O’LEVEL BOOK :

O’LEVEL BOOK:
Book 1

S.No Topics

1. Atomic Structutre

2. Periodic table

3. Chemical Bonding

4. Diamond and graphite

5. Moles and stoichiometry

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 Bonding and structure: work sheet 1

1) What is the atomic structure of phosphorous atom?
Protons Neutrons Electrons
A 15 16 15
B 15 16 16
C 16 15 15
D 16 15 16
2) What is the atomic structure of the Z2- ion in which Z has atomic number 8 and
mass number 18?
Electrons Protons Neutrons
A 8 8 10
B 8 8 18
C 10 8 8
D 10 8 10
+
3) What does a potassium ion K , contain?
Protons Neutrons Electrons
A 19 20 18
B 19 39 19
C 19 39 20
D 20 19 18
4) Isotopes are different atoms with same number of

A) Electrons, protons and neutrons

B) Electrons but different number of protons
C) Neutrons but different number of protons
D) Protons but different number of neutrons

5) A chloride ion, Cl- has the same number of electrons as

A) An argon atom, ArC) A fluoride ion, F-

B) A bromine atom, Br D) A sodium ion, Na+

6) Which one of the following particles contains 10 electrons, 11 protons and 12

neutrons?
A) 1224 Mg2+ C) 1123Na+
B) 919F- D) 1022Ne

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7) What is the number of protons in one molecule of sulphur trioxide (SO3)?

A) 24 B) 40 C) 32 D) 64

8) What is the number of electrons in an ion of nitrate (NO3-)

A) 32 B) 42 C) 52 D) 62

9) Chlorine atom, Cl and chloride ion, Cl-

A) Are chemically identical

B) Have same number of electrons
C) Are isotopes of chlorine
D) Have same number of protons
10) The ion X+ contains 23 particles in the nucleus and 10 electrons out side the
nucleus. What does the nucleus of the ion X+ contain?
Protons Neutrons
A 9 14
B 10 13
C 11 12
D 12 11
11) How many protons and neutrons are there in one atom of the carbon isotope, which
has the mass number 14?
Protons Neutrons
A 6 6
B 6 8
C 6 14
D 8 6
12) An atom of argon has 18 electrons round its nucleus. Which of the following
particles does not have 18 electrons round its nucleus?

A) Ca2+ B) Cl- C) O2- D) S2-

13) Element Z may be represented as 818Z. What is the structure of the ion Z2-
Protons Neutrons Electrons
A 8 8 10
B 8 10 10
C 10 10 8
D 10 18 8

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14) The table shows the number of protons, neutron, and electrons in four ions. For
which ion is the data correct?
Ion Protons Neutrons Electrons
A 40 20 20 20
20 Ca2+
B 19 9 10 8
9 F-
C 18 10 8 12
8 O2-
D 23 11 12 10
11 Na+
15) The atoms 1531P and 1632S have same

A) Nucleon number C) Number of electrons

B) Number of neutrons D) Number of protons

16) The table shows information about particles X and Y

Number of Number of Electronic structure
protons neutrons
X 9 10 2, 8
Y 17 20 2, 8, 8
Which statement is correct for both X and Y?

A) They are atoms of metals

B) They are atoms of noble gases
C) They are isotopes of the same elements
D) They are negative ions

17) In which set do the three each have the same total number of electrons?
Particles
A Cl- Br- I-
B F- Ne Na+
C K+ Ca2+ Br-
D Li+ Na+ K+
18) Which of the following ions has the same number of electrons as Krypton atom,
atomic number 36?

A) Chloride ion, Cl-

B) Sodium ion, Na+
C) Rubidium ion, Rb+
D) Xenon, Xe

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 Atomic Structure
1. An aluminium atom has a nucleon number of 27 and a proton number of 13.
How many neutrons does this aluminium atom contain?

A) 13 B) 14 C) 27 D) 40

2. An atom of element Q contains 19 electrons, 19 protons and 20 neutrons.

What is Q?
A) calcium B) potassium C) strontium D) yttrium

3. Ions are formed by elements losing or gaining electrons.

Which statement is correct?
A) Metal atoms gain electrons to form positive ions.
B) Non-metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions.
C) The charge on an ion is always either +1 or –1.
D) Group I ions have the same electronic structure as noble gases.

4. Two atoms, X and Y, can be represented as shown.

Which statement is not correct?

A) X and Y are atoms of different elements.
B) X and Y are isotopes.
C) X and Y have different mass numbers.
D) X and Y have the same number of electrons.

5. Two atoms have the same relative atomic mass but different chemical properties.
Which row about the proton and neutron numbers of these atoms is correct?

6. Which statement about atoms is correct?

A) Atoms contain protons and electrons in the nucleus.

B) Neutrons are negatively charged.
C) Protons are positively charged.

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D) The nucleon number is the number of neutrons.

7. Which statements comparing the properties of electrons, neutrons and protons are
correct?

8. What do the nuclei of hydrogen atoms contain?

A) electrons and neutrons B) electrons and protons
C) neutrons only D) protons only

9. The diagram shows the structure of an atom of element X.

What is X?
A) boron B) carbon C) sodium D) sulfur

10. The diagrams show four particles.

Which two diagrams show atoms that are isotopes of each other?

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A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3

C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4
11. What is different for isotopes of the same element?
A) nucleon number B) number of electron shells
C) number of electrons in the outer shell D) proton number

12. Iron forms an oxide with the formula Fe2O3.

What is the relative formula mass of this compound?

A) 76 B) 100 C) 136 D) 160

13. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in a molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 6

14. Element X is represented by

Which statement about element X is correct?
A ) An atom of X contains 13 protons and 13 neutrons.
B) An atom of X contains 27 protons and 13 electrons.
C) X forms an ion by gaining electrons.
D) X is placed in Group III of the Periodic Table.

15. A compound with the formula XF2 has a relative formula mass of 78.
What is element X?
A) argon B) calcium C) neon D)
zirconium
16. Element X has 7 protons.
Element Y has 8 more protons than X.
Which statement about element Y is
correct? A) Y has more electron shells than
X.
B) Y has more electrons in its outer shell than X.
C) Y is in a different group of the Periodic Table from X.
D) Y is in the same period of the Periodic Table as X

17. Which statements about a sodium atom, are correct?

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1 The number of protons and neutrons is the same.

2 The number of protons and electrons is the same.
3 The number of outer electrons is one.
A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 1 and 2 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 2 and 3 only

18. Rubidium is in Group I of the Periodic Table and bromine is in Group VII.
Rubidium reacts with bromine to form an ionic compound.
Which row shows the electron change taking place for rubidium and the correct
formula of the rubidium ion?

19. An element Y has the proton number 18.

The next element in the Periodic Table is an element Z.
Which statement is correct?
A) Element Z has one more electron in its outer shell than element Y.
B) Element Z has one more electron shell than element Y.
C) Element Z is in the same group of the Periodic Table as element Y.
D) Element Z is in the same period of the Periodic Table as element Y.

20. Which atom has twice as many neutrons as protons?

21. Five elements have proton numbers 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18.
What are the proton numbers of the three elements that form oxides?

A) 10, 12 and 14 B) 10, 14 and 18

C) 12, 14 and 16 D) 14, 16 and 18

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22. Which statements comparing the properties of electrons,

neutrons and protons are correct?

23. Which change to an atom occurs when it forms a positive

ion? A) It gains electrons. B) It gains protons.
C) It loses electrons. D) It loses protons.

24. Which row gives the number of electrons in the outer electron shell of fluorine and of
neon?

25. A compound has the formula CH3CO2H.

How should the relative molecular mass, Mr, of this compound be calculated?
A) 12 + 1 + 16
B) 3(12 + 1) + 2(12 + 16) + 1
C) (4 × 12) + (2 × 1) + 16
D) (2 × 12) + (4 × 1) + (2 × 16)
26. The nucleon number and proton number of the lithium atom are shown by the symbol

What is the correct symbol for the lithium ion in lithium chloride?

27. What is the relative molecular mass (Mr) of HNO3?

A) 5 B) 31 C) 32 D) 63

28. Which statement is correct for the element of proton number 19? A) It is a gas that
dissolves in water.
B) It is a hard metal that is not very reactive with water.
C) It is a non-metal that burns quickly in air.

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D) It is a soft metal that is highly reactive with water.

29. The relative formula mass, Mr, of copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, is 160.
Which mass of sulfur is present in 160 g of copper(II) sulfate?

A) 16 g B) 32 g C) 64 g D) 128 g

30. Element X has a nucleon (mass) number of 19 and a proton (atomic) number of 9.
To which group in the Periodic Table does it belong?

A) I B) III C) VII D) 0

31. What is the formula of a strontium ion?

32. Two isotopes of helium are

Which two diagram show the arrangement of particles in these two isotopes.

33. The table describes the structures of four particles.

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What are the correct values of X, Y and Z?

34. The diagram shows an atom.

What is the proton number and neutron number of the atom?

35. The symbols of two atoms may be written as shown.

Which statement about these atoms is correct?

A) They are different elements because they have different numbers of neutrons.
B) They are different elements because they have different numbers of protons.
C) They are isotopes of the same element because they have the same nucleon
number.
D) They are isotopes of the same element because they have the same proton number.
36. The table shows the structure of different atoms and ions.

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What are the values of W, X, Y and Z?

37. The chemical compositions of two substances, W and X, are given.

W Na(Al Si3)O8
X Ca(Al2Si2)O8
Which statements are correct?
1 W and X contain the same amount of oxygen.
2 W contains three times as much silicon as X.
3 X contains twice as much aluminium as W.

A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2 and 3

38. An element S has the proton number 18. The next element in the Periodic Table is an
element T.
Which statement is correct?
A) Element T has one more electron in its outer shell than element S.
B) Element T has one more electron shell than element S.
C) Element T is in the same group of the Periodic Table as element S.
D) Element T is in the same period of the Periodic Table as element S.

39. Which numbers are added together to give the nucleon number of an ion?
A) number of electrons + number of neutrons
B) number of electrons + number of protons
C) number of electrons + number of protons + number of neutrons
D) number of protons + number of neutrons

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40. The electronic configuration of an ion is 2.8.8.

What could this ion be?

41. Which relative molecular mass, Mr, is not correct for the molecule given?

42. An inert atmosphere is needed in a lamp to lengthen the useful life of the metal
filament.
Why is argon, rather than helium, used for this purpose?

43. Atom X has 8 more electrons than atom Y.

Student 1 says they are in the same group.
Student 2 says they are unreactive.
Which students can be correct?

44. Which number is different for isotopes of the same element?

A) number of electrons B) number of full shells
C) number of nucleons D) number of protons

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45. Which atom has two more electrons than an atom of a noble gas?

A) aluminium B) bromine C) calcium D) rubidium

46. The table shows the numbers of particles present in the nuclei of four atoms or ions.

Which two particles belong to the same element?

A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4

47. What do the nuclei in hydrogen molecules contain?

A) electrons and neutrons B) electrons and protons
C) neutrons only D) protons only

48. Which particle is an ion?

49. An atom has the symbol

Which value determines the position of the element in the Periodic Table?
A) p B) q C) p – q D) p + q

50. Element Y is in the second Period of the Periodic Table. An atom of element Z has
six more protons than an atom of element Y.
Which statement must be correct?
A) Elements Y and Z are in the same Period.
B) Elements Y and Z have the same number of electrons in the first shell.
C) Element Z has six more electrons in its outer shell than element Y.
D) The nucleon number of element Z is six more than that of element Y.

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51. Students are asked to draw a diagram of an atom with symbol Which diagram is
correct?

52. The proton number of helium is 2.

What information does this give about helium?
A) Its atom has two electrons. B) Its atom is twice as heavy as a hydrogen
atom.
C) It is a Group II element. D) Its molecule has two atoms.

53. Which statement about chlorine atoms and chloride ions is correct?
A) They are both isotopes of chlorine. B) They undergo the same chemical
reactions.
C) They have the same number of protons. D) They have the same physical
properties.

54. The rows P, Q and R in the table show three pairs of structures.

Which pair or pairs are isotopes?

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A) P only B) P and Q only C) Q only D) Q and R

only
55. What is the relative molecular mass Mr of
CuSO4.5H2O?

A) 160 B) 178 C) 186 D) 250

56. Hydrogen and helium have isotopes, as shown.

In which of these isotopes does the nucleus have twice as many neutrons as protons?

57. The symbols for two ions are shown.

Which statement is correct?

A) The fluoride ion contains more electrons than the sodium ion.
B) The sodium ion contains more neutrons than the fluoride ion.
C) The two ions contain the same number of electrons as each other.
D) The two ions contain the same number of protons as each other.

58. Two isotopes of chlorine are

Using these isotopes, how many different relative molecular masses are possible for
the compound with molecular formula C2H3Cl3?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

59. An oxygen atom contains 8 electrons, 8 protons and 10 neutrons.

What is the nucleon number of this atom?
A) 8 B) 10 C) 16 D) 18

60. A particle contains 34 protons, 45 neutrons and 36 electrons.

Which symbol is correct for this particle?

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61. A radioactive isotope of carbon has more nucleons than the non-radioactive isotope,

How many protons, neutrons and electrons could there be in this radioactive isotope of
carbon?

62. Which statement about the particles O2–, F–, Ne, Na+ and Mg2+ is true? They all
A) contain more electrons than protons. B) contain more neutrons than
protons.
C) contain the same number of electrons. D) contain the same number of neutrons.
63. In which option do the three particles each have the same number of electrons?

64. A sample of hydrogen is a mixture of the two isotopes The relative atomic
mass of oxygen is 16.
What are possible values of the relative molecular mass of different molecules of
water formed by the combination of oxygen and hydrogen?
1 18
2 19
3 20
A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 only
C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3
65. An element X forms a positive ion with the electronic structure 2,8,8.
What is the proton (atomic) number of X?

A) 16 B) 17 C) 18 D) 19

66. Which statement about the numbers of particles in atoms is correct? Apart from
hydrogen, most atoms contain
A) more neutrons than protons. B) more protons than neutrons.
C) more electrons than protons. D) more protons than electrons.

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67. The atoms and have the same

A) nucleon number. B) number of electrons.
C) number of neutrons. D) proton number.

68. Which statement is correct about sulphur, atomic number 16? A) Sulphur can form
the ion S2–.
B) Sulphur dissolves in water to form sulphuric acid.
C) Sulphur forms ionic oxides.
D) Sulphur will react with metals to produce S6+ ions.

69. What is the structure of the ion

70. Hydrogen can form both H+ ions and H– ions.

Which statement about these two ions is correct?

A) An H+ ion has no electrons in its first shell.

B) An H+ ion has more protons than an H– ion.
C) An H– ion has one more electron than an H+ ion.
D) An H– ion is formed when a hydrogen atom loses an electron.

71. Which atom has the same electronic configuration as the strontium ion?

A) calcium B) krypton C) rubidium D) selenium

72. The atoms and have the same

A) nucleon number. B) number of electrons.

C) number of neutrons. D) number of protons.

73. What is the nucleon number of the isotope of uranium,

A) 92 B) 143 C) 235 D) 327

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74. Which of the following is a compound?

A) air B) carbon C) oxygen D) steam

75. An element X has two isotopes, 238X and 235X.

How does 238X differ from 235X?

A) It has 3 more protons and 3 more electrons.

B) It has 3 more protons, but no more electrons.
C) It has 3 more neutrons and 3 more electrons.
D) It has 3 more neutrons, but no more electrons.

76. The formulae of the ions of four elements are shown below.

O2– F– Li+ Mg2+

Which statement about these ions is correct?

They all have
A) the same number of electrons in their outer shells.
B) the same electronic structure as a noble gas.
C) the same number of protons in their nuclei.
D) more electrons than protons.

77. The formula of an oxide of uranium is UO2.

What is the formula of the corresponding chloride?
A) UCl2 B) UCl4 C) U2Cl D) U4Cl

78. An atom of element X is represented by

Which statement about an atom of X is correct?

A) It is in Group III of the Periodic Table.

B) It is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
C) The total number of protons and electrons is 6.
D) The total number of protons and neutrons is 10.

79. Which of the following contains the same number of electrons as an atom of
neon?

A) Cl– B) Li C) Li+ D) O2–

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80. The letters X, Y and Z represent different atoms.

What can be deduced from the proton numbers and nucleon numbers of X, Y and Z?

A) X and Y are the same element. B) X and Z are the same element.
C) X has more protons than Y. D) Z has more neutrons than Y.

81. The symbols represent atoms of different elements.

Which diagram shows a mixture of an element and a compound?

82. A beam of particles contains neutrons, n, protons, p, and electrons, e.

The beam is passed between charged plates.
Which diagram shows how the particles are affected by the plates?

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83. Naturally-occurring bromine has a relative atomic mass of 80 and consists

entirely of two isotopes of relative atomic masses 79 and 81.

What can be deduced about naturally-occurring bromine from this information only?

A) Bromine contains the two isotopes in equal proportions.

B) Bromine has different oxidation states.
C) Bromine isotopes have different numbers of protons.
D) Bromine is radioactive.

84. The phosphate of Praseodymium has the chemical formula Pr3(PO4)4. The
formula of its oxide is

A) Pr3O4 B) Pr3O2 C) PrO2 D) Pr2O4

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 Periodic Table
1. Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest?

