In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the

Most Merciful.
‫ع ْق َدةً ِم ْن‬
‫احلُ ْل ُ‬
‫س ْر ِلي ا َ ْم ِري َو ْ‬
‫ص ْد ِري َويَ ِ ِّ‬ ‫با ْ‬
‫ش َرحْ ِلي َ‬ ‫َر ِّ ِ‬
‫سانِي يَ ْفقَ ُهوا قَ ْو ِلي‬ ‫ِل َ‬
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

ROMAN COLISEUM

Lecture No # 1 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Fall Semester-2023 COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN
1st Week UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB
 INTRODUCTION
 Timeline 1800 BC to 300 BC
 Prehistoric Greece (2000 BC) - Island,coastal
towns
 Classical Greek (1000 BC) - Mainland Cities.
 Located in
southeastern Europe

 Surrounded by
Aegean Sea, Ionian
Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea.

 Land borders are

Alba1ia, FYROM ,
and Bulgaria to the
north, and Turkey to
the east.
 The Greek civilization started in the
Balkan Peninsula, but some Greeks lived
in islands and in Asia Minor (Turkey).
 They started to live together in city-states
or polis, which had its own government,
laws and army. Athens and Sparta were
important city-states.
POLIS CITY STATE
 The rulers of the polis were rich people, or
aristoi, and so this form of government
was called arstocracy. Sparta was an
example of aristocratic government.
 Later, in some polis, democracy"",
replaced aristocracy. People met at
""assemblies"" to make decisions and
choose their representatives. They also
created ""councils"" which prepared
subjects to discuss at assemblies. Athens
was an example of democratic
government
GREEK EXPANSION
Between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, Greece went through a
period of crisis because the population increased and as the
land wasn't fertile, there was not enough food for everyone;
so many Greeks migrated and founded colonies around the
Mediterranean sea. Colonies had the same traditions and
organizations as the polis they came from, but they were
independent. Colonization spread Greek influence beyond its
frontiers.
GREEK SOCIETY
Greek society was an unequal society, it was divided into two
groups: citizens and non-citizens. Only a minority of people
were citizens who enjoyed many rights, as the right to vote or
take part in politics.
There were three different categories of non-citizens
Foreigners, who were free and could fight in the army,
worked in trade and crafts but could not own land or houses.
Slaves, who were not free and worked for a family. They
worked in agriculture of domestic work."
Women, who could be free or slaves, but had no rights. They
were always under the rule of a man."
GREEK CULTURE
Ancient civilizations used myths to explain
the world. The Greeks were the first to look
for an explanation of natural phenomena
using logic and reasoning. That is why the
Greeks are considered to be the fathers of
Philosophy and Science. The three greatest
Greek philosophers were Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle.
Education was very important in Greece.
Boys started school at the age of 7, they
learnt to read and write and some
mathematics. They learnt about traditions,
ethics and had military training. Girls did not
go to"
school and were illiterate.
Theatre was very popular in Ancient Greece.
Tragedies, comedies and satyr plays were
performed in outdoor theatres. Theatre in the
western world has been influenced by Greek
theater.
GREEK BELIEF
The Greeks believed in many gods, each
city-state has its own deity. The gods were
immortal but they behaved as humans, they
ate, loved and fought, Zeus was the king of
gods and lived with the rest in Mount
Olympus .
They also believed in Heroes who were sons
of gods and humans, Ulyses or Hercules
were very powerful but mortal. They also
believed in fantastic creatures, such as
cyclopes and centaurs. The Greeks invented
myths, that were stories about their gods and
heroes.
The Temples were the homes of the gods,
and the priests were their servants. The gods
communicate with humans through
Oracles"", that were messages from the gods
that were interpreted by a priest.
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Greek Architecture:
The Greeks constructed many different types
of buildings, but the most important ones
were the temples. They were rectangular and
normally built in white marble and painted in
colors. Greek architects, who were
concerned about proportion, harmony and
beauty, followed very strict rules according
to three orders that determined the style of
the building. The three orders were Doric,
Ionic and Corinthinian.
Greek Sculpture:
Most of Greek sculptures and reliefs
represented deities and heroes and were
found in temples. Greek Sculptors were
interested in representing the beauty of the
naked human body: Most of the Sculptures
were made in marble and bronze and painted
in bright colors.
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
the Greeks created a wonderful and lasting legacy of architecture.
Types of buildings: Besides just houses and marketplaces, Greek cities had many
different types of specialized buildings.

