HES032 (Microbiology and Parasitology)

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / SECOND YEAR

Session # 11

LESSON TITLE: Viral Infections of Humans Materials:

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Book, pen, notebook, and paper

At the end of the lesson, the nursing student can:

Reference:
1. Briefly discuss how viruses cause disease;
2. Correlate various viral diseases with body systems (e.g., Engelkirk, P., & Engelkirk, J. (2015). Burton's
th
rhinoviruses with the respiratory system); Microbiology for the Health and Sciences. 10
3. Correlate a particular viral disease with its major ed., Philadelphia: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins
characteristics, pathogen , reservoir(s), and mode(s) of
transmission; Tille, P. (2014). Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic
th
4. Characterize the various hepatitis viruses as being either Microbiology. 13 ed., Missouri: Elsevier Inc.
DNA or RNA viruses.

Daily Productivity Tip:

Set deadlines and don’t cram. START NOW.

LESSON PREVIEW / REVIEW (5 minutes)

The last two sessions, you have learned about host defense mechanism, including the different classes of antibodies and
how they combat antigen or foreign substances. Label the heavy chains, light chains, and variable and Fc regions of this
typical antibody. Indicate where the antibody binds to antigen.
\

TERMS TO LOOK UP:

Great! Now, let’s begin!
Keratoconjuctivitis
MAIN LESSON (50 minutes) Conjunctivits
Rhinitis
Stomach Flu
How do viruses cause disease? Gastroenteritis
Viruses can infect only the cells bearing appropriate surface receptors that Enteritis
the virus are able to recognize and bind. Viruses multiply within host cells, Diarrhea
and it is during their escape from those cells by either cell lysis or budding Hepatitis
that the host cells are destroyed. This cell destruction leads to most of the Meningitis
symptoms of the viral infection, which vary depending on the location of the Encephalitis
infection. Meningoencephalitis
Before we start, recall your learnings about the structure and properties of You may refer in Burton’s Microbiology for the Health
DNA and RNA viruses in session 3. and Sciences, 10th ed. (Chpater 17)

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A. Viral Infections of the Skin

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

Chicken pox Herpesviridae: varicella-zoster virus person to person by direct infected
(varicella) (VZV) contact, airborne, droplet humans

Shingles (herpes Site of latency: dorsal root ganglia

zoster): a reactivation
of varicella virus often
the result of
immunosuppression.
May occur at any age
but most at 50
German measles Togaviridae: rubella virus droplet spread or direct contact infected
(rubella) with nasopharyngeal secretions humans
of infected people;
transplacental
Hard measles Paramyoviridae: rubeola virus airborne transmission occurs by infected
(rubeola, atypical droplet spread, direct contact humans
measles) with nasal or throat secretions of
infected persons or with articles
Koplik spots in the freshly soiled with nose and
mouth and red throat secretions.
blotchy skin rash

rubella is a milder disease than rubeola with fewer complications

B. Viral Infections of the Eyes

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION

RESERVOIR
Adenoviral Adenoviridae: human adenoviruses direct contact with eye infected
Conjunctivitis and Herpesviridae: HSV and VZV (can secretions or contact with humans
Keratoconjunctivitis also cause Keratoconjunctivitis contaminated surfaces,
instruments, or solutions.
The cornea is involved
in about 50% of cases,
with permanent
scarring of the cornea
in severe cases

Hemorrhagic Adenoviridae: human adenovirus direct or indirect contact with infected

conjunctivitis discharge from infected eyes. humans

adenovirus
transmission may be
associated with poorly
chlorinated swimming
pools; this “swimming
pool conjunctivitis” can
reach epidemic
proportions.

C. Viral Infections of the Respiratory System

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1. Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

The Common Cold Picornaviridae: rhinoviruses (major in respiratory secretions by way infected
(Acute Viral Rhinitis, adults; more than 100 serotypes) of hands and fomites or direct humans
Acute Coryza) contact with or inhalation of
Other cold-causing viruses include airborne droplets
The common cold coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses,
occurs most frequently respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
in fall, winter, and influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and
spring. On average, enteroviruses
most people have one
to six colds annually.

2. Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

Acute, Febrile, Viral parainfluenza viruses, respiratory direct oral contact or by infected
Respiratory Disease syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, droplets; indirectly via humans
rhinoviruses, certain coronaviruses, handkerchiefs, eating utensils,
coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. or other fomites; or for some
viruses, via the fecal–oral
RSV is the major viral respiratory route.
tract pathogen of early infancy.