2. In the outline of the Periodic Table below, some elements are shown as numbers.

Which two numbers are metals in the same period?

A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 7 C) 3 and 5 D) 5 and 6

3. An element melts at 1455 °C, has a density of 8.90 g / cm3 and forms a green
chloride.
Where in the Periodic Table is this element found?

4. Why is argon gas used to fill electric lamps?

A) It conducts electricity. B) It glows when heated.
C) It is less dense than air. D) It is not reactive.

5. Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

A) Elements in the same period have the same number of outer electrons.
B) The elements on the left are usually gases.

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C) The most metallic elements are on the left.

D) The relative atomic mass of the elements increases from right to left
6. The positions of four elements are shown on the outline of the Periodic Table.
Which element forms a coloured oxide?

7. What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium and water?

8. W, X, Y and Z are elements in the same period in the Periodic Table.

W and Y are metals. X and Z are non-metals.
Which shows the correct order of these elements across the period?

9. Platinum is a transition metal.

Which statement about platinum is correct?
A) It does not catalyse reactions. B) It forms coloured compounds.
C) It has a low density. D) It has a low melting point.

10. Which element will be less reactive than the other members of its group in the
Periodic Table?
A) astatine B) caesium C) fluorine D) rubidium

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11. Bromine is in Group VII on the Periodic Table.

Which describes the appearance of bromine at room temperature?
A) grey solid B) purple fumes C) red-brown liquid D) yellow gas

12. The positions of four elements are shown on the outline of the Periodic Table.
Which element forms a coloured oxide?

13. Calcium, on the left of Period 4 of the Periodic Table, is more metallic than bromine
on the right of this period.
Why is this?
Calcium has
A) fewer electrons. B) fewer protons.
C) fewer full shells of electrons. D) fewer outer shell electrons.

14. An element has a melting point of 1084 °C and a density of 8.93 g / cm3. It’s oxide
can be used as a catalyst.
In which position in the Periodic Table is the element found?

15. The diagram shows a light bulb.

Why is argon used instead of air in the light bulb?

A) Argon is a good conductor of electricity. B) Argon is more reactive than air.

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B) The filament glows more brightly. D The filament does not react with the
argon.
16. The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown.

P and Q react to form an ionic compound.

What is the formula of this compound?
A) PQ2 B) P2Q C) P2Q6 D) P6Q2

17. The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.

Which element is described below?
‘A colourless, unreactive gas that is denser than air.’

18. Element X is below iodine in the Periodic Table.

Which row correctly shows the physical state of element X at room temperature and
its reactivity compared with that of iodine?

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19. Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in
the Periodic Table?

20. The diagram shows an outline of the Periodic Table.

Which of the elements U, V, W, X and Y would react together in the ratio of 1 : 1?

A) U and X B) U and Y C) V and Y D) W and X

21. The table gives information about four elements.

Which element is a transition metal?

22. Why are weather balloons filled with helium rather than hydrogen?
A) Helium is found in air. B) Helium is less dense than hydrogen.
C) Helium is more dense than hydrogen. D) Helium is unreactive.

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23. The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.

Which element is correctly matched with its electronic structure?

24. Statement 1: Helium is a reactive gas.

Statement 2: Helium can be used to fill balloons.
Which is correct?
A) Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1.
B) Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D) Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.

25. An element has the following properties.

● It forms coloured compounds.
● It acts as a catalyst.
● It melts at 1539 °C.
In which part of the Periodic Table is the element found?
A) Group I B) Group IV C) Group VII D) transition elements

26. The table gives information about four elements.

Which element could be in Group I of the Periodic Table?

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27. The table shows some properties of two elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Which properties is fluorine likely to have?

28. Which is not a property of Group I metals?

A) They are soft and can be cut with a knife.
B) They corrode rapidly when exposed to oxygen in the air.
C) They produce an acidic solution when they react with water.
D) They react rapidly with water producing hydrogen gas.

29. An element melts at 1455 °C, has a density of 8.90 g / cm3 and forms a green
chloride. Where in the Periodic Table is this element found?

30. An element does not conduct electricity and exists as diatomic molecules.
In which area of the Periodic Table is the element to be found?

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31. The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown.

X and Y form a covalent compound.

What is its formula?
A) XY5 B) XY3 C) XY D) X3Y

32. The table compares the properties of Group I elements with those of transition
elements.
Which entry in the table is correct?

33. Which compound is likely to be coloured?

A) KMnO4 B) KNO3 C) K2CO3 D) K2SO4

34. The diagram shows the positions of elements P, Q, R, S and T in the Periodic Table.
These letters are not the chemical symbols for the elements.

Which statement about the properties of these elements is

correct? A) P reacts more vigorously with water than does Q.
B) P, Q and R are all metals.
C) T exists as diatomic molecules.
D) T is more reactive than S.

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35. Which statement describes the trends going down group VII of the Periodic Table?
A) The boiling point and melting point both decrease.
B) The boiling point and melting point both increase.
C) The boiling point decreases but the melting point increases.
D) The boiling point increases but the melting point decreases.

36. The sulfate of element F is green.

Which other properties is element F likely to have?

37. For each atom of carbon present in a molecule, there is an equal number of atoms of
oxygen but twice as many atoms of hydrogen.
What is the formula of the molecule?
A) C2H2O2 B) C2H2O4 C) C2H4O2 D) C2H6O

38. Elements in Group 0 of the Periodic Table have uses.

These noble gases are ……1.….. and this explains why argon ……2…… be used in
lamps. Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

39. Carbon and chlorine form a chloride.

What is the formula of this chloride?
A) CCl2 B) CCl4 C) CaCl2 D) CaCl4

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40. The table gives information about four elements.

Which element is a transition metal?

41. For which compound is the formula correct?

42. The diagram shows a molecule of vinyl chloride (used to make pvc).

What is the formula of vinyl chloride?

A) CH2Cl3 B) CH3Cl2 C) C2HCl3 D) C2H3Cl

43. The Group I elements lithium and potassium are tested.

Which element has the higher melting point and which element reacts more
vigorously with water?

44. The table gives information about four elements.

Which element is a transition metal?

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45. Which of the following compounds exist?

46. The diagram shows a model of a molecule of an organic acid.

What is the relative molecular mass of this acid?

A) 11 B) 40 C) 58 D) 74

47. Rubidium is below potassium in Group I of the Periodic Table.

• The melting point of rubidium is …...1…... than that of potassium.
• The reaction of rubidium with water is ……2…… than that of
potassium.
Which words correctly complete these statements?

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48. The diagram shows a light bulb.

Why is argon used instead of air in the light bulb?

A) Argon is a good conductor of electricity. B) Argon is more reactive than air.
C) The filament glows more brightly. D) The filament lasts for a longer time.

49. For which compound is the formula correct?

50. The chemical properties of an element depend mainly on the number of

A) electrons in the innermost shell. B) electrons in the outermost shell.
C) fully occupied shells of electrons. D) partly occupied shells of electrons.

51. An element X is in Group III of the Periodic Table.

Which property of X can be predicted from this fact?
A) the charge on an ion of X B) the colour of the ion of X C) the
melting point of X D) the relative atomic mass, Ar, of X
52. Caesium is near the bottom of Group I of the Periodic Table.
What is the correct description of caesium?

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53. The compound ethyl mercaptan, C2H5SH, has a very unpleasant smell.
What is its relative molecular mass?

A) 34 B) 50 C) 61 D) 62

54. The diagrams show the arrangement of electrons in three different atoms.

Which atoms are metals?

A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3

55. Which diagram best represents the structure of a solid metal?

56. A lump of element X can be cut by a knife.

During its reaction with water, X floats and melts.

What is X?

A) calcium B) copper C) magnesium D) potassium

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57. Some properties which make elements different from each other are listed.
1 metallic character
2 number of electron shells in an atom
3 number of protons in an atom
4 total number of electrons in an atom
Which two properties increase across a period of the Periodic Table?

A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4

58. In order to form a compound with oxygen, an atom of a Group II element must A)
transfer two electrons to an atom of oxygen.
B) receive two electrons from an atom of oxygen.
C) share two electrons with an atom of oxygen.
D) bond with two atoms of oxygen.

59. Which statement about the elements in the Periodic Table is correct?
A) All the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have the same reactivity.
B) All the elements with four electrons in their outer shells are metals.
C) An element in Group II of the Periodic Table would form an ion with a 2– charge.
D) Elements in the same period of the Periodic Table have the same number of shells
of electrons.

60. In the ionic solid zinc phosphide, Zn3P2, what is the formula of the phosphide ion?

61. Three different elements react by losing electrons. The ions formed all have the
electronic configuration 2,8.
Which statement about these elements is correct?
A) They are in the same group. B) They are in the same period.
C) They are noble gases. D) They are transition elements.

62. The diagram shows the structure of which element in Period 3?

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A) aluminium B) magnesium C) silicon D) sodium

63. The diagram shows an outline of part of the Periodic Table.

Which statement is not correct?

A) The melting point of W is lower than that of Z.
B) W and Z could react together and form a compound, WZ.
C) X could form an oxide, X2O3.
D) Y could form an oxide, YO2.
64. Which electronic configurations represent three metallic elements in the same period
of the Periodic Table?

65. Element X has a lattice of positive ions and a ‘sea of electrons’.

Which property will X have?

A) It conducts electricity by the movement of ions and electrons.

B) It has a high melting point.
C) It is decomposed by an electric current.
D) It is not malleable.

66. A compound Y is the only substance formed when two volumes of dry ammonia gas
react with one volume of dry carbon dioxide (both volumes measured at s.t.p.).
What is the most likely formula of Y?

A) (NH4)2CO3 B) NH2COONH4
C) (NH2)2CO D) NH4COONH4

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67. The Mr of oxygen, O2, is 32 and the Mr of sulfur is 256.

What is the formula of a molecule of sulfur?

A) S2 B) S4 C) S8 D) S16

68. Which element in the table is an alkali metal?

69. An element X forms an ion X3–.

In which group of the Periodic Table will this element be found?

A) Group I B) Group III C) Group V D) Group VII

70. The proton number of element X is 6. The proton number of element Y is 9.

What is the formula of a compound of these elements?

A) X2Y3 B) X3Y2 C) XY3 D) XY4

71. A metal X forms oxides with the formulae XO and X2O3.

Where is X in the Periodic Table?
A) in Group II B) in Group III
C) the second Period D) in the transition elements

72. Part of the Periodic Table is shown.

The letters are not the symbols of the elements.

Which statement about the elements is correct?

A) V is more reactive than X. B) W is more reactive than Z.
C) Y is in the same Group as X. D) Z has a lower melting point than W.

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73. Radium (Ra) is in the same group of the Periodic Table as magnesium.
What is the charge on a radium ion?

A) 2– B) 1– C) 1+ D) 2+

74. The table gives the formulae of the catalysts used in some industrial processes.

How many different transition metals are included, as elements or as compounds, in

the list of catalysts?

A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6

75. Which noble gas is present in the largest percentage by volume in air?

A) argon B) helium C) krypton D) neon

76. Element X has the electronic structure 2,8,5. Element Y has the electronic structure
2,8,7.
What is the likely formula of a compound containing only X and Y?

A) XY3 B) X2Y3 C) X3Y D) X3Y2

77. Which pair of properties are both correct for a typical transition element?

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78. Which property is common to calcium, potassium and sodium? A) Their atoms all
lose two electrons when they form ions.
B) They all form carbonates which are insoluble in water.
C) They are all less dense than water.
D) They are all metallic.
79. Which set of the electronic structures are only found in metals?
A) 2, 1 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 8, 1
B) 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7
C) 2, 7 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 18, 7
D) 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5
80. The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.

Which pair of letters represents elements that are in the same period?

A) P and R B) P and S C) Q and T D) R and S

81. Which row shows the correct number of protons and electrons in the ion of an
element in Group II of the Periodic Table?

82. Which element is sodium?

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83. In the Periodic Table, how many periods include the elements of atomic numbers 1-
18?

A) 2 B) 3 C) 6 D) 8
84. Lithium and rubidium are both in Group I of the Periodic Table.
Which statement is correct?
A) Lithium atoms and rubidium atoms have the same number of electrons in their
outershell.
B) Lithium atoms are larger than rubidium ions.
C) Lithium ions and rubidium ions have the same number of electrons in their outer
shell.
D) Rubidium ions are larger than rubidium atoms.

85. Element Z is in Group VI of the Periodic Table.

Which formula is incorrect?
A Z2– B) Z2O3 C) ZO4−2 D) ZO3

86. Caesium, Cs, is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Which statements about Caesium are true?
a Caesium conducts electricity both when solid and when molten.
b Caesium reacts explosively with water.
c Caesium reacts with water and forms a solution of pH < 7.

A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only

C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3

87. Elements with the code letters Q and R occupy the positions shown in the outline of
the Periodic Table.

What is the formula of the compound formed between them?

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A) QR2 B) Q2R C) Q2R3 D) Q3R2

88. The list shows some properties of metals.

1 Metals are good conductors of
electricity.
2 Metals form ions by the loss of
electrons. 3 Metals have high melting
points.
Mercury is a metallic element.
Which of these statements do not apply to mercury?
A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 only
89. In which oxide does X have the same oxidation state as in the chloride, XCl3?

A) X3O B) X2O C) XO2 D) X2O3

90. Sulphur and selenium (Se) are in the same group of the Periodic Table. From this, we
would expect selenium to form compounds having the formulae

A) SeO, Na2Se and NaSeO4. B) SeO2, Na2Se and NaSeO4.

C) SeO2, Na2Se and Na2SeO4. D) SeO3, NaSe and NaSeO4.

91. X and Y are diatomic elements. X is less reactive than Y.

What are elements X and Y?

92. A metal X, in Group I of the Periodic Table, would be expected to

A) form a nitrate of formula X(NO3)2. B) form an acidic oxide.

C) form an insoluble chloride. D) produce hydrogen from cold water.

93. In which compound does the element X have the highest oxidation state?

A) X2O B) X4O C) XO2 D) XO4

94. Which statement about the substance formed when a given mass of an element burns
in excess oxygen is always correct?
The substance formed is
A) denser than the element. B) greater in mass than the element.

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C) soluble in water. D) white in colour.

95. Metals have positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

Which metal atom provides most electrons for the sea?

A) aluminium B) calcium C) magnesium D) sodium

96. The element X forms a gaseous molecule X2. One volume of X2 combines with one
volume of hydrogen to form two volumes of a gaseous hydride.
What is the formula for the hydride of X?

A) HX B) HX2 C) H2X D) H2X2

97. Rubidium, Rb, is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Which statement about rubidium is correct?

A) It reacts slowly with water.

B) It forms an insoluble hydroxide.
C) It is liberated at the cathode during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of its
chloride.
D) It forms a sulphate, Rb2SO4.

98. The element sulphur, S, is in Group VI of the Periodic Table.

Which formula is incorrect?

A) S2– B) S2O3 C) SO2−4 D) SO3

99. The table shows some of the properties of four elements.

Which element is most likely to be a transition metal?

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100. The positions of four elements are shown on the outline of part of the Periodic Table.
Element X has a high melting point and is a good conductor of electricity.
It forms chlorides XCl2 and XCl3.
Which element is X?

101. Three elements X, Y and Z have consecutive, increasing proton numbers.

If element X is a noble gas, what will be the symbol for the ions of element Z in its
compounds?

A) Z2− B) Z+ C) Z2+ D) Z3+

102. The symbols and electronic structures for some elements are shown below.

silicon, Si (2,8,4) oxygen, O (2,6) hydrogen, H (1)

fluorine, F (2,7) nitrogen, N (2,5)

Which formula is correct for a compound containing silicon?

A) Si4F B) SiH4 C) SiN5 D) Si2O

103. Which graph shows the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom, plotted
against the proton (atomic) number for the first ten elements in the Periodic Table?

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104. A lump of element X can be cut by a knife.

During its reaction with water X floats and melts.
What is X?

A) calcium B) copper C) magnesium D)

potassium

105. Which statement about all the noble gases is correct?

A) The number of protons in the atoms equals the number of neutrons.

B) Their atoms each have a stable arrangement of electrons.
C) Their atoms each have eight electrons in their outer shell.
D) They exist as molecules containing two atoms.

106. Element X is a solid at room temperature.

It needs one electron per atom to gain the electronic structure of a noble gas.
It is the least reactive element in its group.
What is the element X?

A) At B) Cs C) F D) Li

107. Two particles X and Y have the composition shown in the table.

The particles X and Y are

A) metal atoms. B) non-metal
atoms.
C) negative ions. D) positive ions.
108. The diagrams show the arrangements of the electrons of four elements.

Which two elements are metals?

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A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4

109. Use the Periodic Table to decide which element has all four of the properties shown.
1 high melting point
2 variable oxidation states
3 good electrical conductivity
4 forms coloured compounds

A) caesium, Cs B) cobalt, Co C) iodine, I D) strontium, Sr

110. Which gas is present in the light bulb?

A) argon B) krypton C) nitrogen D) oxygen

111. Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

A) the melting point of the elements increases down Group I

B) the reactivity of the elements increases down Group VII
C) the reactivity of the elements decreases down Group I
D) the colour of the elements becomes darker down Group VII

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 Chemical Bonding :
1. The table shows the electronic structure of four atoms.