PARTHENON STOA OF EUMENES

THEATOR OF DIONYSIUS
 HISTORY

Around 2000 B.C by 1600 B.C Greek Civilization started

,the Greek people had built fortified cities in the major
valley
In 480 B.C the Greek united to defeat the invading
Persian
Around 477 B.C Two city –states; ATHENS AND
SPARTA are built
around 477 - 431 B.C Greece had its GOLDEN AGE in
Athens.
In 334 B.C ALEXANDER THE GREAT,leader of the
country of Macedonia to the north
 ECONOMY
GRAPES :to make wine.
BARLEY: was used to make bread .
LIVESTOCK :The ancient Greeks kept CHICKENS, PIGS,SHEEP, and
GOATS (for milk and meat).
Generally, they did not eat a lot of meat, but instead dependent on FISH and
Vegetables.
GOVERNMENT
The Greek had a lot of different kind of governments, because there were
many different city state in ancient Greece.
Types of Government
Monarchy Oligarchy Democracy
Rule of a king rule of few Rule of the people
 GREEK WRITING

"The Greeks were the first

Europeans to learn to write with
an alphabet, and from them
alphabetic writing spread to the
rest of Europe."
They adopted the alphabet of the
Phoenician script.
"when paper was hard to get, they
did actually use goat and sheep
skins to write on.
Thank You
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the
Most Merciful.
‫ع ْق َدةً ِم ْن‬
‫احلُ ْل ُ‬
‫س ْر ِلي ا َ ْم ِري َو ْ‬
‫ص ْد ِري َويَ ِ ِّ‬ ‫با ْ‬
‫ش َرحْ ِلي َ‬ ‫َر ِّ ِ‬
‫سانِي يَ ْفقَ ُهوا قَ ْو ِلي‬ ‫ِل َ‬
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

ROMAN COLISEUM

Lecture No # 2 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Spring Semester-2024 COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN
2nd Week UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB
 Comparison with Egyptian Civilization

Egyptian civilization is one of the Greek civilization, on the other

oldest in the world, dating back to hand, emerged later, with the Bronze
around 3100 BCE with the Age civilizations around 2000 BCE
unification of Upper and Lower and the Classical period starting
Egypt. around the 5th century BCE.

Hellenistic Period: A significant period of interaction of Egyptian and Greek

cultures occurred during the Hellenistic era, following the conquests of
Alexander the Great. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, his generals, known
as the Diadochi, established Hellenistic kingdoms that incorporated elements
of Greek and Egyptian culture. The most famous of these was the Ptolemaic
Kingdom, which included Egypt and was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty
(Cleopetra death 30BC). During this time, Greek and Egyptian cultures
blended, and Alexandria, in Egypt, became a center of learning and culture.
While ancient Greece and Egypt did not compete in the
traditional sense, they coexisted and had interactions through
trade, cultural exchange, and the Hellenistic period. These
interactions influenced each civilization's development and
contributed to the richness of their respective cultures.

In the traditional sense, It is considered that the Classical

Greek period ended with the death of Alexander, the Great in
323 BC.
The following period is called Hellenistic Period.
This period saw an amalgamation of the Egyptian and Greek
cultures and esthetics.
The Hellenistic period ended with the rise of Roman Empire at
the end of the first Millenium BC (1000BC-1BC)
Ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean
civilization, which ended about 1200 BCE, to the death of
Alexander the Great, in 323 BCE.
It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific
achievements that formed a legacy with matchless influence.

