MODULE #6

Western Art History

1. Ancient World
• Prehistoric Art. The history of art also covers the entire history
of humankind=d since prehistoric times.

Art is an expression of people's religious and superstitious belief

characterized as "animism".

• Paleolitic - In the history of art, prehistoric art is all art produced

in preliterate, prehistoric cultures beginning somewhere in very
late geological history, and generally continuing until that culture
either develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or
makes significant contact with another culture that has, and that
makes some record of major historical events.

• Neolithic art was created in the form of statues, tools, paintings,

and architecture. For example, the megalith was created during
this time period.

• Egyptian art, Ancient sculptures, paintings, and decorative

crafts produced mostly in the dynastic periods of the 3rd-1st
millennium BCE in the Nile valley of Egypt and Nubia.

• Mesopotamian (3500 BC -539 BC). The early art of

Mesopotamia spans the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and
Babylonian cultures, all thriving empires that existed in a large
region that is known as modern day Iraq, Kuwait, and parts of
Syria and Turkey.

2. Classical art, or Classicism, refers to artwork that draws

inspiration from ancient Roman or ancient Greek culture,
architecture, literature, and art.

• Roman art, spanning from the founding of Rome in 753 BCE to

the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, is characterized
by its adaptability and eclecticism, drawing heavily from Greek,
Etruscan, and later, Egyptian influences.

• Ancient Greek art stands out among that of other ancient

cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized
depictions of the human body, in which largely nude male figures
were generally the focus of innovation.

3. Medieval Art. The medieval art of the Western world covers a

vast scope of time and place, with over 1000 years of art in
Europe, and at certain periods in Western Asia and Northern
Africa.

• Christian art is sacred art which uses subjects, themes, and

imagery from Christianity.

• Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the

Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that
inherited culturally from the empire.

• Romanesque art is the art of Europe from approximately 1000

AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 12th century, or later
depending on the region.

• Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern

France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the
concurrent development of Gothic architecture.

4. Revival of Classic. Classical art, or Classicism, refers to artwork

that draws inspiration from ancient Roman or ancient Greek
culture, architecture, literature, and art.

• The Renaissance is a period in history and a cultural movement

in Europe marking the transition from the Middle Ages to
modernity.

• The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance,

painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the
early 17th century until the 1750s.
• Rococo, also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally
ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration
which combines asymmetry, scrolling
curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and
trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion
and drama.

• Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a

Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts,
literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration
from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

Asian Art History

Chinese Art:
• Harmony with nature, symbolism, landscape painting,
calligraphy, and porcelain; influence of Confucianism,
Taoism, and Buddhism.

Sample Artworks
• Neolithic Pottery (c. 5000-2000 BCE)
• Example: Painted Pottery of the Yangshao Culture
• Bronze Age (c. 1600-256 BCE)
• Example: Ritual Bronzes of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties
• Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) •
Example: Funerary Art and Tomb Murals
•Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
Example: Tang Dynasty Pottery and Sculpture
• Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
Example: Song Dynasty Landscape Painting
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Example: Ming Dynasty Porcelain
• Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)
Example: Qing Dynasty Painting and Porcelain
• Modern and Contemporary Chinese Art
Example: Modern Chinese Painting and Contemporary Art

Japanese Art
• Simplicity, asymmetry, nature, woodblock prints (Ukiyo-e), Zen
Buddhism influences; forms like ikebana (flower arranging) and
bonsai.

Sample Artworks
• "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" (c. 1831) by Katsushika Hokusai
• Red and White Plum Blossoms (c. 1710-1716) by Ogata Körin
• The Tale of Genji Scroll (12th century)
• Namban Screen (Late 16th - Early 17th century)

Indian Art
• Intricate sculptures, religious themes from Hinduism, Buddhism,
and Jainism; Mughal paintings and temples with elaborate
carvings.

Sample Artworks

• Ajanta Caves Paintings (2nd century BCE - 6th century CE)

• Khajuraho Temples (950 - 1050 CE)
• Mughal Miniature Paintings (16th - 18th century)
• Tanjore Paintings ( 17th century-present )
• Madhubani Paintings ( Bihar )

MODULE #7

Cultural Appropriation and Transcreation both involve the

exchange and adaptation of cultural elements, but they differ
significantly in their ethical considerations and impacts, especially
in the Philippine context.

Cultural appropriation is a term used to describe the borrowing

or adoption of elements from one culture by individuals or groups
outside of that culture.

On the other hand, Transcreation is a creative process of

adapting a message from one language to another while
maintaining its original tone, context, and intent.
Impact: Cultural Appropriation can have detrimental effects on
marginalized communities in the Philippines.

Conversely, Transcreation has the potential to promote cultural

exchange and mutual respect. By ensuring that messages
are accurately and sensitively conveyed across cultural
boundaries,
transcreation can facilitate meaningful dialogue and collaboration
between different communities.

In conclusion, while Cultural Appropriation can lead to cultural

misrepresentation and exploitation, re e
ethical and respectful approach to cultural exchange, promoting
understanding and appreciation across linguistic and cultural
boundaries in the Philippines.