Which two atoms combine to form a covalent compound?

A) W and X B) W and Y C) X and Y D) X and Z

2. What happens when a bond is formed between a green gaseous element and a soft
metallic element?

A) The gas atoms gain an electron. B) The gas atoms lose an electron.
C) The metal atoms gain an electron. D) The two elements share a pair of electrons.

3. Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table. Nitrogen is in Group V of the Periodic

Table.
Lithium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound lithium nitride.
What happens to the electrons when lithium atoms and nitrogen atoms form ions?

4. In one molecule of carbon dioxide, CO2, what is the total number of electrons present
and how many are involved in bonding between the carbon and oxygen atoms?

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5. Which diagram correctly shows the ions present in the compound potassium fluoride?

6. For which compound is the type of bonding correct?

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7. The electronic structures of two atoms, X and Y, are shown.

X and Y combine together to form a compound.

What is the type of bonding in the compound and what is the formula of the
compound?

8. Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.

Which statement is not correct?
A) Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.
B) Ions in sodium chloride are strongly held together.
C) Ions with the same charge attract each other.
D) Sodium chloride solution can conduct electricity.

9. For which substance is the type of bonding not correct?

10. In the molecules CH4, HCl and H2O, which atoms use all of their outer shell electrons
in bonding?

A) C and Cl B) C and H C) Cl and H D) H and O

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11. Element X has six electrons in its outer shell.

How could the element react?

A) by gaining two electrons to form a positive ion
B) by losing six electrons to form a negative ion
C) by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form two
covalent bonds
D) by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form four
covalent bonds

12. Electrons from each element are shared by both of the elements in a compound.
Which compound matches this description?

A) lead bromide B) sodium chloride C) water D) zinc oxide

13. The diagrams show the electron arrangements in the atoms of four elements.
Which element does not form a covalent bond?

14. Which is a simple covalent molecule?

15. Which molecule has only four electrons involved in covalent bonds?

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16. The table shows the electronic structures of four atoms.

Which two atoms combine to form an ionic compound?

A) W and X B) W and Y C) X and Y D) X and Z

17. The element rubidium, Rb, is immediately below potassium in the Periodic Table.
It reacts with bromine to form the compound rubidium bromide.
Which descriptions of this compound are correct?

18. Which two elements react together to form an ionic compound?

A) W and X B) X and Y C) Y and Z D) Z and W

19. The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.

Which elements will conduct electricity at room temperature?

A) V, W and X B) V, Y and W C) W, X and Z D) Y and Z

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20. Element X has six electrons in its outer shell.

How could the element react?

A) by gaining two electrons to form a positive ion
B) by losing six electrons to form a negative ion
C) by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form two
covalent bonds
D) by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form four
covalent bonds

21. In which compounds are pairs of electrons shared between atoms?

1 sodium chloride
2 methane
3 lead bromide

A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 1 and 3 D) 1, 2 and 3

22. Which diagram does not show the outer shell electrons in the molecule correctly?

23. Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are ……1…… . Covalent compounds
have ……2…… electrical conductivity.
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

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24. The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown.

P and Q react to form an ionic compound.

What is the formula of this compound?
A) PQ2 B) P2Q C) P2Q6 D) P6Q2

25. The diagram shows a molecule of hydrogen fluoride.

In the molecule hydrogen fluoride, HF,

A) the hydrogen and fluorine share a pair of electrons.
B) the hydrogen and fluorine share a pair of protons.
C) the hydrogen gives the fluorine an electron.
D) the hydrogen gives fluorine a proton.

26. The diagram shows the structure of methane.

What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in this molecule?

A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 10

27. The diagram shows the structure of hydrogen peroxide.

What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in this molecule?

A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8

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28. The diagram shows an outline of part of the Periodic Table.

Which two elements could form a covalent compound?

A) W and X B) W and Y C) X and Y D) X and Z

29. The diagram shows the positions of some elements in the Periodic Table.

Which elements form ionic bonds with oxygen?

A) W only B) W and X only C) Y only D) Y and Z only

30. How many electrons are shared between the atoms in a molecule of methane, CH4,
and in a molecule of water, H2O?

31. An ionic compound has the formula XY, where Y is a non-metal.

Which statement about XY is correct?
A) An atom of X has lost at least one electron to form a positive ion.
B) Both X and Y share a pair of electrons.
C) Element X is also a non-metal.
D) XY will not conduct electricity when liquid.

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32. Which diagram correctly shows the arrangement of the ions in solid sodium chloride?

33. Which dot-and-cross diagram, showing all the outer shell electrons of each atom, is
not correct?

34. A molecule of sulfuric acid has the structural formula shown.

How many electrons are involved in forming all the covalent bonds in one
molecule?
A) 6 B) 8 C) 12 D) 16

35. A metal consists of a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

What happens to the electrons and positive ions in a metal wire when an electric
current is passed through it?

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36. Which molecule contains three shared pairs of electrons between two of its atoms?

A) CO2 B) C2H4 C) H2O D) N2

37. What happens when sodium chloride melts?

A) Covalent bonds in a giant lattice are broken.
B) Electrons are released from atoms.
C) Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions are overcome.
D) Molecules are separated into ions.

38. Which compound contains only eight covalent bonds?

39. Which statement describes ionic bonding?

A) a lattice of ions in a sea of electrons
B) electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
C) the sharing of electrons between atoms to gain a noble gas configuration
D) the transfer of electrons from atoms of a non-metal to the atoms of a metal

40. Which molecule has the largest number of electrons involved in covalent bonds?

41. Which molecule contains a total of three covalent bonds?

A) C2H4 B) H2 C) H2O D) N2

42. In terms of electrons, what happens when potassium combines with iodine to form a
compound?
A) The atoms of both elements each lose one electron.
B) The atoms of both elements each gain one electron.
C) The potassium atoms each lose one electron and the iodine atoms each gain one
electron.
D) The potassium atoms each gain one electron and the iodine atoms each lose one
electron.

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43. How many of the molecules shown contain only one covalent bond?

Cl2 H2 HCl N2 O2

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

44. Which molecule has the largest number of electrons involved in covalent bonds?

A) C2H4 B) CO2 C) CH3OH D) N2

45. In which of the following is there a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’?
A) liquid potassium chloride B) sand
C) solid graphite D) solid
magnesium
46. A covalent bond is formed by
A) electron sharing between metals and non-metals.
B) electron sharing between non-metals.
C) electron transfer between non-metals.
D) electron transfer from metals to non-metals.

47. The diagram shows the molecule ethyl propanoate.

How many bonding pairs of electrons are there in the molecule?

A) 13 B) 16 C) 17 D) 20

48. The conduction of electricity by metals is carried out by the movement of

A) electrons only. B) electrons and positive ions.
C) negative ions only. D) negative ions and positive ions.

49. Which substance could be sodium chloride?

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50. The diagram shows the structure of a covalent compound containing the element
hydrogen, H,and the unknown elements X, Y and Z.

To which groups of the Periodic Table do these three elements, X, Y and Z, belong?

51. Which statement is always true when two atoms join together by a covalent bond? A)
One atom is a metal, the other atom is a non-metal.
B) One atom loses one electron, the other atom gains one electron.
C) The two atoms share one electron.
D) The two atoms share two electrons.

52. Calcium reacts with phosphorus to form the ionic compound calcium phosphide.
Which ions will this compound contain?

53. Which compound has both ionic and covalent bonds?

A) ammonium chloride B) carbon dioxide
C) ethyl ethanoate D) sodium chloride

54. Which statement explains why magnesium oxide has a very high melting point? A)
Magnesium atoms and oxygen atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds.
B) The crystal lattice of magnesium oxide resembles that of diamond.
C) The magnesium ions are strongly attracted to the oxide ions.
D) The reaction between magnesium and oxygen is strongly exothermic.

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55. Which property would all the hydrogen compounds of the Group VII elements
possess?

A) be covalent B) be solids at room temperature

C) form alkaline aqueous solutions D) conduct electricity when molten

56. Which substance has a giant molecular structure at room temperature?

A) methane B) sand C) sodium chloride D) water

57. Which material has the highest melting point?

A) ammonia B) methane C) sodium chloride D) water

58. A molecule of arsenic bromide, AsBr3, has the structure shown.

Which properties could be correct for arsenic bromide?

59. In which pair of substances does each have a giant molecular structure?

A) diamond, iodine B) diamond, silica (sand)

C) iodine, methane D) methane, silica (sand)

60. How does a magnesium atom form a bond with an oxygen atom?

A) by giving one pair of electrons to the oxygen atom

B) by sharing one pair of electrons, both electrons provided by the magnesium atom
C) by sharing two pairs of electrons, both pairs provided by the oxygen atom
D) by sharing two pairs of electrons, each atom donating one pair of electrons

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61. The table shows the properties of some substances.

Which substance is a covalent compound?

62. Hydrogen can form both ionic and covalent compounds.

With which element will hydrogen form an ionic compound?

A) carbon B) chlorine C) nitrogen D) sodium

63. Rubidium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

What are properties of rubidium chloride?

64. The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of compound YZ2.

What are elements Y and Z?

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65. Which two statements about a covalent bond are correct?

1 It can be formed between two metal atoms.
2 It can be formed between two non-metal atoms.
3 It is formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
4 It is formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4

66. Which statement explains why sodium chloride, NaCl, has a lower melting point than
magnesium oxide, MgO?

A) Sodium chloride is covalent but magnesium oxide is ionic.

B) Sodium is more reactive than magnesium.
C) The attraction between Na+ and Cl− is weaker than that between Mg2+ and O2−.
D) The melting point of sodium is lower than that of magnesium.

67. Four substances have the following electrical properties.

What are these four substances?

68. Which diagram represents the structure of the metal sodium?

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69. Which diagram represents the structure of sand, SiO2?

70. The diagram shows the molecule ethyl propanoate.

How many bonding pairs of electrons are there in the molecule?

A) 13 B) 16 C) 17 D) 20

71. The diagrams show the arrangement of particles in three solids: krypton, potassium
and sodium chloride.

In which order are the solids shown?

A) krypton; potassium; sodium chloride B) krypton; sodium chloride;
potassium
C) sodium chloride; krypton; potassium D) sodium chloride; potassium;
krypton

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72. Silicon carbide, SiC, has a structure similar to diamond. Boron nitride, BN, has a
structure similar to graphite. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.

Which statements about SiC, BN and bronze are correct?

1 All are bonded covalently.

2 All except silicon carbide conduct electricity when solid.
3 All have high melting points.

A) 1 and 2 only B) 1 and 3 only

C) 2 and 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3

73. The diagram shows the structural formula of the covalent molecule hydrazine, N2H4.

Consider all the electrons in a molecule of hydrazine.

Which description fits the arrangement of these electrons in the molecule?

74. The diagram shows the structure of an ionic compound.

What is a possible formula for this compound?

A) CaF2 B) NaCl C) SO2 D) MgO

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 Diamond and Graphite

1. Diamond and graphite are macromolecules.
Which statement about diamond and graphite is not correct?

A) They are giant structures with high melting points.

B) They are non-conductors of electricity.
C) They contain only atoms of a non-metal.
D) They have covalent bonds between the atoms.

2. Two statements about diamond are given.

i Diamond has a giant three-dimensional covalent structure of carbon atoms.

ii Diamond is one of the hardest substances known.
Which is correct?

A) Both statements are correct and statement 1 explains statement 2.

B) Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C) Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D) Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.

3. The diagrams show the structures of two forms of the same element.

What are the reasons for using T in cutting tools and U as a lubricant?

4. Diamond and graphite are both macromolecules.

Which statement is not correct?
A) Diamond and graphite contain carbon atoms only.

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B) Diamond and graphite contain charged ions.

C) Diamond and graphite have high melting points.
D) The atoms in diamond and graphite are held together by covalent bonds.

5. The ‘lead’ in a pencil is made of a mixture of graphite and clay.

When the percentage of graphite is increased, the pencil slides across the paper more
easily.
Which statement explains this observation?
A) Graphite has a high melting point. B) Graphite is a form of carbon.
C) Graphite is a lubricant. D) Graphite is a non-metal.

6. Slate has a layered structure and can easily be split into thin sheets.
Which diagram shows a structure most like that of slate?

7. Statements 1, 2 and 3 are about diamond and graphite.

1 They are different solid forms of the same element.
2 They each conduct electricity.
3 They have atoms that form four equally strong bonds.
Which statements are correct?
A) 1 only B) 3 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3

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8. The diagrams show the structures of two forms, P and Q, of a solid element.

What are suitable uses of P and Q, based on their structures?

9. The diagram shows the structure of a substance.

What is represented?
A) diamond B) ethane C) graphite D) poly(ethene)

10. Which statement shows that graphite and diamond are different forms of the element
carbon? A) Both graphite and diamond have giant molecular structures.
B) Complete combustion of equal masses of graphite and diamond produces equal
masses of carbon dioxide and no other products.
C) Graphite and diamond have different melting points.
D) Graphite conducts electricity, whereas diamond does not.

11. Why do graphite and diamond have different physical properties? A) Diamond has a
giant molecular structure but graphite has not.
B) Diamond occurs naturally but graphite is made artificially.
C) Graphite is ionic whereas diamond is covalent.
D) They contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to different numbers of other carbon
atoms.

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12. The diagram shows the structures of diamond and graphite.

Which property do these substances have in common?

A) They are giant structures. B) They can act as lubricants.
C) They can conduct electricity. D) They contain only covalent bonds.

13. Which two substances are elements with a giant molecular structure?
A) diamond and graphite B) diamond and sand
C) methane and iodine D) methane and sand

14. Which statement about diamond and graphite is correct? A) Both diamond and
graphite are used as abrasives.
B) Diamond and graphite have different arrangements of carbon atoms.
C) The carbon atoms in graphite have a different number of neutrons from those in
diamond.
D) The carbon atoms in both graphite and diamond have four covalent bonds.

15. The table shows some properties of diamond and graphite.

For which property is the reason correct?

16. In which substance is each carbon atom covalently bonded to only three other
atoms?

A) carbon dioxide B) diamond C) graphite D) methane

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17. The diagrams show the structures of two forms of carbon.

Which set of data is correct for these two structures?

18. For which of the following can graphite be used?

A) as an abrasive only B) as an abrasive and as an electrode

C) as an electrode and as a lubricant D) as a lubricant only

19. Which statement most clearly indicates that diamond and graphite are forms of
carbon?

A) Both are crystalline solids.

B) Complete combustion of equal masses of both solids produces equal masses of
carbon dioxide as the only product.
C) Graphite conducts electricity whereas diamond is an insulator.
D) Under suitable conditions graphite can be partially converted into diamond.

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 Bonding And Structure ( Theory Sheet For O'level)

1. The Periodic Table is arranged in groups.

(a) Rubidium, Rb, is in Group I of the Periodic Table. It reacts with water according to
the equation below.

Predict what you would see when a small piece of rubidium is added to cold water [3]

(c) Lithium reacts with fluorine to form lithium fluoride.

(i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in lithium fluoride. You
should show all the electrons.

(ii) Explain why lithium fluoride conducts electricity when molten but not as a solid.
State one other physical property of lithium fluoride.
[5]
2. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are sometimes used as propellants in aerosols. ‘Holes’
in the ozone layer are caused by reactions involving chlorofluorocarbons.

(a) Explain why holes in the ozone layer can cause harm to
humans.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
Difluoromethane, CH2F2 is a hydrofluorocarbon.
It can be used instead of CFCs in aerosols.

(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in

CH2F2. Your diagram only needs to show outer shell
electrons.

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3. Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen.

An ion of tritium has the following structure.

(a) Complete the following table to show the names and charges of the particles in this
tritium ion.

(b) Using the symbol T to represent tritium, give the formulae of

(i) the ion shown above .................................................................................................

(ii) the compound formed between tritium and sodium. ................................................

[2]

(c) Would you expect the oxide of tritium to be a solid, a liquid or a gas?
Explain your reasoning.

..........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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4. The structures of two ionic lattices are shown below.

(a) Explain why these two solids do not conduct electricity.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Explain why magnesium oxide has a very high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why the melting point of magnesium oxide is much higher than that of
sodium chloride.

...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Draw the electronic structure of a magnesium ion and of an oxide ion.
magnesium ion
oxide ion
[2]
5. The metal tungsten, symbol W, is used to make wire filaments in light bulbs. The
wire glows when electricity passes through it.

This is the structure of a typical metal.

(a) Use this structure to explain how tungsten conducts electricity.

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...................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Suggest two other physical properties of tungsten.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

6. Sodium is stored under oil because it rapidly oxidises to form sodium oxide, Na2O.

(a) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in sodium oxide, Na2O. You
need only show outer shell electrons.

[2]

7. Two isotopes of potassium are

(a) Complete the table about the number of particles found in one atom of each of these
isotopes.

(b) Potassium reacts with water as shown in the equation.

Describe what you would see when potassium reacts with water.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Potassium oxide is an ionic solid.

Draw the electronic structure of both a potassium ion and an oxide ion.
Include the charge on each ion.

Potassium ion

Oxide ion
[2]

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8. The structures of diamond and graphite are drawn below.

(a) Name the type of strong bond shown on the diagram.

......................................................................................................................................
[1] (b) Diamond has a melting point of about 3700 °C and graphite has a melting
point of about
3300 °C.