The larger historical period spanning from the output of ancient

Greek author Homer in the 8th century BCE to the decline of the
Roman Empire in the 5th century CE is known as "Classical
antiquity," encompassing Greco-Roman culture, playing a major
role in the Mediterranean sphere of influence and in the creation
of Western civilization, and shaping areas as diverse as law,
architecture, art, language, poetry, rhetoric, politics, and
philosophy.
 Greek Architecture
 produced by the Greek speaking people (Hellenic
people)whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the
Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in
Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the
1st century AD.
 Ancient Greek architecture is best known from its temple,
many of which are found throughout the region, mostly as
ruins but many substantially intact.
 Created equilibrate and proportional works.
 Greeks are credited with originating the three orders of the
classical language of architecture, Doric , Ionic and
Corinthian.
GEOGRAPHY
 Their mainland and islands are rocky, mountainous with few substantial
forests.
 Almost completely surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea.
 Greece has more than 1400 islands.
GEOLOGY
 The most freely available building material is stone.
 Limestone was readily available and easily worked.
 There is an abundance of high quality white marble both on the
mainland and islands, particularly Paros and Naros.
CLIMATE
Typical of the Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy winters, relatively
warm and dry summers and, generally, extended periods of sunshine
throughout most of the year.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS

• THREE ORDERS
(IONIC, DORIC AND CORINTHIAN)
• GREEK TEMPLES
• TEMPLETYPOLOGY
 Ionic, Doric and Corinthian

The Doric order is

characterized by a plain,
unadorned column capital
and a column that rests
directly on the stylobate of
the temple without a base.
The Doric entablature
includes a frieze composed
of triglyphs and metopes
The columns are fluted and
are of sturdy, if not stocky,
proportions.
The Doric order emerged on the Greek mainland during the
late seventh century B.C.E. and remained the predominant
order for Greek temple construction through the early fifth
century B.C.E.

Notable buildings of the Classical period—especially the

canonical Parthenon in Athens—still employ it. By 575 B.C.E
the order may be properly identified, with some of the earliest
surviving elements being the metope plaques from the Temple
of Apollo at Thermon.
Other early, but fragmentary, examples include the sanctuary of
Hera at Argos, capitals from the island of Aegina, as well as
early Doric capitals that were a part of the Temple of Athena
Pronaia at Delphi in central Greece. The Doric order finds
perhaps its fullest expression in the Parthenon (c. 447–432
B.C.E.) at Athens designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates.
The Acropolis of
Athens is an ancient
citadel located on a
rocky outcrop above
the city of Athens,
Greece, and contains
the remains of
several ancient

Ionic order, one of the orders of classical architecture. Its

distinguishing feature is the twin volutes, or spiral scrolls, of
its capital
Ionic Capital, North Porch of the
Erechtheion (Erechtheum), Acropolis,
Athens, marble, 421–407 B.C.E
The Ionic Order originated in Ionia, a coastal region of central Anatolia (today Turkey)
where a number of ancient Greek settlements were located. Volutes (scroll-like
ornaments) characterize the Ionic capital and a base supports the column, unlike the
Doric order. The Ionic order developed in Ionia during the mid-sixth century B.C.E. and
had been transmitted to mainland Greece by the fifth century B.C.E. Among the earliest
examples of the Ionic capital is the inscribed votive column from Naxos, dating to the
end of the seventh century B.C.E.
 The Corinthian order is both the
latest and the most elaborate of the
Classical orders of architecture.
The order was employed in both
Greek and Roman architecture,
with minor variations, and gave
rise, in turn, to the Composite
order. As the name suggests, the
origins of the order were connected
in antiquity with the Greek city-
state of Corinth where, according
to the architectural writer
Vitruvius, the sculptor Callimachus Corinthian column capital
drew a set of acanthus leaves 4th–3rd century B.C.E. (The
Metropolitan Museum of Art)
surrounding a votive basket (Vitr.
4.1.9–10). In archaeological terms,
the earliest known Corinthian
capital comes from the Temple of
Apollo Epicurius at Bassae and
dates to c. 427 B.C.E.
 ARCHITECTURE: BASIS
 It is an architecture to be seen (temple)
• Sculptural values, volumes
• Building is conceived as an sculpture
 Beauty= Proportion and Measure
• conceived from the human point of view
• is anti-colossal
 Temple is the essential building, residence of god, not a place for people