MODULE #8

Visual Elements of Art

The visual elements of art are the basic components that artists
use. to create artworks. These elements include line, shape, form,
texture, color, and space.

1. Line is the foundation of all drawing. It is the first and most

versatile of the visual elements of art.

The way we draw a line can convey different expressive

qualities:
• Freehand lines can express the personal energy and mood of the
artist:
• Mechanical lines can express a rigid control
• Continuous lines can lead the eye in certain directions
• Broken lines can express the ephemeral or the insubstantial
• Thick lines can express strength
• Thin lines can express delicacy
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2. Shape can be natural or man-made, regular or irregular, flat (2-
dimensional) or solid (3-dimensional), representational or
abstract, geometric or organic, transparent or opaque, positive or
negative, decorative or symbolic, colored, patterned or textured.

The Perspective of Shapes: The angles and curves of shapes

appear to change depending on our viewpoint. The technique we
use to describe this change is called perspective drawing.

The Behaviour of Shapes:

• Shapes can be used to control your feelings in the composition
of an artwork • • • Squares and Rectangles can portray strength
and stability
• Circles and Ellipses can represent continuous movement
• Triangles can lead the eye in an upward movement
• Inverted Triangles can create a sense of imbalance and tension

3.Tone is the lightness or darkness of a color. The tonal values of

an artwork can be adjusted to alter its expressive character.

Tone can be used:

• to create a contrast of light and dark.
• to create the illusion of form. to create a dramatic or tranquil
atmosphere.
• to create a sense of depth and distance.
• to create a rhythm or pattern within a composition.

4. Color is the visual element that has the strongest effect on our
emotions. We use color to create the mood or atmosphere of an
artwork.

There are many different approaches to the use of color:

• Color as light
• Color as tone
• Color as pattern
• Color as form
• Color as symbol
• Color as movement
• Color as harmony
• Color as contrast
• Color as mood

5. Pattern is made by repeating or echoing the elements of an

artwork to communicate a sense of balance, harmony, contrast,
rhythm or movement.

There are two basic types of pattern in art: Natural Pattern and
Man-Made Pattern.

Natural Pattern: Pattern in art is often based on the inspiration

we get from observing the natural patterns that occur in nature.

Man-Made Patter: Pattern in art is used for both structural and

decorative purposes. For example, an artist may plan the basic
structure of an artwork by creating a compositional pattern of
lines and shapes.

6. Texture is the surface quality of an artwork - the roughness or

smoothness of the material from whian it is made. We experience
texture in two ways: optically (through sight) and physically
(throvgh. touch).

• The physical texture, also known as actual texture or tactile

texture, refers to the patterns n variations found on a solid
surface.
• Visual texture or implied texture is the illusion of having
physical texture. Every materia: and every support surface has its
own visual texture and needs to be taken into consideration
before creating a composition.

Principles of Design
The principles of art (or the principles of design) are essentially a
set of criteria which are used to explain how the visual elements
are arranged in a work of art.

1. Balance refers to the visual weight of the elements of the

composition.

Balance can be achieved in three different ways:

• Symmetry: A quality in which both sides of a composition have
the same elements in the same position, as in a mirror image or
the two sides of a face.
• Asymmetry: The opposite of symmetry, in which the
composition is balanced due to the contract uf any of the
elements of art. For example, a large circle on one side of a
composition might he balanced by a small square on the other
side
• Radial Symmetry: Elements are equally spaced around a central
point, as in the spokes coming o'st of the hub of a bicycle tire.

2. Contrast is the difference between elements of art in a

composition such that each element is mage stronger relative to
the other.

3. Emphasis is when an artist creates an area of the composition

that is visually dominant and commands the viewer's attention.

4. Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that

they move the viewer's eye around and within the image.

5. Pattern is the uniform repetition of any of the elements of art or

a combination thereof. Anything can be turned into a pattern
through repetition.

6. Rhythm is created by movement implied through the repetition

of elements of art in a non-uniform but organized way.

7. Unity or Variety. You want your painting to feel unified such

that all the elements fit together comfortably.

MODULE #9

Art Mediums
The materials or tools used by artists to create artworks.

Chalk: Chalk is a soft, porous sedimentary rock primarily

composed of calcium carbonate, used in art for drawing in natural,
black, white, and colored forms.

Charcoal: Charcoal is a lightweight, black residue made from

carbon and ash, obtained by removing water and volatile
components from animal and vegetation substances, and is used
in art for its rich, deep black tones and ease of blending.

Pastels: Pastels are art mediums in stick form made from pure
powdered pigment and a binder, available as soft, hard, or oil
pastels, known for their vibrant colors and smooth blending
capabilities.

Pencils: Pencils are drawing tools with a thin graphite core

encased in wood, available in various hardness grades from soft
(B) to hard (H), and commonly used for drawing, sketching, and
detailed work.

Oils: Oil paints consist of pigments mixed with oil, usually linseed,
and are known for their rich colors, versatility, and ability to create
texture through techniques like glazing and impasto.