(i) Explain why both diamond and graphite have very high melting points.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why the melting point of graphite is lower than that of diamond.

...................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Compare the electrical conductivity of diamond and graphite.

Explain your answer.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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9. This question is about the Periodic Table.

The diagram below shows part of the original Periodic Table first published by Mendeleev in
1869.

The asterisks (*) show gaps in the table that Mendeleev deliberately left.
(a) Which group of elements in a modern Periodic Table is missing from Mendeleev’s
Periodic Table?

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Write two other differences between Mendeleev’s original table and a modern
Periodic
Table.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Find rubidium, Rb, in the Periodic Table provided on page 16.
Predict the reaction between rubidium and cold water.
Include observations and the chemical equation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
10. The structure of sodium chloride is drawn below.

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(a) Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.

Draw the electronic structure of both a sodium ion and a chloride ion.

sodium ion chloride ion

[2]

(b) Sodium chloride has a melting point of about 800 °C.

(i) Explain why sodium chloride has a high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Magnesium oxide, MgO, has a similar structure to sodium chloride.

Suggest why the melting point of magnesium oxide is higher than that
of sodium chloride.

...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Explain why solid sodium chloride will not conduct electricity but molten sodium
chloride will.
..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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11. These diagrams show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of five elements, A
to E. All elements are from Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Put the letters A to E in the table to show which elements are metals and which are
nonmetals.

(b) Which element is most likely to be in Group VI?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) Which element will form an ion of the type X2+ ?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Which element has an atomic number of 15?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Which two elements will form an ionic compound with a formula of the type YZ2?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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12. The table below shows some information about two copper ores, tenorite and
cuprite. Both contain copper oxide.

(a) (i) What is the formula of the copper compound in tenorite?

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the oxidation number of copper in cuprite, Cu2O?

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in Cu2O.

[5]
(b) Another ore of copper contains copper(II) sulphide.
Complete the dot and cross diagram below for copper(II) sulphide showing outer
electrons only.

13. The diagram shows the nuclei of five different atoms.

(a) Which atom has an atomic number of 3?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Which atom has a mass number of 6?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Which two atoms are isotopes of the same element?

……………………………………..……... and …………...……………

[1] (d) Complete the table below to show the number of sub-atomic particles in both an
atom and an ion of potassium.

14. The structures of diamond, graphite and silicon carbide are shown below.

(a) Suggest the formula for silicon carbide.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why graphite conducts electricity but silicon carbide does not.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Silicon carbide has a very high melting point.

(i) Explain why silicon carbide has a very high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Suggest why the melting point of diamond is higher than that of silicon carbide.

...................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(d) When a 1.20 g sample of graphite is completely burnt in oxygen, 4.40 g of carbon
dioxide are produced. What mass of carbon dioxide is made when a 1.20 g sample of
diamond is completely burnt in oxygen?

mass of carbon dioxide …………………… g[1]

15. Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.

(a) Describe what you would observe when a small piece of lithium is dropped onto the
surface of cold water.

..........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and water.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Rubidium, Rb, is another element in Group I.

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Predict what you would observe when a small piece of rubidium is dropped onto
cold water.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... .
[2]

16. Helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon are noble gases.

(a) State a use for argon.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use ideas about electronic structure to explain why the noble gases are unreactive.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the table to show the number of particles in two isotopes of argon.

(d) Explain why potassium comes after argon in the Periodic Table even though it has a
relative atomic mass which is lower than that of argon.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(e) Compounds of xenon with fluorine were first made in the 1960s.
Xenon reacts with fluorine at 400 °C to form xenon tetrafluoride,
XeF4. Write a symbol equation for this reaction.

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[1]
17. Complete the table below to show the number of subatomic particles in each of the
two ions.

18. In recent years scientists have made tube-shaped structures of carbon called
nanotubes.

(a) State two differences between the structure of a carbon nanotube and the structure of
diamond.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Carbon nanotubes are fifty times stronger than steel.

Use ideas about structure and bonding to suggest why these nanotubes are so strong.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) Carbon nanotubes are good electrical conductors.

(i) State the name of another form of carbon which can conduct electricity.

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Carbon nanotubes conduct electricity nearly as well as copper.

Explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.

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..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(d) Another form of carbon is buckminsterfullerene.

Argon can be trapped inside the cage-like structure of buckminsterfullerene.

(i) Explain why argon is unreactive.

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) One isotope of argon is

Calculate the number of neutrons in this isotope of argon.

..............................................................................................................................
[1]
(e) Recently, chemists have been trying to attach atoms of transition elements to
buckminsterfullerene to make more efficient catalysts.

State two properties, other than catalysis, which distinguish transition elements
from other metals.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

19. A student found a copy of a Periodic Table published in the year 1930. Several
elements were missing from this table because they had not yet been discovered. One
of these elements was technetium, Tc

One isotope of technetium has the symbol

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(a) Complete the table below to show the number of subatomic particles in one atom of
this isotope.

(b) Suggest the symbol of another isotope of technetium.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain, in terms of subatomic particles and their charge, why an atom of is
electrically neutral.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
[2] (d) From its position in the modern Periodic Table predict two properties of technetium.

1 ......................................................................................................................................
.

2 ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
20. Radioactive iodine is used to treat some cancerous tumours.

(a) Two radioactive isotopes of iodine are

For each isotope state the type and number of subatomic particles present. [2]

...............................................................................................................................
...........
(d) In cancer treatment, the radioactive iodine can be injected into the tumour with a
titanium needle.

(i) Titanium is a transition element. State three characteristic properties of transition

elements. [2]

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...............................................................................................................................
...........
(ii) An oxide of titanium is formed from Ti3+ ions and oxide ions.
Deduce the formula of this compound. [1]

..........................................................................................................................................
(iii) Titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4, reacts with water to form titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, and
hydrogen chloride. Write an equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................................... [1]

21. Boron nitride, BN, exists in two physical forms. The structures of these forms are
shown below.

These two forms of boron nitride resemble two allotropes of carbon.

(a) Suggest why boron nitride with structure A can be used as a lubricant.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Suggest why boron nitride with structure B does not conduct electricity.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Suggest why boron nitride with structure B can be used in cutting tools and drill bits.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
22. The diagram shows the atomic structure of an atom of element X

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(a) Complete the table

(b) Carbon-12 has the symbol

Write the symbol for an atom of element X.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Draw a diagram to show the atomic structure of another isotope of element X.

[2]
23. Chlorine forms some compounds that are covalent and others that are ionic.

(a) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

You only need to draw the outer electrons of the carbon and chlorine atoms.

[2]
(b) Calcium reacts with chlorine to form calcium chloride.

Draw diagrams to show the electronic structures and charges of both ions present in
calcium chloride.

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[2]
24. Magnesium bromide and sodium oxide are both ionic compounds.

(a) Complete the following table.

(b) Draw diagrams to show the electronic configurations and charges of the ions present
in sodium oxide.

[2]
(c) Explain why magnesium bromide has a high melting point.

..........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(d) Explain why solid sodium oxide does not conduct electricity.

.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
25. Lithium, sodium and potassium are elements in Group I of the Periodic Table.
Francium, Fr, is another element in Group I.

(a) How many electrons are in there in the outer shell of a francium atom?

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Complete the following table about an atom of francium.

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(c) Predict two physical properties of francium.

1 ......................................................................................................................................
.

2 .................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) A scientist predicts that francium reacts violently with water. Write the
equation for this reaction.

[1]

26. The symbols of some atoms and ions including their nucleon number and proton
number are shown below.

(a) Which one of these atoms or ions has the greatest number of protons?

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Which two of these atoms or ions have the same number of neutrons?

......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) State the number of electrons in the ion

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Write the full electronic configuration of the ion

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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27. Part of Mendeleev’s original Periodic Table showing an arrangement of elements

according to their similar properties is shown below. The numbers are the atomic
masses of the elements.

(a) Mendeleev listed the elements in order of their atomic masses.

What determines the order of the elements in the modern Periodic Table?

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Mendeleev predicted the properties of the undiscovered element X. You will find
element X in the table above.

Study the pattern in which the elements are arranged in the table above. Deduce
to which Group in the modern Periodic Table element X belongs.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Describe two other differences between Mendeleev’s original Periodic Table and the
modern Periodic Table.

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Iron, cobalt and nickel have similar properties.

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(i) State the name of the block of elements in the modern Periodic Table which
includes iron, cobalt and nickel.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Lithium, sodium and potassium are elements which show a trend in melting points
and reaction with water.

(i) Describe the trend in the reaction of these elements with water.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
[1]
(iii) The melting points of lithium, sodium and potassium are:

lithium 1810C
sodium 980C
potassium 630C

Predict the melting point of rubidium.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

28. Carbon and graphite are two forms of carbon.

(a) (i) Describe two differences in the structure of diamond and graphite.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of their structure, why graphite is soft but diamond is hard.

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..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[2]
29. Uranium is a radioactive metal. It has two main isotopes, uranium-235 with a nucleon
number of 235 and uranium-238 with a nucleon number of 238.

(a) (i) State one similarity, in terms of sub-atomic particles, between uranium-235 and
uranium-238.
..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) State one difference, in terms of sub-atomic particles, between uranium-235 and
uranium-238.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Uranium is manufactured from uranium(IV) oxide, UO2, in a two-step process.

Step 1 – uranium(IV) oxide is heated with hydrogen fluoride to make uranium(IV)

fluoride, UF4, and water.

Step 2 – uranium(IV) fluoride is reduced by magnesium to give uranium and one

other product.

(i) Construct the equation for step 1.

[1]
(ii) Construct the equation for step 2.

[1]

30. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
Scientists are trying to synthesise a new element in Group VII with a proton number of 117.

(a) How many valency electrons will be present in one atom of this new element?

......................................................................................................................................
[1] (b) Complete the following table about an isotope of this new element.

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(c) Predict two physical properties of this new element.

1 ......................................................................................................................................
.

2 ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Fluorine reacts with magnesium to form magnesium fluoride.

(i) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

[1]

(ii) Give both the electronic configuration and the charge on the ions which are
present in magnesium fluoride. [2]

(e) Trifluorochloromethane, CF3Cl, is a covalent compound.

(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for a CF3Cl molecule.
You only need to show the outer electrons for each atom. [2]
(ii) Trifluorochloromethane does not conduct electricity.
Suggest one other physical property of trifluorochloromethane.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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31. Sodium can react with compounds called crown ethers.

(a) A typical crown ether is shown below.

Write the empirical formula for this crown ether.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) When sodium reacts with crown ethers it forms Na+ and Na- ions.
Draw the structure of an Na- ion.
Show all the electrons.

[1]

(c) When sodium reacts with water, hydrogen is given off and an alkaline solution is
formed.

(i) Describe two observations that can be made when sodium reacts with water.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of sodium with water.

............................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Sodium is an alkali metal. Iron is a transition element.
State the differences between these two metals in terms of

(i) melting point ............................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) density ...................................................................................................................... [1]

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32. Bromine is a halogen. It has two naturally-occurring isotopes.

(a) Define the term isotopes.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) One isotope of bromine has the symbol

State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this isotope of bromine.
protons ............................
neutrons ..........................
electrons ......................... [2]
Bromine is a liquid at room temperature.
(i) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the molecules in liquid bromine.
Show a bromine molecule as :

[2]

33. Iodine forms a diatomic molecule, I2.

It has a simple molecular structure.

The diagram shows the structure of the simple molecular lattice of iodine.

Each iodine molecule is held in place by weak intermolecular forces.

Within each iodine molecule the atoms are covalently bonded.

(a) Explain why solid iodine does not conduct electricity.

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.........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) When heated, solid iodine turns directly into iodine gas.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain this change of state.

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in an iodine molecule.

Show only the outer shell electrons.

[1]

(d) Chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine are all in Group VII.

(i) What is the formula for an astatide ion?

.............................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Complete the table about the appearance at room temperature of the elements in
Group VII.

[2]
(iii) Predict the appearance of astatine at room temperature.

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.............................................................................................................................
[1]

34. This question is about some Group II elements and their compounds.

Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

(a) The table shows information about the ions in magnesium oxide.

(i) Complete the table.

[3]
(ii) Describe how a magnesium atom and an oxygen atom form a
magnesium ion and an oxide ion.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why magnesium oxide has a very high
melting point.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

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35. Glass contains silicon(IV) oxide and a number of metal oxides.

(a) The structure of silicon(IV) oxide is shown below.

(i) Describe two similarities in the structure of silicon(IV) oxide and diamond.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a high melting point.

..............................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide does not conduct electricity.

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Old wine glasses often appear cloudy because they have many small cracks on their
surface.

The cracks are caused by differences in the rate of diffusion of sodium ions and
hydrogen ions in the glass.

(i) Explain the meaning of the term diffusion.

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..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
[1] (ii) Suggest why sodium and hydrogen ions do not diffuse at the same rate.

..............................................................................................................................
[1]

(c) Sodium oxide is an ionic compound.

Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show

• the arrangement of the
outer shell electrons,
• the charges on the ions
and • the formula of
sodium oxide. [3]
[Total: 10]

36. The table shows the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in seven different particles.

(a) What is the nucleon number for F?

................................. [1]
(b) Explain why A is a neutral particle.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) Which particles are isotopes of the same element?

……………………………………………………….
(d) What is the charge on E?
.................................
[1]
(e) Which particles have the same relative mass?

................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
37. Potassium is in Group I and chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Potassium forms an oxide with the formula K2O and chlorine forms an oxide with the
formula Cl2O.

(a) (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for Cl2O.

You only need to draw the outer shell electrons.

[1]

(ii) Explain, using ideas about structure and bonding, why Cl2O has a low
melting point.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Draw diagrams to show the electronic structures and charges of both ions present in
potassium oxide.

[2]

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(c) Chlorine forms another oxide Cl2O7. One mole of this oxide reacts with one mole of
water to make two moles of an acid and no other products.

Construct the equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

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 Mole And Stoichiometry : Work Sheet 1 :

1) What is the mass of one mole of each of the following compound? (Show all
working)

A) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

B) Silicon (IV) oxide (SiO2)
C) Methane (CH4)
D) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
E) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
F) Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)
G) Ethane (C2H6)

2) How many moles are in each of the following? (Show all working)

A) 36 g of Carbon atoms
B) 112 g of Iron atoms
C) 60 g of Neon atoms
D) 3.5 g of Copper atoms
E) 0.2 g of Helium atoms

3) Find out the mass of each of the following? (Show all working)

A) 4 moles of Aluminium atoms

B) 2 moles of Carbon atoms
C) 5 moles of Magnesium atoms D) 0.5 moles of Silicon atoms
E) 0.002 moles of Copper atoms

4) Find out the number of moles present in each of the following gases (all measured
at r.t.p.)

A) 240 cm3 Ammonia

B) 120 cm3 Chlorine
C) 600 cm3 of Oxygen
D) 24 cm3 of Carbon dioxide
E) 2.5 dm3 of Sulphur dioxide

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5) Find out the volume of each of the following numbers of moles of gases (all
measured at r.t.p.)

A) 0.1 mole Fluorine

B) 2.0 moles of Neon
C) 0.5 moles of Methane

6) How many moles of hydrogen atoms are present in 20 g of methane (CH4)

7) Calculate the mass of oxygen in 30 g of water (H2O)

8) Calculate the mass of sulphur in 2.5 moles of H2SO4
9) Calculate the mass of carbon in 30 cm3 of carbon dioxide (CO2)
10) Calculate the mass of sulphur in 50 dm3 of sulphur dioxide (SO2)

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 Mole And Stoichiometry: Work Sheet 2 :

1) Find out the mass of sulphur dioxide if 90 g of sulphur is burnt in excess of oxygen

S + O2 SO2

2) Find out mass of calcium chloride if 200 g of calcium carbonate is reacted with
excess of hydrochloric acid?

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

3) Find out the volume of carbon dioxide if 150 g of calcium carbonate is treated excess
of hydrochloric acid?

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

4) Find out the mass of water produced if 2.5 moles of oxygen are reacted with excess
of hydrogen?

2H2 + O2 2H2O

5) Find out the moles of sulphur trioxide if 15 moles of sulphur dioxide are reacted with
excess of oxygen?

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

6) Find out the volume of carbon dioxide if 30 dm3 of methane is completely burnt in
excess oxygen?

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

7) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate to produce 0.004 moles of carbon dioxide?

CaCO3 CO2 + CaO

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8) Calculate the mass of sodium required to produce 100 g of sodium chloride?

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

9) Calculate the mass of silver carbonate required to produce 180 g of silver solid?