BUILDING SYSTEM
• Dominant lines are horizontal and vertical
• The column is the essential element
• Walls are made of regular ashlars
• Buildings were polychrome
• Building materials were limestone and white marble
 Greek temple
It is based on the pre-Hellenic megaron
Structure:~ Rectangular plan
Longitudinal axes
Circular temples existed too: Tholos
Internal distribution:~ One to three naves
Pronaos : Open entrance
Naos or cella: chapel for God's image
 Greek temple

Location: in isolated or holy places

Ceremonies were celebrated in the outside, in front of the
porticos.
It was built on a basis with stairs, called Crepis in order to
avoid humidity.
The last stair is called stillobatus.
The facade is the main area for developing architectonical
orders (they may appear inside too).
 TEMPLE TYPOLOGY
ANTA THOLOS
(TEMPLE IN ANTIS) Circular temple
Pillars of the side exceed the wall

AMPHIPROSTYLE
Columns in both facade
 TEMPLE TYPOLOGY
PROSTYLE DIPTERAL
Columns only in one facade Double Columns around the building

PERIPTERAL
Columns around the building
 PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE
PROPYLEA- or porch was a monumental entrance to a temenos or holy
area
STOA- A long narrow hall with an open colonnade that was used as
exhibition room
AGORA- commercial center of the city
PALESTRA OR GYMNASIUM- the social centre for male citizens
THEATRE- was used for meeting and dramatic performances
ODEON- Small theatre
Thank You
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the
Most Merciful.
‫ع ْق َدةً ِم ْن‬
‫احلُ ْل ُ‬
‫س ْر ِلي ا َ ْم ِري َو ْ‬
‫ص ْد ِري َويَ ِ ِّ‬ ‫با ْ‬
‫ش َرحْ ِلي َ‬ ‫َر ِّ ِ‬
‫سانِي يَ ْفقَ ُهوا قَ ْو ِلي‬ ‫ِل َ‬
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN COLISEUM

Lecture No # 3 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Spring Semester-2024 COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN
3rd Week UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB
 INTRODUCTION
 The ancient Roman style is said to be a
reproductive form of the Greek and
Etruscan architecture.
 Together they are considered to be a body
of classical architecture.
 Although the Romans have borrowed
much of the Greek style, they have used
their own knowledge in construction to
improve the arch and vault for the
architectural community.
 INTRODUCTION
 Some of the many
achievements the Romans
used in the nature of their
architecture are the arch,
dome, vault, column, and
aqueduct.
 These accomplishments
were large steps that added
to the understanding of
architecture today.
 By reaching these feats the
Romans were able to create
many impressive building
and structures.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
LOCATION
 Roman architecture refers to the
architecture of Rome and of the Roman
Empire
 The Roman Empire was one of the largest
early empires in history, stretching from
England in Northern Europe to the Ancient
Near East and Africa
 The pink area of the Map shows the
greatest extent of the Roman Empire
 Rome, located on the Italian peninsula was
the capital of the empire
 From the capital, an infrastructure of roads
and communication systems was
established to connect the whole empire
 Rome is today the capital of Italy
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PERIOD
 The city of Rome was founded in 753 BC.
 Roman civilization with Rome as capital lasted for more than a
thousand years.
 The history of the civilization can be divided into three
periods;
 753-510 BC Etruscan Period
 510-44 BC Republican Period
 44 BC-476 A.D. Imperial Period
ROMAN TIME LINE
What are characteristics of Roman architecture?
Roman architecture is characterized by its use of durable materials, arches,
decorative columns, vaulted ceilings, monumental facades, symmetry, and
practicality.

What are the 4 elements of Rome's architecture?

The four main architectural inventions are: concrete, the Roman round arch
(not invented by them, but mastered nonetheless), aqueducts, and domes.

What represents Roman architecture?

The Colosseum is the most prominent example of ancient Roman
architecture, but also the Roman Forum, the Domus Aurea, the Pantheon,
Trajan's Column, Trajan's Market, the Catacombs, the Circus Maximus, the
Baths of Caracalla and many more .
What are the three main features of Roman architecture?
Like other classical architecture, the Roman style emphasized proportions
and symmetry. ) One of the main ways they did this was through domes,
arches, and vaults.
What is Roman architecture also known as?
Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former
empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning
about 1000 is called Romanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on
basic Roman forms.