Hantavirus Pulmonary five hantaviruses inhalation of aerosolized rodents,

Syndrome (HPS) Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Creek rodent feces, urine, and saliva including
Canal, New York-1, Monongahela deer mice,
The Sin Nombre No person to person pack rats,
virus—literally, the transmission and
“virus with no name” chipmunks

Influenza (Flu) Orthomyxoviridae: influenza A, B, and Airborne spread Primary:

C Direct contact infected
Stomach flu, also humans
known as the 24-hour Influenza A virus cause severe Other: pigs
flu, is caused by symptoms and birds
viruses other than
influenza viruses

Avian Influenza (Bird avian infuenza type A Bird-to-human transmission infected wild
Flu) subtypes: H5, H7, H9, H5N1 (most occurs via contact with infected and
virulent poultry or surfaces that have domesticated
been contaminated with birds
excretions from infected birds.

Person-to-person
transmissions are relatively
rare.

Severe Acute SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS- respiratory droplets or by infected

Respiratory Syndrome COV) touching the mouth, nose, or humans
(SARS) eye after touching a
SARS was first contaminated surface or
reported in 2003 objects.

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D. Viral Infections of the Oral Region

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

Cold Sores (Fever Herpesviridae: usually by herpes Direct contact with infected infected
Blisters, Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), secretions humans
Labialis) herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

Reactivation may be Site of Latency: sensory nerve ganglia

caused by trauma,
fever (hence the
name), physiologic
changes, or disease.

E. Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

Viral Gastroenteritis enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, Fecal-oral route, infected
(Viral Enteritis, Viral caliciviruses (including noroviruses), Airborne humans
Diarrhea) and rotaviruses. contact with contaminated Contaminated
fomites may cause epidemics. water and
Although most often a shellfish
self- limiting disease
lasting 24 to 48 hours,
viral gastroenteritis
(especially when
caused by a rotavirus)
can be fatal in an
infant or young child

1. Viral Hepatitis

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

Hepatitis A (HAV Picornaviridae: hepatitis A Fecal–oral transmission; Short incubation,
infection, infectious virus person-to-person; infected abrupt onset, and
hepatitis, epidemic food handlers; fecally low mortality; no
hepatitis) contaminated foods and water carrier state.

Hepatitis B (HBV Hepadnaviridae: hepatitis B Sexual or household contact Usually has an

infection, serum virus with an infected person; insidious (gradual)
hepatitis) mother-to-infant before or onset; may lead to
during birth; injected drug use; cirrhosis or
tattooing; needlesticks and hepatocellular
other types of healthcare- carcinoma
associated transmission

Site of Latency: liver

Hepatitis C (HCV Flaviviridae: hepatitis C virus Primarily parenterally Acute and chronic
infection, non-A, non- transmitted (e.g., via blood hepatitis; strong
B hepatitis) transfusion); rarely sexually correlation between
transmitted chronic HCV
infection and
hepatocellular
carcinoma

Hepatitis D (Delta Deltavirus Exposure to infected blood and Usually has an

hepatitis) body fluids; contaminated abrupt onset; may

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 needles; progress to a chronic
sexual transmission; and severe disease
coinfection with HBV is
necessary.
Hepatits E Hepeviridae: hepatitis E virus Fecal–oral transmission; Hepatitis similar to
primarily via fecally that caused by
contaminated drinking hepatitis A virus
water; also, from person to except for
person extraordinarily high
case fatality rate
(10% to 20%) among
pregnant women

Hepatitis E virus has since been removed from the calicivirus family and included in a new
family, the Hepeviridae.

F. Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION

RESERVOIR
Anogenital Herpes Herpesviridae: direct sexual contact or oral– infected
Viral Infections Usually HSV-2 genital, oral–anal, or anal– humans
(Genital Herpes) Occasionally HSV-1 genital contact during
presence of lesions. Mother-to-
fetus or mother-to- neonate
transmission occurs during
pregnancy and birth.

Genital Warts (Genital Papovaviridae: Human papilloma direct contact, usually sexual; infected
Papillomatosis, virus (HPV) through breaks in skin or humans
Condyloma mucous membranes; or from
Acuminatum) HPV genotypes 16 and 18 have been mother to neonate during birth.
associated with cervical cancer.
Their rough surfaces
give them the
appearance of small
cauliflowers.