2Ag2CO3 4Ag + 2CO2 + O2

10) Calculate the volume of methane required to produce 48 cm3 of carbon dioxide

4CuO + CH4 4Cu + CO2 + 2H2O

11) Calculate the moles of copper oxide to produce 15 g of copper metal

3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

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 Mole and stoichiometry : worksheet 3 :

1) Calculate the moles of carbon dioxide produced when 30 g of methane is reacted

with 30 g of oxygen

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

2) Calculate the volume of sulphur trioxide produced if 90 g of sulphur dioxide is

reacted with 2.5 moles of oxygen

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

3) Calculate the mass of calcium chloride produced when 150 g of calcium carbonate is
reacted with 150 g hydrochloric acid

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

4) Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced when 100 g of zinc reacted with 3 moles
of hydrochloric acid

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

5) Calculate the mass of iron produced when 350 g of Iron (II) oxide is reduce in 90
dm3 of hydrogen gas

FeO + H2 Fe + H2O

6) Calculate the mass of zinc sulphate produced when 156 g of zinc metal is reacted
with 200 g of sulphuric acid

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

7) Calculate the mass of sulphur dioxide produced when 3.5 moles of sulphur is burnt
with 3.5 moles of oxygen gas

S + O2 SO2

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8) Calculate the moles of water produced when 200 cm3 of hydrogen is reacted with
200 cm3 of oxygen

2H2 + O2 2H2O

 Mole And Stoichiometry Worksheet 4

1) Find the simplest (empirical formula) of an oxide of iron formed by reacting 2.24 g
Iron with 0.96 g oxygen

2) An oxide of Phosphorous are formed in which percentage by mass of oxygen is

56.33.
Find out its simplest formula

3) An acid was analysed and found to contain 2.44% hydrogen, 39.02% sulphur and
58.54% oxygen by mass. Find it simplest formula

4) Find the simplest formula of the carbon oxide formed when 0.24 g carbon react with
0.32 g oxygen.

5) 0.2 g of calcium reacted with fluorine to make 0.39 g calcium fluoride. Find the
simplest formula of this compound.

6) Find the simplest formula of nitrogen fluoride formed when 7 g nitrogen react with
19 g of fluorine.

7) Find the simplest formula of the compound formed by 0.48 g of carbon and 0.16 g
hydrogen.

8) A compound was found to contain 0.6 g magnesium, 0.8 g sulphur and 1.6 g oxygen.
Find its simplest formula.

9) A compound was found to contain 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen and 53.33% oxygen
by mass. Its relative molecular mass was 60. Find its molecular formula.

10) A hydrocarbon of relative molecular mass 78 was found to contain 92.31% carbon
and 7.69% hydrogen by mass. Find its molecular formula.

11) A sample of hydrocarbon contains 0.240 g carbon and 0.050 g of hydrogen. Find its
empirical formula.

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12) An oxide of chlorine was analysed. A 0.366 g sample was found to contain 0.224 g
of oxygen. Find the empirical formula of this oxide.

13) A sample of one of the ore was analysed and found to contain 4.48 g copper and 1.12
g oxygen. Find the empirical formula.

14) When Iron is heated in a stream of dry chlorine, it produces a chloride that contains
34.5% by mass of Iron. Find the empirical formula of this chloride. The molecular
mass of this chloride is 325, find its molecular formula.

 Mole and stoichiometry : worksheet 5 :

1) Find out the moles of 1000 cm3 of 0.5 mol/dm3 copper (II) sulphate solution

2) Find out the moles of 5 dm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 nitric acid

3) Find out the concentration of 250 cm3 ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) containing 0.1
moles

4) Find out the concentration of 10 cm3 barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2] solution

containing
0.0001 moles

5) Find out the volume of solution required if 2.015 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is
added to make the solution of concentration 0.002 mol/dm3

6) Find out the concentration of solution if 2.015 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

dissolved in 200 cm3 of solution

7) Find out the concentration of solution if 0.147 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved
in 10.0 cm3 of solution

8) Find out the concentration of solution if 240 cm3 of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas
dissolved in 200 cm3 of water

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9) Find out the concentration of solution if 6.37 g of concentrated sulphuric acid

dissolved in 100 cm3 of water

10) Find out the concentration of solution if 480 cm3 ammonia (NH3) gas dissolved in
100 cm3 of water

11) Find out the mass of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in 50.0 cm3 of 0.77 mol/dm3 solution

12) Find out the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 33.0 cm3 of 0.0233 mol/dm3 solution

13) Find out the concentration hydrochloric acid, if 13.0 cm3 of acid is neutralized by
19.0 cm3 of 0.35 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

14) Find out the concentration of sodium hydroxide if 30.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide is
used to neutralize 30 .0 cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 of sulphuric acid
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

15) What volume of 0.22 mol/dm3 of sodium hydroxide will neutralize 25.0 cm3 of
0.45 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

16) Find out the mass of Mg required to react completely with 30 cm3 of 0.23 mo/dm3
HCl solution
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

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 Mole And Stoichiometry : Worksheet 6 :

1) In the following reaction 10 g of hydrogen reacting with excess oxygen while the mass
of water formed is 70 g. Find % age yield?
2H2 + O2 2H2O

2) In the following reaction 15 dm3 of hydrogen reacted with excess nitrogen and 5.5 g of
ammonia is produced. Find % age yield?
3H2 + N2 2NH3

3) In the following reaction 0.5 mol of sulfur dioxide producing 8.5 dm3 of Sulfur trioxide
by reacting with excess oxygen. Find % age yield?
2SO2 + O2 2SO3

4) In the following reaction 2.5 mol of C3H8 Producing total 420 g of products. Find out %
age yield?
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

5) A 10 g sample of Magnesium ribbon reacted with excess sulfuric acid while the 0.6 g of
hydrogen was measured at r.t.p, find out the percentage purity of Magnesium ribbon?
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2

6) A 6 g of Marble chips (CaCO3) reacted with excess Hydrochloric acid and 1 dm3 of
Carbon dioxide produced at r.t.p, find out the percentage purity of marble chips?
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

7) A 15 dm3 of cylinder of hydrogen gas reacted with excess nitrogen and moles of
Ammonia produced was 0.28 mol. Find out the % age purity of Hydrogen gas in the gas
cylinder?
3H2 + N2 2NH3

8) In an experiment 10 g of methane reacted with steam and the total volume of the product
collected was 40 dm3 at r.t.p. find out the % age of product lost?
CH4 + H2O 3H2 +CO

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 Assignment Sheet For Mole And Stoichiometry

1) One mole of ethanol, C2H5OH (Which is liquid) and one mole of ethane (Which is
gas) have an equal

A) Mass C) Number of electrons

B) Number of atoms D) Number of molecules

2) Which one of the following compounds has the empirical formula CH2O

A) Carbonic acid (H2CO3) C) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

B) Ethanol (C2H5OH) D) Methanoic acid (HCOOH)

3) Methane reacts with steam to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide as shown below

CH4(g) + H2O(l) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

What volume of hydrogen can be obtained from 100 cm3 of methane?

A) 300 cm3 B) 200 cm3 C) 150cm3 D) 100 cm3

4) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen as shown

2H2 + O2 2H2O
How much gas will be remaining if 2 dm3 of hydrogen are reacted with 1 dm3 of
oxygen at r.t.p.

A) 0 dm3 B) 1dm3 C) 2 dm3 D) 3 dm3

5) Which of the following compounds contains the highest percentage by mass of

nitrogen?

A) Ammonia (NH3) C) Ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3]

B) Hydrazine (N2H4) D) Urea [(NH2)2CO

6) Which of the following is the molecular formula of hydrocarbon, which contains

85.7% carbon and 14.3% hydrogen by mass?

A) CH2 B) CH4 C) C2H2 D) C2H4

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7) A sample of 50 cm3 of carbon monoxide was burned in 50 cm3 of oxygen. What is

the composition of the gas remaining after the reaction?

2CO + O2 2CO2
A) 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide only
B) 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 25 cm3 of excess oxygen
C) 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 25 cm3 of excess carbon monoxide
D) 100 cm3 of carbon dioxide only

8) The Avogardro constant is the number of

A) Atoms in 1 g of Helium C) Molecules in 35.5 g Chlorine

B) Atoms in 24 g of Magnesium D) Chloride ions in 95 g of Magnesium chloride

9) Which one of the following is the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon, which

contains 80% by mass of carbon?

A) CH4 B) C2H4 C) C2H6 D) C3H6

10) The main ore of Zinc blend, ZnS ( Mr = 97). When this ore is heated in air, the
reaction is represented by the following equation.

2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2

What volume of oxygen at r.t.p. Would be needed to react completely with 194 g of
ZnS?

A) 3 dm3 B) 3 x 24 dm3 C) 3 x 24 / 2 dm3 D) 3 x 32 dm3

11) How many moles of oxygen, O2 are needed for the complete combustion of two
moles of butane, C4H10?

A) 13 B) 10 C) 8 D) 2

12) What is the maximum mass of Aluminium, which can be obtained from 204 g of
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3?

A) 27 g B) 51 g C) 54 g D) 108 g

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13) An oxide of Titanium contains 60% by mass of titanium. What is the empirical
formula for this oxide

A) TiO B) TiO2 C) Ti2O D) Ti2O3

14) If four moles of sulphur dioxide are oxidized to sulphur trioxide, how many moles of
oxygen are required?

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

A) 1.0 B) 1.5 C) 2.0 D) 2.5

15) The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5.What is the mass of 2 moles of chlorine
gas?

A) 18.75 g B) 35.5 g C) 71 g D) 142 g

16) When 0.1 g of magnesium is treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid, what
volume of gas at r.t.p will be produced?

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

A) 24 cm3 B) 48 cm3 C) 50 cm3 D) 100 cm3

17) What is the mass of one mole of iodine molecules?

A) 74 g B) 106 g C) 127 g D) 254 g

18) A compound X contains 50% sulphur and 50% oxygen by mass. What is the
empirical formula of compound X?

A) SO B) SO2 C) SO3 D) SO4

19) 12 g of anhydrous magnesium sulphate combine with 12.6 g of water to form

hydrated magnesium sulphate. What is the formula of the hydrated magnesium
sulphate?

A) MgSO4. 9H2O C) MgSO4. 7H2O

B) MgSO4. 5H2O D) MgSO4. 3H2O

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20) Which sulphide contains the greatest mass of sulphur in 10 g sample?

Sulphide Formula Molar mass

A Nickel sulphide NiS 90 g
B Copper sulphide CuS 96 g
C Iron sulphide FeS 120 g
D Lead sulphide PbS 239 g

21) The equation for the burning of hydrogen is

2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2H2O(g)

One mole of hydrogen is mixed with one mole of oxygen gas and burnt. What will be
present after the reaction?

A) 1 mol of steam only

B) 1mol of steam+0.5 mol of hydrogen gas
C) 1 mol of steam + 0.5 mol of oxygen gas
D) 2 mol of steam only

22) Quick lime (calcium oxide) is manufactured by heating limestone (calcium

carbonate) as shown by the following equation.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

What mass of quicklime will produce by heating one tones of limestone?

A) 28 / 100 tonnes C) 56 / 124 tonnes

B) 56 / 100 tonnes D) 56 / 68 tonnes

23) Sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposes on heating

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

In an experiment, 5 moles sample of sodium hydrogen carbonate was heated. What

volume of carbon dioxide measured at r.t.p. Would evolve?

A) 36 dm3 B) 48 dm3 C) 60 dm3 D) 72 dm3

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24) How many moles of hydrogen atoms does 3.2 g of methane, CH4 contain?

A) 2.0 B) 0.8 C) 0.4 D) 0.2

25) When sugar (Mr = 342) is fermented using yeast, the following reaction takes place

C12H22O11 + H2O 4C2H5OH + 4CO2

What volume of carbon dioxide, at r.t.p. Would be produced by complete

fermentation of 1 kg (1000g) of sugar?

A) 342 x 4 x 24 / 1000 dm3 C) 342 x 24 /1000 x 4 dm3

B) 1000 x 4 x 24 / 342 dm3 D) 100 x 24 / 342 x 4 dm3

26) A 240 g sample of hydrated sodium sulphide contains 162 g of water of

crystallization. What is the correct molecular formula of this compound?
A) Na2S. 3H2O C) Na2S. 5H2O
B) Na2S. 7H2O D) Na2S. 9H2O

27) A sugar of Mr. 180 was found to contain 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen and 53.33%
oxygen by mass. What is molecular formula of the sugar?

A) CH2O B) C12H22O11 C) C6H12O6 D) C4H8O6

28) A volume of ethane, C2H6 at r.t.p. has a mass of 20 g. What is the mass of an equal
volume of propene, C3H6 at r.t.p?

A) 42 g B) 28 g C) 21 g D) 20 g

29) What is the mass of magnesium, which completely reacts with 250 cm3 of 1.0
mol/dm3 sulphuric acid?

Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
A) 96 g B) 48 g C) 12 g D) 6 g

30) 124 g of Phosphorous vapour has the same volume as 71 g of chlorine gas at same
temperature and pressure. What is the formula of molecule of phosphorous?

A) P B) P2 C) P4 D) P8

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31) What are the molecular and empirical formula of Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
Molecular formula Empirical formula
A C2H4O C2H4O
B C2H4O2 CH2O
C C2H4O2 C2H4O2
D C2H4O6 C2H6O
32) One mol of each of the following compounds is burnt in excess oxygen. What
compound will produce three moles of carbon dioxide and three moles of steam?

A) C3H8 B) C3H7CO2H C) C3H7OH D) CH3CO2CH3

33) What has a mass equal that of one mole of water?

A) 24 dm3 of water
B) One mole of steam
C) One molecule of water
D) Two moles of hydrogen molecules and one mole of oxygen molecule

34) 20cm3 of carbon monoxide are reacted with 10 cm3 of oxygen. The equation for the
reaction is shown:

2CO + O2 2CO2

Which volume of carbon dioxide will be produced?

A) 10 cm3 B) 20 cm3 C) 30 cm3 D) 40 cm3

35) Which ion is present in the highest concentration in a 2 mol/dm3 aqueous solution of
sodium sulphate?

A) The hydrogen ion, H+ C) The hydroxide ion,OH-

B) The sodium ion, Na+ D) The sulphate ion, SO42-

36) Which fertilizer provides the most nitrogen per mole?

A) NH4NO3 B) (NH4)3PO4 C) NaNO3 D) (NH4)2SO4

37) Propane burns completely in oxygen according to the following equation shown.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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If 0.1 mole of propane gas is burnt completely, which volume of gaseous product is
obtained measured at r.t.p?

A) 0.1 dm3 B) 0.3 dm3 C) 2.4 dm3 D) 7.2 dm3

38) An 8 g of oxygen contains the same number of atoms as 16 g of element X. What is

the relative atomic mass of X?

A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32

39) A mixture containing 1 mole of ethane and 4 moles of oxygen is ignited, in sealed
container at 1000C. The reaction occurring is shown by the equation.

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

What was the total number of moles of gas at the end of the reaction?

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

40) One mole of hydrated copper (II) sulphate,CuSO4. 5H2O, is dissolved in water. How
many moles of ions does the solution contain?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 6 D) 7

41) The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate is shown:

2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Which volume of 0.1 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid is needed to react completely with
1.0 g of calcium carbonate (Mr = 100)?

A) 10 cm3 B) 20 cm3 C) 100 cm3 D) 200 cm3

42) One mole of an organic compound is completely burnt in oxygen. Which compound
produces exactly three moles of water?

A) Butane, C4H10 C) Ethanol, C2H5OH

B) Butanol, C4H9OH D) Propane, C3H8

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43) What is the ratio of the volume of 2 g of hydrogen to the volume of 16 g of methane,
both volumes are at r.t.p.

A) 1 to 1 B) 1 to 2 C) 1 to 8 D) 2 to 1

44) Calcium reacts with water as shown:

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

What is the total mass of the solution that remains when 40 g of calcium reacts with
100 g of water?

A) 58 g B) 74 g C) 138 g D) 140 g
45) Which of the following contains the same number of molecules as 9 g of water?

A) 2 g of hydrogen gas C) 32 g of oxygen gas

B) 14 g of nitrogen gas D) 44 g of carbon dioxide

46) A 25 cm3 sample of dilute sulphuric acid contains 0.025 moles of the acid

What is the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution?

A) 0.25 mol / dm3 B) 0.50 mol / dm3

C) 1.00 mol / dm3 D) 2.00 mol / dm3

47) The relative molecular mass, Mr, of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4, is 160.

The relative molecular mass, Mr, of water is 18.

What is the percentage by mass of water in copper(II) sulphate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O?

48) The formula of china clay (aluminium silicate) was shown in an old book as
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.

This formula is shown in a modern book as Al2(OH)x Si2Oy.

What are the values of x and y in the modern formula?

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49) What is the concentration of iodine, I2, molecules in a solution containing 2.54 g of
iodine in 250 cm3 of solution?

A) 0.01 mol / dm3 B) 0.02 mol / dm3 C) 0.04 mol / dm3 D) 0.08 mol /
3
dm 50) The equation for the burning of hydrogen in oxygen is shown
below.

Which information does this equation give about the reaction?

A) 36 g of steam can be obtained from 16 g of oxygen.

B) 2 g of hydrogen combine with 1 g of oxygen.
C) 2 mol of steam can be obtained from 1 mol of oxygen.
D) 2 atoms of hydrogen combine with 2 atoms of oxygen.

51) A solution of hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 2 mol / dm3.

Different volumes of the acid are added to different volumes of aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

The maximum temperature of each mixture is measured. The graph shows the results.

What is the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A) 0.67 mol / dm3 B) 1.3 mol / dm3 C) 1.5 mol / dm3 D) 3.0 mol / dm3

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52) 'Cracking' of hydrocarbons breaks them into smaller molecules.

Which example of 'cracking' would produce the largest volume of products from one
mole of hydrocarbon? Assume that all measurements are made at the same
temperature and pressure.

