A PROJECT REPORT
ON
Transformers
(2024-2025)
Submitted by: [Your Name]
Roll No.: [Your Roll No.]
Under the Guidance of: [Guide's Name]
[Your School's Name]
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that [Your Name], a student of Class XII, has successfully completed the project
report entitled "Transformers" under the guidance of [Guide's Name] during the year 2024-2025.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest thanks to [Guide's Name] as well as our principal [Principal's
Name], who guided me throughout the preparation of this report. I also extend my gratitude to my
parents and friends for their moral support and encouragement during the project work.
CONTENT
1. Introduction to Transformers
2. History and Development
3. Definition and Working Principle
4. Types of Transformers
5. Transformer Construction
6. Working Process of Transformers
7. Energy Losses in Transformers
8. Applications of Transformers
9. Advantages and Disadvantages
10. Conclusion
11. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are electrical devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. They play a crucial role in power systems by altering voltage
levels between high and low points, making long-distance electrical transmission efficient.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
The concept of electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. The first
functional transformer was designed by William Stanley in 1886. Since then, transformers have
been integral to electrical power systems.
DEFINITION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
A transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more wire
windings (coils) placed around a magnetic core. When an alternating current (AC) flows through the
primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic field, inducing a current in the secondary coil.
Formula: V_s / V_p = N_s / N_p
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Step-Up Transformer: Increases the voltage from primary to secondary coil.
2. Step-Down Transformer: Decreases the voltage from primary to secondary coil.
3. Isolation Transformer: Transfers electrical power while isolating the secondary coil from the
primary for safety.
4. Autotransformer: Uses a single winding to serve as both primary and secondary, reducing size
and cost.
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
A basic transformer consists of:
- Core: Usually made of laminated iron to reduce energy loss.
- Windings: Coils of wire; the primary winding receives energy, while the secondary delivers it.
- Insulation: Prevents short-circuiting and protects the windings.
WORKING PROCESS OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Electromagnetic Induction: An AC current in the primary winding creates a magnetic field that
induces a current in the secondary winding.
2. Voltage Transformation: The voltage is stepped up or down based on the turns ratio of the coils.
ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS
- Copper Losses: Due to the resistance in the windings.
- Iron Losses (Core Losses): Caused by hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.
- Leakage Flux: Some magnetic flux does not link with the secondary winding, causing inefficiency.
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
- Power Transmission: Used in power grids to step up voltage for transmission and step down for
distribution.
- Electronics: Transformers are integral in devices like chargers and adapters.
- Isolation: Ensuring safety in sensitive electronic circuits by isolating high voltage parts.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
- Highly efficient, with minimal energy loss.
- Enables long-distance power transmission.
Disadvantages:
- Large and heavy, especially at high power ratings.
- Can be costly due to the use of high-grade materials.
CONCLUSION
Transformers are vital components in electrical systems, enabling efficient power transmission and
distribution. With ongoing technological advancements, transformers continue to evolve, becoming
more efficient and reliable.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Transformers: Basics, Maintenance, and Diagnostics."
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
3. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer
4. "Electrical Engineering Fundamentals," by Vincent Del Toro.