Acrylics: Acrylic paints are fast-drying paints made from

pigments suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion, water-
soluble when wet but water-resistant when dry, appreciated for
their versatility and vibrant colors.

Clay: Clay is a natural, malleable material composed of fine-

grained minerals, used in art for sculpting and ceramics, often
fired in a kiln to create durable finished pieces.

Metal: Metal in art includes various materials such as steel,

aluminum, and copper, used for sculpting, casting, and creating
structures through techniques like welding, forging, and casting.
Bronze: Bronze is an alloy primarily consisting of copper and tin,
valued for its durability and use in casting sculptures, allowing for
the creation of detailed and long-lasting works.

Wood: Wood is a natural material derived from trees, utilized in art

for carving, construction, and sculpture, with woodworking
involving techniques like carving, joining, and turning to create
both functional and decorative pieces.

Art Techniques
The methods or approaches used by artists to manipulate
mediums and create artworks.

Drawing: Creation of images using pencils, charcoal, pastels, or

markers.

Painting: Application of pigments onto a surface using oils,

acrylics, watercolors, etc.

Printmaking: Creating multiple copies of an image using relief,

intaglio, lithography, serigraphy, etc.

Sculpture: Crafting three-dimensional forms using materials like

clay, wood, metal, stone, etc.

Photography: Capturing images using light-sensitive materials or

digital sensors.
Digital Art: Creating or manipulating art using digital tools such as
software, tablets, or 3D printers.

Mixed Media: Incorporating multiple mediums or materials to

create layered compositions.

MODULE #10

PRODUCTION PROCESS
The production process refers to the stages (phases) required to
complete a media product, from the idea to the final master copy.

The three main stages of production are:

1. Pre-production: Planning, scripting & storyboarding, etc.
2. Production: The actual shooting/recording.
3. Post-production: Everything between production and creating
the final master copy.

Other stages include:

Financing: This happens before pre-production, and involves

budget forecasting, finding investors, etc.
Screenplay: This can be considered a separate stage before pre-
production.
Distribution: After post-production, delivering the content to the
audience (e.g. film prints, CD/DVD, etc.)

1. PRE-PRODUCTION
Pre-production is a fairly loose term which refers to the tasks
undertaken before production begins.

Pre-production includes:
• Script writing
• Location scouting
• Prop and wardrobe identification and preparation
• Special effects identification and preparation
•Production schedule
• Set construction
• Script-locking (semi-finalisation of the script)
• Script read-through with cast, director and other interested
parties

2. PRODUCTION
In film and video, production refers to the part of the process in
which footage is recorded.

3. POST-PRODUCTION
Post-production is the third and final major phase of the
production process.

Common tasks include:

• Editing video footage
• Editing the soundtrack, adding sound effects, music, etc.
• Adding titles and graphics
• Colour and exposure correction
• Adding special effects
• Re-shooting certain scenes if required ("pick-up" shots)

MODULE #11

Improvisation in Different Art Forms:

Improvisation is a dynamic and spontaneous form of artistic

expression found in various art forms.
In dance, it involves dancers responding to music or movement
prompts without predetermined choreography, allowing for
creativity and freedom of expression.
In music, improvisation manifests through spontaneous
melodies, harmonies, and rhythms, often seen in jazz, blues, and
world music traditions where musicians engage in improvised
solos or ensemble interactions.
Theater improvisation, commonly known as improv, involves
actors spontaneously creating scenes, dialogue, and characters
based on audience suggestions or prompts, fostering quick
thinking and collaboration.

Collaboration in Different Art Forms:

Collaboration, on the other hand, plays a vital role in the artistic
process, offering opportunities for artists to combine their talents,
perspectives, and resources to create innovative and impactful
works.
Collaboration is the act of working together with one or more
individuals or groups towards a common goal or creative
endeavor.
Benefits of collaboration:

Diverse perspectives: Collaborators bring unique backgrounds,

experiences, and viewpoints, leading to more innovative and well-
rounded creative outcomes.

Skill-sharing: Artists can learn from each other's expertise and

techniques, fostering growth and skill development.

Creative synergy. The combination of different artistic voices

can spark new ideas and creative directions that individuals may
not have explored alone.

Challenges of collaboration:

• Communication barriers: Differing work styles, artistic visions,

or even language barriers can make effective communication and
coordination challenging.

• Creative differences: Clashing artistic philosophies,

aesthetics, or creative processes can lead to conflicts and
compromises that may dilute the original vision.

• Logistical coordination: Aligning schedules, managing

resources, and coordinating logistics can be complex, especially
in large-scale or international collaborations.

Types of collaborations:

• Interdisciplinary: Collaborations that bring together artists

from different disciplines, such as dance, music, visual arts, and
theater.

• Cross-cultural: Collaborations between artists from diverse

cultural backgrounds, fostering intercultural exchange and
understanding.

• Virtual: Collaborations facilitated by digital platforms and

technologies, enabling artists to collaborate remotely or across
geographical distances.