53) How many moles per dm3 of gaseous carbon dioxide are there if 4.4 g occupies 500
cm3?

A) 0.1 mol / dm3 B) 0.2 mol / dm3 C) 2.2 mol / dm3 D) 8.8 mol / dm3

54) In an experiment 264 g of strontium reacts with 213 g of chlorine.

What is the formula of strontium chloride?

A) SrCl B) SrCl2 C) SrCl3 D) Sr2Cl

55) The element X forms a gaseous molecule X2. One volume of X2 combines with one
volume of hydrogen to form two volumes of a gaseous hydride.

What is the formula for the hydride of X?

A) HX B) HX2 C) H2X D) H2X2

56) The equation represents the action of dilute nitric acid on copper.

What are the values of x and y?

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57) A 10 cm3 sample of a gaseous hydrocarbon is completely burnt in oxygen. The total
volume of the products is 70 cm3.

Which equation represents the combustion of the hydrocarbon?

58) The fertiliser ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, Mr = 80) is manufactured from ammonia
(NH3, Mr = 17) by a two-stage process.

What is the maximum mass of fertiliser that can be made if only 17 tonnes of
ammonia is available?

A) 34 tonnes B) 40 tonnes C) 80 tonnes D) 97 tonnes

59) What is the mass of one mole of carbon-12?

A) 0.012 g B) 0.024 g C) 1 g D) 12 g

60) When butanol, represented by C4HwOH, burns in air, carbon dioxide and water are
formed.

Which values of w, x and y balance the equation?

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61) What is the mass of oxygen contained in 72 g of pure water?

[Relative atomic masses: H = 1; O = 16]

A) 16 g B) 32 g C) 64 g D) 70 g

62) The empirical formula of a liquid compound is C2H4O.

To find the empirical formula, it is necessary to know the

A) density of the compound.

B) percentage composition of the compound.
C) relative molecular mass of the compound.
D) volume occupied by 1 mole of the compound

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 Assignment Sheet For Mole And Stoichiometry :

1. Aqueous hydrogen sulfide reacts with aqueous potassium hydroxide.

What is the minimum volume, in cm3, of 0.150 mol / dm3 KOH required to completely react
with a solution containing 0.170 g of H2S?

svolume of KOH(aq) = ................................................... cm3 [3]

2. Ammonia is used to make fertilisers.

The table gives some information about two fertilisers made from ammonia.

Use the data in the table to show that urea contains a greater percentage by mass of nitrogen
than ammonium nitrate.

[2]
3. Cyclohexane, C6H12, is a cycloalkane.
Cycloalkanes react in a similar way to alkanes.

(a) Cyclohexane can be manufactured from hexane as shown in the equation.

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Calculate the mass of cyclohexane that can be made from 258 g of hexane.
[Mr of cyclohexane = 84]

mass of cyclohexane = ...................................................... g [2]

(b) Another cycloalkane has the following percentage composition by mass.

(i) Use the percentage composition by mass to show that the empirical formula of the
cycloalkane is CH2.

[2] 4. Carbon reacts with steam in a reversible reaction.

(i) When one mole of hydrogen, H2, is formed, 131 kJ of energy is absorbed.
Calculate the amount of energy absorbed when 240 dm3 of hydrogen, measured at room
temperature and pressure, is formed.

energy absorbed = ...................................................... kJ [2]

5. Both zinc and iron react with dilute sulfuric acid.

(a) A 0.65 g sample of zinc is reacted with excess sulfuric acid.

(i) Calculate the volume of hydrogen, measured at room temperature and pressure, formed
in this reaction. volume of hydrogen = .................................................. dm3 [2]
(ii) Explain why a different volume of hydrogen, measured at room temperature and
pressure, is formed when 0.65 g of iron is reacted with excess sulfuric acid.

.....................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
6. Dilute hydrofluoric acid reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide.

What is the minimum volume, in cm3, of 0.150 mol / dm3 Ca(OH)2 required to
react completely with a solution containing 0.200 g of HF?

volume of Ca(OH)2(aq) = ................................................... cm3 [3]

7. (a) Sulfuric acid is used to make the fertiliser potassium sulfate, K2SO4. Calculate the
percentage sby mass of potassium in this fertiliser.

[2] (b) Another cycloalkene has the following percentage composition by mass.

Use the percentage composition by mass to show that the empirical formula of this
cycloalkene is C5H8. S

[2]
8. Carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen in a reversible reaction.

(b) When one mole of methanol, CH3OH, is formed, 91 kJ of energy is released.

Calculate the amount of energy released when 160 g of methanol is formed.
[Mr of methanol = 32]

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energy released = ...................................................... kJ [2]

9. The tar also contains a compound with the following composition.

Deduce the empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula ...........................................................[2]

10. Copper corrodes slowly in damp air.
One of the corrosion products has the formula CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.
Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in this compound.

[2]
11. When 1 mole of sodium hydroxide reacts with excess hydrochloric acid, 57.1 kJ of energy
is released.

(a) Calculate the energy released when 12.0 g of sodium hydroxide reacts with excess
hydrochloric acid.

[2] (b) Calculate the volume of 0.200 mol / dm3 HCl which contains 2.19 g of HCl.

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[2]
12. A sample of 0.030 g of small pieces of magnesium is added to 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol / dm3
hydrochloric acid.

(a) Show by calculation which reactant is in excess.

[3]

(b) The graph shows how the volume of hydrogen gas produced, at room temperature and
pressure, changes with time.

Calculate the total mass of hydrogen formed.

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mass of hydrogen = ................. g [2]

13. Glycolic acid is produced by heating methanal, carbon monoxide and water in the presence
of a sulfuric acid catalyst.

A sample of 1800 g of methanal reacts with excess carbon monoxide and water.
The percentage yield of glycolic acid is 45%.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of glycolic acid produced.

mass of glycolic acid = ............... g [3]

14. The reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is exothermic.

When one mole of chlorine molecules reacts, 185 kJ of energy is released.

Calculate the amount of energy released when 106.5 g of chlorine reacts.

energy released = ..................................................... kJ [2]

15. Chlorine can be made by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride. The
overall process can be represented by the following equation.

55 dm3 of 3.5 mol / dm3 aqueous sodium chloride is electrolysed.

What is the maximum volume of chlorine that can be formed, measured at room
temperature and pressure?

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volume of chlorine = ................................................. dm3 [3]

16. Titanium can be manufactured by heating titanium (IV) chloride, TiCl4, with magnesium.
(a) Construct the equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What mass of titanium can be made from 125 g of titanium (IV) chloride?

mass of titanium = ...................................................... g [3]

17. The structure of propenenitrile is shown.

A factory uses 1750 tonnes of propenenitrile to produce poly(propenenitrile).

The percentage yield is 95%.
Calculate the mass of poly(propenenitrile) produced.

mass of poly(propenenitrile) = ............................................. tonnes [2]

18. A power station burns methane, CH4, which is contaminated by hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
The equation shows the combustion of methane.

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The combustion of the hydrogen sulfide forms water and sulfur dioxide.
(a) Construct the equation to show the combustion of hydrogen sulfide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A 1000 dm3 sample of the contaminated methane gas burnt at the power station produces
999 dm3 of carbon dioxide and 1 dm3 of sulfur dioxide. All gas volumes are measured at
room temperature and pressure.
(i) What is the volume of methane, at room temperature and pressure, in the 1000 dm3 of
the gas burnt?

volume of methane = ................................................... dm3 [1]

(ii) What is the volume of hydrogen sulfide, at room temperature and pressure, in the 1000
dm3 of the gas burnt?

volume of hydrogen sulfide = ................................................... dm3 [1]

(iii) Calculate the percentage, by volume, of hydrogen sulfide in the contaminated methane.
You must show your working.

percentage = .......................................................% [2]

19. Cyclobutane has the following structure.

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(a) Deduce the empirical formula for cyclobutane.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The complete combustion of one mole of cyclobutane releases 2702 kJ of heat energy.

(i) Construct an equation for the complete combustion of cyclobutane.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the heat energy released when 600 dm3 of cyclobutane, at room temperature
and pressure, is completely combusted.

heat energy = ..................................................... kJ [2]

20. A solution containing 0.172 g of an unknown carboxylic acid, CxHyCO2H, is titrated with
0.100 mol / dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide. The volume of sodium hydroxide solution
needed to exactly neutralise the acid is 23.2 cm3.

Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of the carboxylic acid and suggest its identity.

relative formula mass = ...............................

identity of the acid ................................................................................................................ [4]

21. When carbon dioxide reacts with hydrogen in a sealed container, an equilibrium mixture is
obtained.

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(a) In an experiment, 220 g of carbon dioxide and an excess of hydrogen are reacted in a
sealed container until an equilibrium is established. A mass of 46 g of methane is
produced.
(i) Calculate the mass of methane that should have been made if the percentage yield was
100%.

mass of methane = ....................................................... g [2]

(ii) Calculate the percentage yield of methane in this experiment.

percentage yield = .......................................................% [1]

22. Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form iron(II) chloride.

A student added 2.1 g of iron to 50 cm3 of 0.10 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of iron present.

........................................... mol [1]

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid present.

........................................... mol [1]

(iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen formed in this reaction, measured at room temperature
and pressure.

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...........................................cm3 [2]

23. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine contains 0.48 g of carbon, 0.08 g of
hydrogen and 1.42 g of chlorine.

(i) Deduce the empirical formula of this compound.

[2]

(ii) The relative molecular mass of this compound is 99.

Deduce the molecular formula of this compound.

[1]
24. Magnesium chloride, MgCl 2, is present in seawater at a concentration of 1.26 g / dm3.
(i) Write the formulae for the ions present in magnesium chloride.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the concentration of chloride ions, in mol / dm3, arising from the magnesium
chloride in seawater.

concentration = .......................................... mol / dm3 [1]

(iii) The concentration of sulfate ions in seawater is 1.24 g / dm 3.

Excess aqueous barium chloride is added to a 50.0 cm3 sample of seawater.

Calculate the mass of barium sulfate precipitated in this reaction.

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mass = ........................................ g [3]

25. Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is manufactured by reacting methane with ammonia and oxygen.

Calculate the mass of hydrogen cyanide that can be formed from 500 g of methane if the
percentage yield of hydrogen cyanide is 65%.

mass = .........................................g [2]

26. Aqueous sulfuric acid is titrated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

It requires 28.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide to neutralise 9.50 cm3
of sulfuric acid.
Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the aqueous sulfuric acid.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

concentration of the aqueous sulfuric acid ................................. mol / dm3 [3]

27. (a) The relative atomic mass of magnesium can be determined in the laboratory by finding
the volume of hydrogen given off when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

0.036 g of magnesium reacts at room temperature and pressure with excess hydrochloric
acid to produce 36 cm3 of hydrogen.
1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm3.
Show by calculation that the relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.

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[3] (b) Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide.

If the yield of the reaction is 75% calculate the mass of magnesium oxide formed
when 12 kg of magnesium burns in excess air.

[2]
28. The concentration of sodium chlorate(I) in a solution can be found by reacting sodium
chlorate(I) with excess acidified potassium iodide and then titrating the iodine liberated
with aqueous sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.

A solution of sodium thiosulfate contains 12.4g of sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O, in

1.00 dm3 of solution.
(i) Calculate the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution in mol / dm3.

concentration = .................................. mol / dm3 [1]

(ii) 23.6 cm3 of this sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with exactly 12.5 cm 3 of aqueous iodine.
Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the aqueous iodine.

[3]
29. Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, and ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, are commonly used in
fertilisers.
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in ammonium nitrate.

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[3]
30. Molybdenum, atomic number 42, is manufactured by the displacement reaction between
molybdenum(VI) oxide and aluminium.

Calculate the mass of aluminium needed to make 1 tonne of molybdenum.

[1 tonne is one million grams.]

mass of aluminium = ................................................. [2]

31. Hydrogen has many industrial uses. One possible way to manufacture hydrogen involves
the reversible reaction between methane and steam.

In the reaction, 210 kJ of heat energy is used to form 3.0 moles of hydrogen.
Calculate how much heat energy is needed to make 1000 kg of hydrogen.

heat energy = ............................................ kJ [2]

32. The student uses 25.0 cm3 of 1.60 mol / dm3 sodium hydroxide to prepare the crystals.

Calculate the maximum mass of hydrated sodium sulfate crystals that can be formed.

[4]
33. Hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are all acidic gases.

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(a) A student makes hydrogen chloride by reacting sodium chloride with excess
concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature and pressure.

Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen chloride that can be made from
0.2 moles of sodium chloride at room temperature and pressure.

[1]
34. When hydrogen and iodine are heated in a sealed container an equilibrium is reached with
the product, hydrogen iodide.

At 400 °C the equilibrium mixture contains 0.4000 moles of hydrogen, 0.07560 moles
of iodine and 1.344 moles of hydrogen iodide.
Calculate the percentage of iodine molecules, I2, by mass in this equilibrium mixture.

[2] 35. Magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.

A student reacts 3.0 g of magnesium with 2.5 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid.
Calculate the minimum volume of sulfuric acid that reacts with all the magnesium.

[2]
36. Carboxylic acid X contains 55.8% carbon, 7.0% hydrogen and 37.2% oxygen. Calculate
the empirical formula of X.

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[2]

37. Ethanoic acid is manufactured by a reaction between methanol, CH3OH, and carbon
monoxide.

In an investigation 10.0 moles of methanol are mixed with 20.0 moles of carbon
monoxide.
At the end of the reaction 9.8 moles of ethanoic acid are formed.
Calculate the percentage yield of ethanoic acid.

percentage yield = .................................. % [2]

38. Sulfamic acid, SO3NH3, is a weak acid used to remove limescale from kettles.
A 0.105 g sample of sulfamic acid is dissolved in 25.0 cm3 of water. The sulfamic acid
solution requires 10.8 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide for complete
neutralisation.
Calculate the number of moles of sulfamic acid that react with one mole of potassium
hydroxide.

number of moles of sulfamic acid = ...................................... [3]

39. Nitric oxide, NO, is an atmospheric pollutant formed inside car engines by the reaction
between nitrogen and oxygen.

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Calculate the mass of nitric oxide formed when 100 g of nitrogen reacts completely with
oxygen.

mass of nitric oxide = ................................... g [3]

40. Analysis of 21.25 g of gallic acid showed that it contained 10.50 g of carbon, 0.75 g of
hydrogen and 10.00 g of oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of gallic acid is C7H6O5.

[3]
41. Phosphine, PH3, is a gas which has a smell of garlic. It is formed when white phosphorus is
warmed with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

(i) Calculate the maximum mass of phosphine formed when 1.86 g of phosphorus
reacts with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide.

[2]
(ii) Calculate the volume of phosphine formed from 1.86 g of phosphorus at r.t.p.

[1]
42. An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide was titrated with 0.0150 mol / dm 3 hydrochloric
acid.

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It required 6.00 cm3 of this aqueous hydrochloric acid to neutralise 20.0 cm3 of the
calcium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the calcium hydroxide solution.

[3]
43. Solid zinc chloride absorbs ammonia to form tetrammine zinc chloride, Zn(NH 3)4Cl2.

Calculate the maximum yield, in grams, of tetrammine zinc chloride formed when 3.4 g
of zinc chloride reacts with excess ammonia.

[2]
44. Analysis of a compound Z obtained from the planet Mars showed Z has the following
composition.

(a) Show that the empirical formula of Z is K2FeO4.

[2]
(b) K2FeO4 can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between iron(III) oxide, Fe 2O3,
chlorine, Cl2, and potassium hydroxide, KOH.

A 2.00 g sample of Fe2O3 is added to 20.0 cm3 of 4.00 mol dm–3 KOH.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe2O3 used.

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[2] (ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of KOH used.

[1]
(iii) Which reagent, Fe2O3 or KOH, is in excess in this reaction? [1]
45. One of the reactions in the manufacture of nitric acid involves the oxidation of ammonia.
This reaction is exothermic.

A factory uses 100 tonnes of ammonia each day to produce 160 tonnes of nitrogen
monoxide, NO.
Calculate the percentage yield of nitrogen monoxide.

percentage yield = ................................. % [3]

46. Hydrazine, N2H4, is a liquid that has been used as a rocket fuel. It reacts with oxygen as
shown in the equation.

Calculate the volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure,

needed to completely combust 1.00 tonne of hydrazine.
[One tonne is 106 grams. One mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure
occupies a volume of 24 dm3.]

volume of oxygen = .............................. dm3 [3]

47. An ester is made from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

The carboxylic acid has the molecular formula C4H8O2. Analysis of the alcohol shows it has
the following percentage composition by mass:
52.2% carbon; 13.0% hydrogen; 34.8% oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula for the alcohol.

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empirical formula:…………….[2]
48. Hydrogen and iodine react together to form hydrogen iodide in a reversible redox reaction.
The forward reaction is endothermic.

Calculate the maximum mass of hydrogen iodide that can be made from 45.3 g of
hydrogen.

maximum mass of hydrogen iodide = .................................. g [3]

49. Methylamine, CH3NH2, is a base which has similar properties to ammonia. When
methylamine dissolves in water, the following equilibrium is set up.

(a) Methylamine is a gas. Calculate the volume occupied by 6.2 g of methylamine at room
temperature and pressure.

[2]
(b) Methylamine is made by reacting methanol with excess ammonia under pressure in the
presence of a catalyst.

