 3. Xylem fibre gives rigidity to plant organs. 4. Xylem provide mechanical support to the plant body
1 Prof. Bhushan Hiray, NVP Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Lasalgaon F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern (Semester I, Paper II) BO-112: PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY
Components of Phloem: Phloem is a complex living tissue forming a part of vascular
bundle. Phloem is functioning for translocation of food material from leaves to shoot and root of plants. Phloem consists of four elements i.e. Sieve tubes, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma and Phloem sclerenchyma (fibres).
1. Sieve tubes: Sieve tubes are made up of sieve cells. Sieve elements are arranged one above the other and form vertical sieve tubes. Sieve tube elements are the conducting element of the phloem. They have thick wall contains a number of pores and it looked like a sieve so it is called sieve plate.
2. Companion cells: These are thin, elongated, specialized parenchymatous cell, which are associated with sieve tube element. They help in the conduction of food material.
3. Phloem parenchyma: The parenchymatous cells associated with the phloem are called phloem parenchyma. These are living cells. They stored starch and fat they also contain resins and tannins in some plants.
4. Phloem sclerenchyma (fibres): The fibers of sclerenchyma associated with phloem are called phloem fibres. They are narrow, vertically elongated with thick wall and a small lumen. In phloem, phloem fibres are the only dead tissue. This is functioning for strengthening and supporting cells.
Functions of Phloem: 1. Phloem transport organic food from leaves to the storage organ and growing points. 2. Phloem Sclerenchyma provides mechanical strength and supports the plant organs.
2 Prof. Bhushan Hiray, NVP Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Lasalgaon F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern (Semester I, Paper II) BO-112: PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY
Types of Vascular Bundles:
There are mainly three types of vascular bundles:
(i) Radial: Here each vascular bundle consists of only xylem or only phloem. They lie on alternate radii. i.e. radically side-by-side. This is the most primitive type of V.B. Such types of vascular bundles are present in roots only.
(ii) Conjoint: Vascular bundle is called Conjoint, if it consists of both xylem and phloem. Conjoint vascular bundles are again classified into three types..... a) Conjoint Collateral Open: When xylem and phloem are present side-by-side on the same radius then the vascular bundle is called collateral. If a strip of cambium is present between xylem and phloem then the vascular bundle is called Open. Conjoint Collateral open vascular bundle are present in a Dicot stem. Ex. Sunflower stem. b) Conjoint Collateral Closed: These types of vascular bundle consist of both xylem and phloem. Xylem and phloem lie side by side on the same radius. The strip of cambium is absent. Such vascular bundles present in Monocotyledon stem. Ex. Maize stem. c) Conjoint bicollateral: Sometimes phloem is present on the both side of xylem and there are two strips of cambium. Such vascular bundle is called Bicollateral. Ex. Cucurbita stem. • The vascular bundle in which proto-xylem is present towards the centre and meta-xylem towards the Periphery of cross section is called Endarch. • When proto-xylem is at the Periphery of section and meta-xylem is at centre it is known as Exarch
3 Prof. Bhushan Hiray, NVP Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Lasalgaon F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern (Semester I, Paper II) BO-112: PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY
(iii) Concentric: In concentric vascular bundle one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by the other. The concentric bundles may be of two sub-types, (a) Centroxylic / Hydrocentric / Amphicribal: This is concentric vascular bundle. Here the xylem is present at the centre of vascular bundle and it is surrounded by phloem. E.g. vascular bundle present in Fern rachis and rhizome (b) Centrophloeic / Leptocentric / Amphivasal: This is concentric vascular bundle. Here the phloem is present at the centre of vascular bundle and it is surrounded by xylem. E.g. vascular bundles in Dracaena stem
4.4: Epidermal tissues:
A) Epidermis: • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the plant organs. • Usually it consists of a single layer of compactly arranged, barrel shaped parenchymatous cells. • In xerophytic plants like Opuntia, Aloe and Nerium it is multilayered. • In the stem and leaf, the epidermis cells are thick walled and are meant for protection. • The epidermis of stem and leaf is covered by a thin cuticle, to prevent the loss of water. • In root the epidermal cells are thin walled, since they are mainly involved in the absorption of water and mineral salts. The epidermis of root is described as epiblema. B) Stomata: • The stomata are minute pores/openings; occur in the epidermis of aerial parts of the plants. Stomata are more prominent and more in number particularly in the leaves. • Each stoma is surrounded by two kidneys or bean shaped cells called Guard cells. • The epidermal cells surrounding to the guard cells are called Accessory cells or Subsidiary cells • The stomata may occur on any part of a plant except the roots. 4 Prof. Bhushan Hiray, NVP Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Lasalgaon F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern (Semester I, Paper II) BO-112: 112: PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY
Structure of Typical Stomata:
• The stomata are made up of minute pores called Stoma or Stomatal pore • Each stoma is surrounded by two kidneys or bean shaped cells called ‘Guard ‘ cells’. • The guard cells possess chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of stomata. Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by turgidity of the guard cells. • The outer walls of guard cells are thin and the inner walls are highly thickened. • The guard cells are surrounded by cells called Accessory cells or Subsidiary cells • The shape of guard cells are differs in both dicots and monocots, but the mechanism remains the same. • In Dicots the shapes of guard cells are Kidney or Bean-shaped. • In Monocots the shapes of guard cells are Dumb-bell shaped.
Dicot stomata Monocot stomata.
C) Trichomes/Hairs: • In many plants epidermal outgrowths are called as trichomes. • These are the hairs that originate from the epidermis. • Trichomes vary in their shape, structure and function. • Trichomes may be branched or unbranched. • Trichomes may be unicellular or multicellular. • Trichomes help for retention of water, help to check the rate of transpiration and protection. • Glandular hairs are the special type of trichomes consists of stalk and uni/multicellular hairs. • Glandular hairs are secretory in function. • Root Hairs are also outgrowths at a tip of the plant's roots. The function of root hairs ha is to absorb the water and nutrients from the soil.
5 Prof. Bhushan Hiray, NVP Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Lasalgaon F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern (Semester I, Paper II) BO-112: 112: PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY
Glandular hairs D) Motor or Bulliform Cells: • These are thin walled, larger cells than the typical epidermal cells with unicellular horn like hairs found in the th leaves of monocotyledons. • This is characteristic feature of the members of family Poaceae and other monocotyledons. • They contain large vacuoles and found mainly in the upper surface of the leaves. • They help in rolling and unrolling of the leaves due to changes in their size, depending on inflow and outflow of water from them. • They control the loss of water by the process of transpiration. • These are mainly water-containing water cells with no chlorophyll. T.S. of Maize leaf showing Motor cell
E) Functions of Epidermal Tissue System:
• As epidermis is outermost layer, it protects the inner tissue. • Epidermal tissue checks the loss of water due to presence of cuticle. • Stomata functioning for transpiration and exchange of gases. • Glandular trichomes helpful for dispersal dispersal of seeds and fruits, also for secretion. • Root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil.