Who built Roman architecture?

Vitruvius is considered the first great architect of Rome and responsible for
the characteristic style of the buildings of the Roman Empire.
What was it famous for?
Ancient Roman architecture used new materials, particularly concrete, and
newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that
were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some
form across the empire, sometimes complete and still in use to this day.
What are the Greek elements in Roman architecture?
The Romans used the Greek orders and added two new ones, Tuscan and
Composite, but the Corinthian was by far the most popular. Roman
architects used columns not only as functional bearing elements but also as
applied (engaged) decoration. Though rigidly adhering to symmetry, the
Romans used a variety of spatial forms.
What is the legacy of Roman architecture?
Of all of Rome's glorious innovations, its architecture remains
the most striking legacy. From its aqueducts, public baths,
basilicas, amphitheaters, temples, and bridges (to name just a
few), Rome's architectural revolution has radically changed
both cities and countryside
What is the facade of the Roman architecture?
The use of a large stone column (stone block) with a high
height along with the capital cast. The use of inscriptions, stone
panels, flowers and stone designs, crowns, and headstones. The
use of sculpture in the entrances, on the columns in the interior
and exterior.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN
ART
 Interest in public works and engineering
 Monumentality
 Great technical advances
 Colossal to show Roman power
 It is commemorative and propagandistic
WALLS WERE MADE IN ONE OF THESE WAYS:

ASHLAR MASONRY BRICK

ROMAN TOWN PLANNING
Cities were the center of Roman life
 Need for infrastructure
• Water and sewer system
• Transport and defense
• Public spaces and markets
 Psychological effect: power and
control
 There was a need of linking them
trough paved roads.
 The plan of the city was based on
the camp
It had two main axes
• Cardus E-W
• Decumanus N-S
 Where the two converged was the forum
 The rest of the space was divided into squares in which
insula or blocks of flats were built.
 The most important part of the city was the forum, where
political, economic, administrative, social and religious
activity were centered.
 Main buildings were in this forum
 In big cities there were theatres, circuses, stadiums.
WALLS

Defense of cities has been one of

the capital problems that
civilizations had to solve in order
to project the future of their
citizens, goods, culture and ways
of life.
Romans were the first in the
technique of improving different
kinds of defense, using walls.
FORUMS
 Forums were cultural centers in
cities.
 They were often placed at the
crossroads of important urban ways:
cardo maximus and decumanus.
 A great porticated square was the
center of a group of buildings
around it.
 They were communicated through
it.
 Temples for Imperial worship,
schools, basilicac, markets or even
termae had a direct aceess through
forum.
 In many cases even buildings for
spectacles -circus, theatres and
amphitheatres- were communicated
so. Forums were a way in for
important persons to tribunals.
 CLIMATE
The weather in Rome during summer is
uncomfortably hot, temperatures often
exceeding 95°F (35°C) at midday, and
romans tend to close up their businesses
during August to make holidays in cooler
spots. Mid-winter is mild, with the average
temperature in December hovering around
55°F (13°C). The best time to travel to the
Rome is in springtime, when skies are blue
and the weather warm. Rain showers are
possible any time of the year.
 CULTURE
The city of Rome was the largest megalopolis of that time, with a
population that may well have exceeded one million people, with a high end estimate of 3.5
million and a low end estimate of 450,000. Historical estimates indicate that around 30
percent of the population under the city's jurisdiction lived in innumerable urban centers,
with population of at least 10,000 and several military settlements, a very high rate of
urbanization by pre-industrial standards. The most urbanized part of the Empire was Italy,
which had an estimated rate of urbanization of 32%, the same rate of urbanization of
England in 1800. Most Roman towns and cities had a forum, temples and the same type of
buildings, on a smaller scale, as found in Rome. The large urban population required an
endless supply of food which was a complex logistical task, including acquiring,
transporting, storing and distribution of food for Rome and other
urban centers. Italian farms supplied vegetables and fruits, but fish and meat were luxuries.
Aqueducts were built to bring water to urban centers and wine and oil were imported
from Hispania, Gaul and Africa.
 LIFESTYLE
The Romans encompassed thousands of different cultures and comprised of diverse social,
religious, ethnic and economic classes. The Roman family consisted of the father of the
family, the wife, the children and the slaves of the household. The Roman family structure
was patriarchal, with the oldest father of the family being the head. They lived in joint family
systems where the sons' families lived with his father under the same roof .The Romans had
very short working days, working at an average for 6 hours a day. The men in the families
went for work whereas the women were housewives. They lived in sophisticated brick houses.
The Romans believed in public display and recognition of status through one's clothing. The
Roman clothing revealed the social status of its wearer. The more distinguished the wearer, the
more distinctively his clothing was marked; whereas the lowest classes bad nearly no
markings at all in their clothing.. Lower class working men wore hitched-up tunics. The
dressing was much simpler in women. The clothing of high-class women did not have any
special markings that could point out the status of their male counterparts. Instead, they wore
the basic tunics, which were fuller and longer, and extended to their feet, and adorned
elaborate jewelry and hairstyles in order to stand out from the other women..
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The typical Roman city of the later Hepublic and
empire had a rectangular plan and resembled a
Roman military camp with two main streets-the
cardo (north-south) and the decumanus (east
west)-a grid of smaller streets dividing the
town into blocks, and a wall circuit with gates.
Older cities, such as Rome itself, founded before
the adoption of regularized city planning, could,
however, consist of a maze of crooked streets.
The focal point of the city was its forum,
usually situated at the center of the city at the
intersection of the cardo and the decumanus.
ROMAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE
 ANCIENT ROME
USE OF SCALE
 Greek use of scale is based on human measurements
 Romans used proportions that would relate parts of building instead of human measure