Calculate the theoretical yield of methylamine that can be obtained from 240 kg of
methanol.

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[2]
50. A solution of fumaric acid was titrated against aqueous sodium hydroxide.

18.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide were required to neutralise 60.0 cm3 of
fumaric acid solution.
Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the fumaric acid solution.

[3]
51. The table shows the concentration of different ions found in a sample of aqueous industrial
waste.

Calculate the mass of dissolved iron(II) ions, Fe2+, in 25 dm3 of the aqueous waste.

mass of iron(II) ions = ............................. g [2]

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52. Petrol (gasoline) is a mixture of hydrocarbons, one of which is octane, C8H18.

Octane burns in air.

A petrol-powered motor car travels at a constant speed of 80 km/h. For every kilometre
travelled 108 g of carbon dioxide are formed.
When the motor car travels 100 km calculate
(i) the mass of carbon dioxide emitted by the car,

[1]

(ii) the mass of petrol burned by the car assuming that petrol is 100% octane.

[4] 53. Ethanol can also be manufactured from glucose, C6H12O6.

A solution containing 18 kg of glucose makes only 0.92 kg of ethanol.

Calculate the percentage yield of ethanol.

[3]

54. Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4, is easily oxidised to iron(III) sulphate.

(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in iron(II) sulphate.

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........................................ % [2]
(b) An impure sample of iron(II) sulphate was analysed by titration.
The sample was dissolved in 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid and then titrated against
0.0400 mol/dm3 potassium dichromate(VI) solution.
19.0 cm3 of potassium dichromate(VI) solution was required to reach the end-point.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium dichromate(VI) used in the titration.

........................................ moles [1]

(ii) One mole of potassium dichromate(VI) reacts with six moles of iron(II) ions.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of iron(II) ions in the sample analysed.

mass of iron(II) ions........................................ g [2]

55. Magnesium ribbon reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation.

A 0.24 g sample of magnesium ribbon is added to 5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric
acid.
(i) Which reactant, magnesium or hydrochloric acid, is in excess? Use calculations to explain
your answer.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that can be formed in this reaction.

[2]

(iii) A 0.24 g sample of magnesium ribbon is added to 5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid.

Explain why this reaction forms the same volume of hydrogen but takes place
much more slowly than the reaction of the same mass of magnesium with 5.0 cm 3
of 2.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.

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[3]
56. Several small pieces of magnesium are placed on a block of solid carbon dioxide. The solid
carbon dioxide is at a temperature of -60 °C. The magnesium is ignited and another block of
solid carbon dioxide is immediately placed on top.

A vigorous reaction is observed.

(a) When 2 moles of magnesium react with one mole of carbon dioxide, 810 kJ of energy
are released.
Calculate the energy released when 2.0 g of magnesium reacts completely with carbon
dioxide.

[2]
(b) In a second experiment 6.0 g of magnesium and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide are used. Which
solid, magnesium or carbon dioxide is in excess?
Show your working.

[2]
57. 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide is exactly neutralised by 18.0 cm 3 of
0.040 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the aqueous calcium hydroxide.

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concentration = .....................................mol/dm3 [3]

58. Analysis of 10.0 g of carboxylic acid X shows that it contains 2.67 g carbon, 0.220 g
hydrogen and 7.11 g oxygen.
(i) Deduce the empirical formula of X.

[3]

(ii) The relative molecular mass of X is 90. Deduce the molecular formula of X.

[1]
59. The mass of iron(II) ions in a sample of fertiliser can be determined by the reaction
between iron(II) ions and acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
A student analysed a sample of the fertiliser. He dissolved the sample in 25.0 cm3 of
dilute sulphuric acid and titrated the solution formed with 0.0200 mol / dm3 potassium
manganate(VII).
The student used 22.5 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) to reach the end-point.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium manganate(VII) used in the titration.

................................ moles [1]

(ii) One mole of potassium manganite (VII) reacts with five moles of iron(II) ions.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of iron(II) ions in the sample analysed.

................................ g [2]

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60. The nitrates of metallic elements also decompose when heated.

Calcium nitrate decomposes to form calcium oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

A 0.010 mol sample of calcium nitrate is heated. Calculate the number of moles of gas
produced when this sample is completely decomposed.

................................ moles [1]

61. Between the 13th and the 19th Century artists used a green pigment called verdigris. They
made the pigment by hanging copper foil over boiling vinegar.
Verdigris has the formula [Cu(CH3CO2)2]2.Cu(OH)2.xH2O.
It has a relative formula mass of 552.
Calculate the value of x in the formula.

x is …………………. [2]
62. The exhaust system of a motor car is fitted with a catalytic converter. When nitrogen
monoxide passes through the converter it reacts with carbon monoxide.

(i) During the course of a journey 2.4 dm3 of nitrogen monoxide was produced by the engine.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas produced if all the nitrogen monoxide reacted in the
converter.

[1]

(ii) In reality, only 1.0 dm3 of nitrogen was produced after the gases had passed over the
catalytic converter. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen monoxide that had reacted.

[2] (iii) The fermentation of glucose can be represented by the following equation.

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Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that could be made from 36 tonnes of glucose.

[3]
63. Tartaric acid can also be extracted from grape juice. The structure of tartaric acid is shown
below.

(i) Deduce the empirical formula of tartaric acid.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) A solution of tartaric acid was titrated with 0.100 mol/ dm3 potassium hydroxide.

It required 6.00 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution to neutralise 20.0 cm3 of
tartaric acid. Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm 3, of the tartaric acid solution.

....................................mol/dm3 [3]
(iii) Tartaric acid is purified by recrystallisation.
On analysis, 8.00 g of impure tartaric acid was found to contain 7.40 g of pure tartaric
acid. Calculate the percentage purity of the impure tartaric acid.

..............................................% [1]
64. 12.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid exactly neutralised 20.0 cm 3 of a solution
of sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.150 mol/dm3.

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Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3 of the aqueous sulphuric acid.

[3]
65. Butanoic acid can be converted into an ester by heating it with an alcohol and a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid.
A sample of an ester contains 0.18 g of carbon, 0.03 g of hydrogen and 0.08 g of oxygen.
The relative molecular mass of the ester is 116.

Calculate both the empirical and molecular formulae of this ester.

[3]
66. Silver ions react with chloride ions to form silver chloride.It is found that 5cm3 of 0.1
-3 3 -3
mol.dm solution of chloride of metal X needs 10 cm of 0.1 mol.dm silver nitrate for
complete reaction.What is the formula of chloride?

67. Magnesium oxide react with hydrochloric acid under the following equation:

MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O

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Tablets containing magnesium oxide can be used to relieve stomach pain caused by excess
hydrochloric acid. If the stomach contains equivalent of 100 cm3 of excess hydrochloric
acid of concentration 3 mol.dm-3 ,how many tablets each containing 3g of magnesium
oxide should be taken.

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7.

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2.

11101

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Moles and Stoichiometry Answer sheet of Assignment sheet!

1. D 2. C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.B

8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.D 13.B 14.C

15.D 16.D 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.A 21.C

22.B 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.D 27.C 28.B

29.D 30.C 31.B 32.D 33.B 34.B 35.B

36.B 37.D 38.D 39.D 40.B 41.D 42.C

43.A 44.C 45.B 46.D 47.D 48.D 49.C

50.C 51.D 51.D 52.A 53.B 54.B 55.A

56.D 57.C 58.B 59.D 60.C 61.C 62.C

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Moles and Stoichiometry Answer sheet of Assignment sheet!

1. Moles of H2S = 0.005 (1)

Moles of KOH = 0.010/ moles of KOH = 2 × moles of H2S (1)
Volume = 66.7cm3 (1)

2. Percentage of N in ammonium nitrate = 35% (1)

Percentage of N in urea = 47% (1)
OR
Both formulae contain two nitrogen atoms (1)
Urea has a lower relative formula mass (1)

3. (a) Moles of C6H14 = 3.0 (1) Mass of C6H12 = 252 (g) (1)

(b) Mole ratio C: H = 7.14 : 14.3 or 85.7 /12 and 14.3/ 1(1)
Divide by 7.14 to get empirical formula (1)
4. Moles of H2 = 10 (1)
Energy absorbed = 1310 (kJ) (1)

5. (i) Moles of Zn and H2 = 0.01 (1)

Volume of H2 = 0.24dm3 (1)

(ii) The number of moles of iron is different (1)

6. Moles of HF = 0.01 (1)

Moles of Ca(OH)2 = 0.005/moles of Ca(OH)2 = 0.5 × moles of HF (1)
Volume = 33.3cm3 (1)

7. (a) Relative formula mass = 174 (1)

Percentage of K = 44.8% (1)

(b) Mole ratio C: H = 7.35 : 11.8 (1)

Idea of dividing by smallest/ simplest ratio is 1 : 1.6 AND × 5 (1)

8. Moles of methanol = 5 (1)

Energy released = 455kJ (1)
9.

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mole ratio line (1) ratio or

empirical formula (1)
10. (i) correct Mr of 128 or ( 2 × 64) as numerator
of fraction
OR
correct Mr (2 × 64) + 12 + (16 × 5) + (2 × 1) or 222 as denominator (1)
percentage = 57.65/ 57.7 (1)

11. (a) mol of NaOH = 0.30 (1) energy

released (= 0.30 × 57.1) = 17/ 17.1(3)(kJ) (1)

(b) mol of HCl = 2.19 / 36.5 OR = 0.06 (1)

volume = (0.06/ 0.2) = 0.3dm3/ 300cm3 (1)

12. (a) mol Mg (= 0.030/ 24) = 1.25 × 10–3 (1)

mol HCl (= 0.10 × 20/1000) = 2 × 10–3 (1)

mol HCl required to react with 1.25 × 10–3molMg is

2.5 × 10–3 so Mg in excess (1)
(b) mol of gas( = 24/ 24000) = 1.0 × 10–3 (1) mass of
hydrogen (= 2 × 1.0 × 10–3) = 2.0 × 10–3(g)
13. moles methanal (= 1800/ 30) = 60mol (1)
mass of glycolic acid (= 60 × 76) = 4560(g)
(1) for 45% yield (= 4560 × 45/100) = 2052(g)
(1)

14. Moles of chlorine = 1.5 (1) Energy released =

277.5(kJ) (1)

15. Moles of NaCl = 55 × 3.5 OR 192.5 (1)

Moles of Cl2 = 96.25/96.3/idea of dividing moles by 2 (1)
Volume = 2310(dm3) (1)

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16.

(b) Mr of TiCl4 = 190 (1)

Moles of TiCl4 is 0.658/ % of Ti = 25.3 (1)
Mass of Ti = 31.6(g) (1)

17. Maximum/ predicted mass = 1750(tonnes)

OR

Mass of product = 1662.5(tonnes) (1)

18. (a) 2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2 (1)

(b) (i) 999 (1)
(ii) 1 (1)

19. (a) CH2 (1)

(b) (i) C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
Correct reactants and products (1)
Balancing (1)

20. Moles of NaOH = 0.0232 ×0.1 = 0.00232 (1) (mark for working or correct answer)
Moles of acid = moles of alkali = 0.00232 (1)
Mr = 74.1 (1)
CH3CH2CO2H/ propanoic acid/ propionic acid (1)

21. (a) (i) Moles of CO2 =44/220= 5 (1) (mark for working or correct answer)
Mass of methane = 80 (1)
(ii) 57.5 (1)

22. (i) 0.0375 / 0.038 mol (1)

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(ii) 0.005 / 5 × 10–3 mol (1)

(iii) mol H2 = 5 x 10–3/2 = 2.5 x 10–3 mol (1)

60 (cm3) / 0.06 dm3 (1)

23. (a) (i) (C = 0.48/12 H = 0.08/1 Cl = 1.42/35.5) C = 0.04 H = 0.08 Cl = 0.04 (1)
CH2Cl (1)

(ii) C2H4Cl2 (1)

24. (i) Mg2+ and Cl - (1)

IGNORE: state symbols

(ii) 0.0265/ 0.027/ 0.03 (mol/ dm3) (1)

(iii) 96g SO42– → 233 g BaSO4 (1)

25. 16g methane → 27 g HCN (1)

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26. moles NaOH = 0.1 ×28/1000= 2.8 × 10–3mol (1)

27. (a) moles hydrogen =36/24000= 1.5 × 10–3mol (1)

(b) 24g Mg → 40g MgO

12 kg Mg → 20kg MgO (1)
for 75% yield = 15kg (1)
ALLOW ECF from one incorrect atomic mass

28. (i) 0.05 (mol dm–3)

29. 2N = 28; (1)

RFM of ammonium nitrate = 80; (1)
% by mass = 35%; (1)
30. Moles of Mo = 10417 (1)
Mass of Al = 562500g/0.5625tonnes (1)
Allow answer to 2 sig figs up to calculator value

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31. Moles of hydrogen = 500000 (1)

Energy = 35000000kJ (1)

32. moles NaOH =1.6 × 25/1000 = 0.04 mol (1) moles hydrates sodium sulfate =0.04/2 =
0.02 (1) molar mass of sodium sulfate calculated = 322 (1) mass sodium sulfate = 0.02 ×
322 = 6.44g (1)

33. 0.2 × 24 = 4.8 dm3/4800 cm3 (unit needed) (1)

34. masses: H2 = 0.8 (2 × 0.4), I2 = 19.2 (254 × 0.0756) and HI = 172.0 (128 × 1.344) (1) %
I2 = 19.2/(0.8 + 19.2 + 172) = 10 % (1)

35. 3g Mg = 3/24 = 0.125 mol; volume = 1000 × 0.125/2.5 = 50 cm3/0.05 dm3 (unit needed)

36. divide by atomic masses: C = 55.8/12 H = 7/1 O = 37.2/16

C = 4.65 H=7 O = 2.325
divide by smallest number: C = 4.65/2.325 = 2
H = 7/2.325 = 3
O=1
Correct formula C2H3O

37. Maximum moles that can be made is 10 / limiting reactant is the carbon monoxide (1)
98% (1)

38. Moles of sulfamic acid = 0.105 / 97 = 0.00107 (1)

39. 28 g N2 gives 60 g nitric oxide (1 mark)

100 g N2 gives (100 x 60/28 g) nitric oxide = 214 g (1 mark)
mass of nitric oxide = (7.14 x 30) = 214 g
[NOTE: correct answer without working scores 3 marks]

40. divide by Mr C = 10.5/12 O = 10/16 H = 0.75/1 C=

0.875 O = 0.625 H = 0.75 (1)
OR
divide by lowest C = 1.4 O = 1.0 H = 1.2 (1)
statement or indication relating above ratios to empirical formula C7O5H6 (1)
e.g. multiply each by 5 or divide each by 0.2 or 2 (and × by 10) [3]

41. (i) moles phosphorus = 1.86/31 = 0.06 mol use of 4:1 ratio so moles phosphine =
0.06/4 = 0.015 mol (1)
mass phosphine = 0.015 × 34 = 0.51 g (1)
ALLOW: ecf from wrong Mr values

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(ii) 0.015 × 24 = 0.36 dm3 (1)

ALLOW: ecf from wrong number of moles
42.

43. correct formula masses 136 for ZnCl2 AND 204 for Zn(NH3)4Cl2 (1) correct answer (3.4 ×
204/136) = 5.1 (g) (1)
ALLOW: error carried forward from one incorrect formula mass

44. (a) Divide by relative atomic mass / calculated mole ratio 1.01 : 0.50 : 2.02 (K:Fe:O) (1)
Divide by smallest number to get ratio (1)
OR
Mr = 198 (1)
Correct expressions to calculate the percentage by mass (1)

(b) (i) Mr = 160

0.0125 / ecf from wrong Mr (1) ALLOW 2 marks for 0.0125 with no working (2)
(ii) 0.08 (1)

(iii) Fe2O3 because you need 0.125 mole of KOH / Fe2O3 because 0.08 of KOH can
only react with 0.008 mole of Fe2O3 (1) ALLOW ecf from parts (i) and (ii) (1)
45. Moles of ammonia = 5.88 × 106 (1)
Moles of nitrogen monoxide = 5.33 × 106 / mass of NO is 176 tonnes (1)
% yield = 90.7 – 90.9 / ALLOW 91 / ALLOW ecf (1)
Award all three marks for correct % yield with no working out

46. moles N2H4 = 1 000 000 / 32 = 31 250 ;

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47. molar ratio correct C = 4.35, H = 13.0, O = 2.18 ; [1]

C2H6O [1]
ALLOW: correct error carried forward as long as there is not too much rounding up
or down from the first stage
ALLOW: C2H5OH

48. moles of hydrogen = 45.3 / 2 = 22.65 answer only scores mark

ALLOW: 22.7
moles of HI = 45.3;
ALLOW: ecf / indication that moles HI 2× moles of hydrogen i.e. use of 1:2 ratio
mass = (45.3 × 128) = 5798 g / 5798.4 g;
ALLOW: ecf moles HI / 5800 g

Alternative method:
2 g hydrogen → 2 × 128 = 256 g HI (1 mark)
so 1 g hydrogen → 128 g HI (1 mark)
45.3 g hydrogen → 45.3 × 256 / 2 = 5798(.4) g (1 mark)

49. moles methylamine = 6.2/31 = 0.2;

IGNORE: units

volume of methylamine = 0.2 × 24 = 4.8 dm3

ALLOW: ecf
ACCEPT: 4.8 alone
NOT: 4.8 cm3

50. moles sodium hydroxide = 0.018 × 0.2 = 3.6 × 10–3; moles fumaric acid = ½ answer to first
mark;
ALLOW: ecf

51. moles = 25 × 0.450 = 11.25 / 11.3 / 11 ; mass = 56 × 11.25 = 630 (g) ;

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52. (i) 10 800 g / 10.8 kg

(ii) moles carbon dioxide = 10 800 / 44 = 245.45 ;

moles octane = 245.45 / 8 = 30.68 ;
ALLOW: 1 mark for showing division of moles of carbon dioxide by 8 or 16/2 Mr of
octane114;
Mass of octane = 114 × 30.68 = 3497.5 (g) / 3498 (g) / 3500 (g)
ALLOW: 1 mark for multiplying moles of octane by 114 with correct answer for that
calculation.