G. Viral Infections of the Circulatory System

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

HIV Infection and Retroviridae: direct sexual contact infected
AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus types (homosexual or heterosexual); humans
1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) sharing of contaminated
needles and syringes by
intravenous drug abusers;
transfusion of contaminated
blood and blood products;
transplacental transfer from
mother to child; breast-feeding
by HIV- infected mothers;
transplantation of HIV-infected
tissues or organs; and
needlestick, scalpel, and
broken glass injuries.
Site of latency: CD4 T-
lymphocyte

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 Infectious Herpesviridae: person to person by direct infected
Mononucleosis Epstein Barr virus (EBV) or Human contact with saliva and can be humans
herpesvirus 4 transmiteed via blood
also called “mono” or transfusion
the “kissing disease” EBV is known to be oncogenic
(Hodgkin disease, Burkitt Site of latency: B lymphocytes
Lymphoma)
Mumps (Infectious Paramyxoviridae: rubulavirus droplet spread and direct infected
Parotitis) contact with the saliva of an humans
infected person
Complications:
orchitis
(inflammation of the
testes), oophoritis
(inflammation of the
ovaries)

A. Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System

INFECTION PATHOGEN MODE OF TRANSMISSION RESERVOIR

Lymphocytic Arenaviridae: lymphocytic exposure to mouse urine, infected
Choriomeningitis. choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) droppings, saliva, or nesting rodents
materials. The virus can enter (common
Rodent-borne viral broken skin; through nose, the house mice)
disease that presents eyes, or mouth; or via the bite
as aseptic meningitis, of an infected rodent. Organ
encephalitis, or transplantation is a possible
meningoencephalitis. means of transmission.

Poliomyelitis (Polio, Picornaviridae: poliovirus person to person, primarily via infected

Infantile paralysis) the fecal–oral route; also, by humans
throat secretions.
1% of patients, the Major illness is more likely to occur
disease progresses to in older children and adults.
severe muscle pain,
stiffness of the neck
and back, with or
without flaccid
paralysis.
Rabies Rhabdoviridae: rabies virus bite of a rabid animal, which wild and
introduces virus-laden saliva. domestic
Rabies is a usually Airborne transmission from mammals,
fatal, acute viral bats in caves also occurs. including
encephalomyelitis of Person-to-person transmission dogs, foxes,
mammals is rare. coyotes,
wolves,
jackals,
skunks,
raccoons,
mongooses,
and bats.
Viral meningitis enteroviruses (most common), vary with the specific etiologic vary with the
(aseptic, nonbacteria, coxsackie virus, arbovirus, measles agent. specific
abacterial meningitis) virus, mumps virus, herpes simplex, etiologic
varicella-zoster, LCV, and agent.
Leptospirosis (a adenoviruses
bacterial disease) can
also cause aseptic
meningitis

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 Viral encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile vary with the specific etiologic vary with the
(Arthropod-borne viral virus, EEE virus, California agent. specific
encephalitis) encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis etiologic
virus, WEE virus agent.

TAKE A QUICK BREAK. BREATHE SLOWLY. WRITE FREELY.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (30 minutes)

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.
You are given 30 minutes for this activity (20 points):

1. What is the most virulent strain of avian influenza?

a. H1N1
b. H3N1
c. H5N1
d. H7
ANSWER:
RATIO:

2. Which of the following are considered to be oncogenic?

a. Epstein-Barr virus and HPVs
b. HIV and Ebola virus
c. rubella and rubeola viruses
d. variola and varicella viruses
ANSWER:
RATIO:

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3. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection is usually made by which of the following?
a. electron microscopy
b. growth of HIV in cell culture
c. growth of HIV in embryonated chicken eggs
d. immunodiagnostic procedures for the detection of antigen and antibodies
ANSWER:
RATIO:

4. Which of the following is also known as infectious hepatitis?

a. HAV
b. HBV
c. HCV
d. HDV
ANSWER:
RATIO:

5. Mosquitoes serve as vectors in all of the following viral diseases, except:

a. dengue fever.
b. hepatitis.
c. West Nile virus disease.
d. yellow fever.
ANSWER:
RATIO:

6. Which of the following viruses is/are not transmitted sexually?

a. hantavirus
b. HSVs
c. HIV
d. papillomaviruses
ANSWER:
RATIO:

7. Which of the following is a DNA virus?

a. HAV
b. HBV
c. HCV
d. HDV
ANSWER:
RATIO:

8. Which of the following is a type of herpes virus?

a. Epstein-Barr virus
b. measles virus
c. mumps virus
d. rabies virus
ANSWER:
RATIO:

9. Measles is caused by what type of virus?

a. rubeola

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b. rubella
c. varicella
d. varicella-zoster
ANSWER:
RATIO:

10. The disease known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a type of:
a. coronavirus.
b. herpes virus.
c. papillomavirus.
d. picornavirus.
ANSWER:
RATIO:

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER:
RATIO:

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8. ANSWER:
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 9. ANSWER:
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10. ANSWER:
RATIO:

LESSON WRAP-UP (5 minutes)

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

Exit Ticket: One-minute paper

a. How do you feel about today’s session? __ Happy __ Satisfied __ Sad __ Confused

b. What question(s) do you have as we end this session?

th
Reading Assignment: For the next session, read chapter 19 of Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Siences, 10 ed.

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