MODULE
 Greek use of house as module for town planning
 Roman use of street pattern as module
• to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur
• made for military government

THE STREET
 Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation
 Romans: street are built first; buildings came later

PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
 Greeks: market (agora)
 Romans: forum, market, theater, and arena
 ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY
 Roman Architecture has a rich typology that includes:
 Religious building: temple
 Civil buildings:
• Public: basilicas, baths
• Spectacles: theatre, amphitheater, circus
• Commemorative: Triumph arch, column
• Domestic: house, village, palace
• Funerary: tombs
 Engineering works:
• Bridges
• Aqueducts
 ORIGINS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

 Romans needed interior

space for worship, whereas
the Greeks worshipped
outside.
 Their solution was to
extend the walls outward,
creating engaged columns,
while maintaining the same
basic shape.
 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Building systems: Materials:
• Lintel: Limestone, Concrete, Mortar
 Copied from the Greeks and Pozzolana
 Spaces are closed by Arches:
straight lines They used half point or
 Vaulted semicircular arches They could
 Use of arches use lintels above these arches
 Barrel vaults Pediments were combined with
 Use of domes them
 Strong walls so that they do
not use external supports
 ARCH & VAULT
 The Romans first adopted
the arch from the Greeks,
and implemented it in their
own building.
 An arch is a very strong
shape as no single spot holds
all the weight and is still
used in architecture today.
 The Romans used arches to
support the things they built.
 They built victory arches,
buildings and aqueducts.
 BARREL OR TUNNEL VAULT

 A vault having semicircular

cross-section
 Windows can be placed at
any point.
 These vaults require
buttressing to counter-act
the downward thrust of
weight.
 GROIN VAULT

 Also called a cross vault.

 A compound vault formed
by the perpendicular
intersection of two vault
forming arched diagonal
arrises called groins.
 Needs less buttressing.
 MULTI GROIN VAULTS

 A series of groin vaults can

have open lateral arches that
form Clerestories.
 Windows that allow light
into the interior of churches.
 These concrete windows
were fireproof
 DOME
 A dome is a vaulted
structure having a circular
plan and usually the form of
a portion of a sphere, so
constructed as to exert an
equal thrust in all directions
 Romans used domes to span
and cover very large open
spaces.
 They used it in many public
buildings like basilicas, the
pantheon etc.
 CYLINDRICAL DOME