53. use of moles e.g. 180 g glucose → 2 × 46 or 92 g ethanol

OR
100 moles glucose (18000 / 180) → 200 moles ethanol ;
theoretical yield calculated e.g. 18 kg glucose → 9.2 kg ethanol
OR
200 × 46 = 9200 g ethanol ;
% yield calculated e.g. 100 × 0.92/9.2 = 10% ;

54. (a) 36.8(%) / 36.8 / 37(%) (answer alone = 2 marks) (NOT 36%) Mr of iron(II)
sulphate = 152 (for 1 mark)

(b) (i) 0.00076 / 7.6 × 10-4 (moles)

(ii) mols Fe2+ = 0.00456

ALLOW: 0.0046
mass of iron(II) ions = 0.255 /0.26 / 0.258 (g)
ALLOW: error carried forward [i.e. answer to moles Fe2+ × 56]

55. (i) moles Mg (0.24 / 24) = 0.01 AND moles acid (2 × 5/1000) = 0.01 ; [1]
Mg in excess since requires 2 moles acid to 1 mole magnesium / because of 1:2
mole ratio in equation [1]

(ii) moles MgCl2 (0.01/2) = 0.005; [1]

0. 05 × 95 = 4.75 / 0.48 g [NOT: 0.4 (g)] [1]
ALLOW: error carried forward from directly above and from part (i)

(iii) ANY 3 of: [3]

• same number of moles of each acid / same amount of replaceable hydrogen in each
acid / same number of hydrogen ions which react in each acid;
ALLOW: same concentration of each acid at the same volume

• hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a weak acid / hydrochloric
acid is stronger than ethanoic acid ORA;
• hydrochloric acid fully ionised and ethanoic acid partially ionised

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ALLOW: hydrochloric acid more ionised than ethanoic acid ORA

• higher concentration of hydrogen ions in hydrochloric acid / lower concentration of
hydrogen ions in ethanoic acid;
• more collisions per unit time / collision rate higher with hydrochloric than with
ethanoic acid ORA

56. (a) 2 × 24 g → 810 kJ

2 g → 810 × 2/(2 × 24) =
33.75 (kJ)
OR
moles Mg = 2/24 = 0.083333
810 × 0.083333/2 = 33.75
correct answer without working scores 2
1 mark for use of moles i.e. 2/24 or 2 × 24
2 marks for correct answer
ALLOW: 33.8/34
33.7/34.0/33.6 (from rounding up 0.083333) = 1 mark ONLY
67.5 = 1 mark ONLY
(b) magnesium in excess (no marks on its own)
• Mg 6/24 = 0.25 mol CO2 4.4/44 = 0.1mol (1 mark)
• 2 moles Mg needed to 1 of CO2 /recognition of this/division by two or 2:1 ratio
shown OR 2 × 24 g magnesium → 44 g carbon dioxide (1 mark) so 6 g magnesium
gives 6 × 44/48 = 5.5 g carbon dioxide (1 mark) (or reverse argument for carbon
dioxide to calculate mass of magnesium)

57. moles HCl = 0.04 × 18/1000 = 7.2 × 10–4

(1 mark for showing 0.04 × 18/1000 (or 7.2 × 10–4 without working))

58.

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59.

60. 0.01 × 5/2 = 0.025

61. Mr of [Cu(CH3CO2)2]2.Cu(OH)2 = 462 ; x = 5

62. (i) 2.4/2 = 1.2 dm3 (unit required)

(ii) either:
1.0/1.2 ×100 (1 mark) = 83/83.3% (1
mark) ALLOW: ecf from part (ii) or:
1.0/24 = 0.04166 (mol N2) moles NO = 2 ×
0.04166 = 0.0833 (moles) (1 mark) predicted
moles NO = 2.4/24 = 0.1 (moles)
100 × 0.0833/0.1 = 83/83.3% (2nd mark)

(iii) either:
Mr for glucose 180 and ethanol 46 ;
180 g glucose → 92 g ethanol;
36 × 92/180 = 18.4 tonnes (unit needed)
or:
moles glucose = 36 × 106/180 = 0.2 × 106 moles (1 mark)
0.2 × 106 moles glucose → 0.4 × 106 moles ethanol (1 mark)
0.4 × 106 × 46 = 18.4 tonnes (1 mark)

63. (i) C2H3O3

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64.

65. C = 0.18/12 H = 0.03/1 O = 0.08/16; empirical formula = C3H6O; molecular formula =

C6H12O2 (1 mark)

66. XCl2

67. 6/3 = 2g

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Bonding and structure Answers of Work Sheet

Bonding and structure work sheet 1

1A 2D 3A 4D 5A 6C 7B

8A 9D 10 C 11 B 12 C 13 B 14 D

15 B 16 D 17 B 18 C

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Marking scheme of atomic structure

1B 2B 3D 4A 5A 6C 7B 8D 9A 10D 11A 12D 13D

14D 15B 16A 17D 18C 19B 20C 21C 22B 23C 24A 25D 26C

27D 28D 29B 30C 31A 32C 33C 34A 35B 36D 37B 38B 39D

40A 41D 42B 43A 44C 45C 46C 47D 48D 49B 50B 51A 52A

53C 54A 55D 56B 57C 58C 59D 60C 61B 62C 63B 64D 65D

66A 67C 68A 69A 70A 71B 72C 73C 74D 75D 76B 77B 78C
79D 80A 81C 82A 83A 84C

Marking scheme of periodic table

1A 2D 3C 4D 5C 6D 7D 8D 9B 10A 11C 12D 13D

14A 15D 16B 17D 18B 19A 20B 21C 22D 23C 24D 25D 26C

27A 28C 29C 30C 31D 32A 33A 34B 35B 36A 37C 38C 39B

40C 41B 42D 43B 44B 45C 46D 47C 48D 49D 50B 51A 52C

53D 54C 55B 56D 57D 58A 59D 60A 61B 62C 63A 64D 65B

66B 67C 68C 69C 70D 71D 72B 73D 74B 75A 76A 77B 78D

79A 80D 81B 82D 83B 84A 85B 86A 87D 88D 89D 90C 91C

92D 93D 94B 95A 96A 97D 98B 99B 100C 101C 102B 103C 104D
105B 106A 107C 108B 109B 110A 111D

Marking scheme of chemical bonding

1C 2A 3A 4D 5C 6B 7A 8C 9D 10B 11C 12C 13A

14D 15A 16A 17C 18C 19B 20C 21B 22D 23B 24A 25A 26C

27C 28A 29B 30D 31A 32A 33B 34D 35B 36D 37C 38B 39B

40A 41D 42C 43B 44A 45D 46B 47C 48A 49C 50C 51D 52A

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53A 54C 55A 56B 57C 58A 59B 60A 61B 62D 63B 64D 65D
66C 67C 68C
69A 70C 71D 72C 73D 74A

Marking scheme of diamond and graphite

1B 2A 3B 4B 5C 6A 7A 8B 9A 10B 11D 12A 13C

14B 15C 16C 17B 18C 19B

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Bonding and structure Theory (Answers sheet)

1. (a) Floats fizzing/bubbles of

colourless gas

vigrous/fast/violent reaction

heat/flame produce (any three)

(c) (i) Li + = 2

F- = 2, 8 (lithium 2e- while fluoride must show 8e- with one cross or dot)

(ii) Ions are fixed/not free movinghigh amount of heat required to

overcome the strong electrostatic forces

(iii) solid / high m.p

2. (a) protect us from harmful (U.V) rays/cause skin cancer

(b) correct dot and cross diagram with lone pairs of fluorine.

3. (a)
Name Charge
Neutron 0
Proton +1
Electron -1
(b) (i) 13T-

(ii) NaT

(c) Liquid as it is isotope/does not have any chemical difference which cause same
type of forces and particles

4. (a) ions are fixed/ions are free moving

(b) (i) Strong electrostatic forces

(ii) stronger electrostatic forces than sodium chloride due to higer charge.

(c) magnesium ion = 2, 8

oxide ion = 2,8

5. (a) Because of sea of mobile/free moving electrons

(b) Solid with high melting point

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6. (a) Correct diagram with 8 electrons in valance shell of both ions with charges

7. (a) 19 19 20

19 19 21

(b) floats, bubbles/fizzing, fast/violent/vigrous reaction, melts/size reduces, heat

produce(any two)

(d) K+ = 2, 8, 8

O2- = 2, 8

8. (a) Covalent

(b) (i) Giant molecular structure/ high amount of heat required to break the network of
strong covalent bonds

(ii) more bonds have to be broken in diamond.

(c) Because of free moving electrons ( ions not acceptable answer)

9. (a) Group VIII/Noble gases/inert gases/zero group

(b) arrangement of period and group is in reversed order, atomic or mass number not
mentioned, no transition element separation (any two reasons)

(c) floats, vigrous reaction, fizzing

Rb + H2O = RbOH + H2

10. (a) Sodium ion = 2, 8

chloride ion = 2, 8, 8

(b) (i) Strong electrostatic forces

(ii) Stronger electrostatic forces than sodium chloride because of higher charge

(c) ions are in fixed position/not free moving

11. (a) C,D (metals) A,B,E (non metals )
(b) A (c) D (d) E (e) B and D
12. (a) (i) CuO

(ii) I (+1)

(iii) 88.89%

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(b) eight electrons are shown in outer most shell of ion with 2- charge of sulfide (S2-)
13. (a) C (b) C (c) D and E
(d) 19 19
19 18
20 20
14. (a) SiC

(b) graphite contains free moving electrons (not ions)

(c) (i) high amount of heat required to break network of strong covalent bonds(not
electrostatic forces)

(ii) covalent bonds are stronger in diamond (not more bonds in diamond than SiC)

(d) 4.40

15. (a) floats, fizzing, vigrous or fast reaction

(b) Li + H2O = LiOH + H2

(d) floats, vigrous reaction, fizzing

16. (a) bulb

(b) they have complete outer most shell

(c) 18 18 18

18 18 22

(d) because arrangement of elements is according to proton number

(e) Xe + 2F2 = XeF4 (Fluorine must be shown in diatomic form)

17. 20 20 18

17 20 18

18. (a) nanotube = conductor, layered, arrangement of atoms in network is different

etc.

(b) network of strong covalent bonds ( not electrostatic forces)

(c) (i) Graphite

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(ii) free moving electrons

(d) (i) complete outer most shell

(ii) 20 neutrons

(e) coloured compounds, variable oxidation states

19. (a) 43

43

55

(b) same proton but different mass number should be shown in symbol

(c) protons and electrons are equal

(d) and two typical properties of heavy metals or transition elements

20. (a) n = 72

n = 78

(d) (i) coloured compound, variable oxidation state, catalyst

(ii) Ti2O3

(iii) TiCl4+ 2H2O = TiO2 + 4HCl

21. (a) consist of layers and layers can slide because of weak forces

(b) does not have free moving electrons (not ions)

(c) because of 3D structure (tetrahedral) like diamond)

22. (a) -1 1/1840

0 1

+1 1

11
(b) 5 X

(c) the diagram must contain different number of neutron from the diagram shown in
question

23. (a) correct diagram with complete valance electrons (8 electrons)

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(b) Ca2+ = 2, 8, 8

Cl- = 2, 8, 8

24. (a) 12 12 10 12 24
35 46 36 35 81

(b) Na+ = 2, 8

O2- = 2, 8

(c) strong electrostatic forces

(d) does not have moving ions (not electrons)

25. (a) one

(b) 233

87

87

87

136

(c) conductor and solid at r.t.p ( low m.p is allowed)

(d) Fr + H2O = FrOH + H2

26. (a) Ga

(b) Mn and Ni

(c) 23

(d) 2, 8, 8

27. (a) no of protons

(b) III

(c) no arrangement in groups and periods, T.E not shown individually (any two good
reasons)

(d) Transition elements (d-block)

(e) (i) reaction becomes vigrous as reactivity increases down the group

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(ii) Na + H2O = NaOH + H2

(iii) less than 63 ( 30 to 40)

28.(a) (i) arrangement of atoms in both is different, conductivity difference, soft and hard
structures

(ii) consist of layers and layers can slide

29. (a) (i) same number of protons

(ii) different number of neutrons

(b) (i) UO2 + 4HF = UF4 + 2H2O

(ii) UF4 + 2Mg = 2MgF2 (both equation must have correct formulae)

30. (a) Seven

(b) 280

117

163

(c) solid at r.t.p, do not conduct electricity, dark colour solid

(d) (i) F2 + Mg = MgF2 (fluorine must be in diatomic form)

(ii) Mg2+ = 2, 8

F- = 2, 8

(e) (i) correct diagram with complete outer shells

(ii) low m.p

31. (a) C2H4O

(b) valance shell must contains two electrons

(c) (i) floats, vigrous reaction/fast reaction, bubble/fizzing

(ii) Na +H2O = NaOH + H2

(d) (i) iron has higher m.p

(ii) iron is more denser

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32. (a) atoms of same element with different no of neutrons

(b) 35

46

35

(c) some spaced particles shown

33. (a) No free electrons / no delocalised electrons / no sea of electrons / all electrons are
in covalent bonds / electrons cannot move (1)

(b) Molecules gain (kinetic) energy (1)

Allow particles move faster
Not atoms gain energy
Overcome intermolecular forces / break attraction between molecules (1)
Ignore weak forces between particles
Not break covalent bonds [2]

(c) Correct structure – ignore inner shells (1)

(d) (i) At– (1)

(ii) element colour state

Cl2 gas Br2 orange liquid I2 grey / black

Correct states (1)

Correct colour (1)
Allow red / brown for bromine

(iii) Black solid / dark grey solid (1)

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34. (a) (i) ion electron protons neutrons

configuration

Electron configurations (1)

Numbers of protons (1)
Numbers of neutrons (1)

(ii) Magnesium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two electrons / two electrons
transferred from magnesium to oxygen (1)

(b) Many (electrostatic) attractions between ions / many (ionic) bonds / giant structure (1)
Not intermolecular forces
Not covalent bonds for the first mark large amount of energy to separate the
ions / needs lots of energy to break the (ionic) bonds / hard to break (ionic) bonds /
high temperature needed to break (ionic) bonds / lots of energy to
break the ionic lattice / bonds are strong (1)
Ignore large amount of energy to break forces
Allow strong forces of attraction between ions

35. (a) (i) (both have) tetrahedral arrangement of atoms / (both have) hexagonal
arrangement of atoms; (1)
(both are) giant structures / giant molecular (structures) / macromolecules /
covalent lattices; (1) [2]

(ii) many (covalent) bonds / giant structure / macromolecule / all atoms

joined together / network of bonds / lattice; (1) takes a lot of
energy to break bonds / hard to break bonds / high temperature needed to
break bonds / bonds are strong; (1) [2]

(iii) no free electrons / no delocalised electrons / no sea of electrons / all

electrons in covalent bonds / electrons can’t move / electrons in fixed
positions; [1]

(b) (i) idea of random movement of molecules or particles / movement of molecules or

particles in any direction;
NOTE: answer must refer to particles, of any kind [1]

(ii) they have different masses / they have different sizes / hydrogen (ion) is lighter
/ hydrogen (ion) is smaller [1]

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(c) 8 valency electrons in both sodium and oxide ions; (1)

charges correct Na+ and O2– ; (1)
2 sodium ions and 1 oxide ion / Na2O / ratio of 2 Na to 1 O from diagram of
covalent structure; (1) [3]

36. (a) 40 (1) [1]

(b) Same number of protons and electrons / because it has 12 protons and 12 electrons
(1)
Protons are positive and electrons are negative / protons are +1 and electrons are –1 (1) [2]

(c) C and D [1]

(d) 2− / −2 (1) [1]

(e) F and G (1) [1]

[Total: 6]

37. (a) (i) Correct ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram with one pair of bonding electrons between O
and Cl, four non-bonding electrons on O and six non-bonding electrons on each Cl (1)
[1]

(ii) ANY TWO FROM

Simple molecular structure / small molecule (1)
Weak intermolecular forces have to be broken (1)
Little energy needed to break intermolecular force / intermolecular force is easy to
overcome (1) [2]

(b) K+ 2,8,8 (1)

O2– 2,8 (1)
Alternatively
ALLOW correct charge on ion (1) and correct electronic structure (1) [2]

(c) H2O + Cl2O7

2HClO4 (1)
[1]
[Total: 6]

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