 With the dome, the

Romans could surpass
earlier cultures by their
ability to span space.
 Light enters through the
oculus on top.
 THE AQUEDUCTS
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
 There wasn’t enough water in the
city of Rome.
 The Romans brought water in
from the surrounding countryside.
 The water was brought in by
tubes called aqueducts.
 Cities themselves were plumbed,
providing private water for the
rich and for baths and communal
supplies for poorer
neighbourhoods.
 WHERE DID THE WATER GO?
 The water was transported in concrete
tunnels.
 The water flowed in a tube on the top
of the aqueduct called a water channel.
 The arches supported the water
channel.
 The water flowed through a
rectangular channel.
 The channel was lined with concrete.
 The Romans invented concrete.
 ROADS
TRANSPORT SYSTEM

 The need to move legions

and trade goods in all
weather led to the
development of the best
roads in the world (to the
19thcentury).
 SECTION OF THE ROADS

SECTION OF ROAD
 ROMAN BUILDINGS
PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT- AMPHITHEATRE AT NIMES

 Theatres and arenas were

built to hold multiple
thousand of people and were
engineered so as to allow
quick and effective entry
and exist.
 Seats about 20,000
PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT- THE ROMAN COLOSSEUM
 Brings together the violence and the achievements of Roman society
 Home of gladiatorial contests...man vs. man, man vs. animal, animal vs.
animal
 Seating designed for comfort with an expandable covering over the top
Plumbing which could wash away the blood or create an ‘inland sea’ on
which to have mock sea battles
 ROMAN COLOSSEUM

 Constructed between 70-82 AD

 Amphitheatre used for gladiator
competitions and other public
event.
 Able to seat at most 87,000
people.
 Created by masonry and cut
stones.
 Made out of travertine stone,
mortar, bricks, and iron clamps.
 Contains arches, columns,
arcades, and podiums.
AN EGGED SHAPED BUILDING
CENTERAL ARENA
PUBLIC BATH BATH OF CARACALLA
BASILICAS
 HOUSING
There were two basic types of housing found in the
EARLY ROMAN
city: HOUSE

 domus- single family occupation;

 building blocks divided up to number of
 flats (cenacula);
 Around 400 AD, 1797 domus against 46,602 flats were
recorded;“
 Royal palaces were built on high grounds and separate
working class districts were planned on downstream
banks of river;
 Domus were built with a courtyard with a series of
rooms facing towards it;
 Possible hazard was fire
 Use of tiles in the roof as incombustible roof material
and open space provision between buildings of around
2' feet 4""inches was mandatory;
 ROMAN TEMPLES
 It copied the Greek model
 It has only one portico and a main façade
 It tends to be pseudoperiptero
 The cella is totally closed
 It is built on a podium
 Instead of having stairs all around, it only
has the min the main façade
 There were other kind of temples:
 Circular: similar to the Greek tholos
 Pantheon: combined squared and circular
structures and was in honour of all gods.
 PANTHEON
 The date in which the original Pantheon was
constructed is unknown, but it was rebuilt in
126 AD.
 Roman temple built to honor all of the gods.
 Named for all of the statues placed around
the building and its resemblance to the
heavens.
 This circular building is constructed with a
grand porch, three rows of columns, and a
dome with a centered oculus to the sky.
 The Pantheons dome is still the largest
unreinforced concrete dome in the world
today.
 PANTHEON

The Pantheon by the time of Trajan and

Hadrian was primarily associated with
the power of the emperors and their
divine authority, previously it was
dedicated to Roman deities

The Dome is 43.30 meters or 142 feet

in diameter
It's the largest masonry dome in the
world
The distance from the floor of the
Pantheon to the top of the dome is
exactly equal to its diameter
 PANTHEON
The Dome is 43.30 meters or 142 feet in
diameter
It's the largest masonry dome in the
world
The distance from the floor of the
Pantheon to the top of the dome is
exactly equal to its diameter

Adytons (shrines recessed into the

wall) and coffers (sunken panels)
cleverly reduce the weight of the
dome, as did a lightweight cement
made of pumice used in the upper
levels.
 A portico with free-
standing columns is
attached to a domed
rotunda. In between,
to help transition
between the
rectilinear portico and
the round rotunda is
an element generally
described in English
as the intermediate
block.
 This piece is itself interesting for the fact that visible on its face above the
portico’s pediment is another shallow pediment. This may be evidence that
the portico was intended to be taller than it is (50 Roman feet instead of the
actual 40 feet).
 INTERIOR- FIRST INSTANCE OF A
LUXURIOUS AND DETAILED INTERIOR
DOMUS
SEWER AND WATER SUPPLY
 COLUMNS
Roman Architecture like Classical Greek is based on Proportion and
Symmetry
Employs the three orders;
Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
In addition to these, Roman also devised two more orders, namely,
Composite and Tuscan
Tuscan order is characterized by simple, unadorned columns and an
unadorned entablature. The columns also tend to be wider, shorter, and more
widely set than other Classical styles
It is mostly considered the style from Italy
COLOUMNS
COLOUMNS
 COLOUMNS

The Composite order, which was not

ranked as a separate order until the
Renaissance, is a late Roman
development of the Corinthian. It is
called Composite because its capital
is composed of Ionic volutes and
Corinthian acanthus-leaf decoration.
The column is 10 diameters high.
COMPARISION COLOUMNS
Thank You
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the
Most Merciful.
‫ع ْق َدةً ِم ْن‬
‫احلُ ْل ُ‬
‫س ْر ِلي ا َ ْم ِري َو ْ‬
‫ص ْد ِري َويَ ِ ِّ‬ ‫با ْ‬
‫ش َرحْ ِلي َ‬ ‫َر ِّ ِ‬
‫سانِي يَ ْفقَ ُهوا قَ ْو ِلي‬ ‫ِل َ‬
BUDDHISM IN INDIA SUB-CONTINENT

ROMAN COLISEUM

Lecture No # 5 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Spring Semester-2023 COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN
5th Week UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB
RELIGION OF SOUTH ASIA
BUDDHISIM IN SUB CONTINENT
Who was Buddha?

Siddhartha Gautama, most

commonly referred to as the
Buddha, was a wandering ascetic
and religious teacher who lived in
South Asia during the 6th or 5th
century BCE and founded
Buddhism
When was Buddhism spread in the subcontinent?

During the reign of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (268–232 BCE), Buddhism
gained royal support and began to spread more widely, reaching most of the Indian
subcontinent. After his invasion of Kalinga, Ashoka seems to have experienced
remorse and began working to improve the lives of his subjects.
Who promoted Buddhism in sub continent?
Emperor Ashoka
Ashoka and the Mauryan Empire

The Mauryan Empire reached its peak at the time of emperor Ashoka, who
converted to Buddhism after the Battle of Kalinga. This heralded a long period of
stability under the Buddhist emperor. The power of the empire was vast—
ambassadors were sent to other countries to propagate Buddhism.
What is the continent of Buddhism?

Most of the rest of the world's Buddhists live in East and South Asia, including
13% in Thailand (where 93% of the population is Buddhist) and 9% in Japan (35%
Buddhist). Only about 1.4% of the world's Buddhists live in countries outside of
Asia. Buddhism in Asia is a matter of both identity and practice.
What are the 3 divisions of Buddhism?
The three main branches of Buddhism are the Theravada, Mahayana,
and Vajrayana

How did Buddhism spread to different parts of the

subcontinent?

Buddhism spread throughout the entire Mauryan empire through

commercial connections and trade routes. Buddhism also spread to
different parts of Central Asia through the Silk Road.
Who first spread Buddhism?

Ashoka
Ashoka promoted Buddhist expansion by sending monks to surrounding
territories to share the teachings of the Buddha. A wave of conversion
began, and Buddhism spread not only through India, but also
internationally.
How did Buddhism decline in the subcontinent?

The growth of Hinduism origin and its influence on the socio-political

process contributed to the collapse of Buddhism. Regionalization of
religion and religious competition resulted from the loss of central
power.
What are the factors that led to the spread of Buddhism?

Buddhism was spread outside India through the efforts of missionaries,

scholars, trade, emigration, and communication networks. Foreign
monks who travelled along the silk route between India and China were
responsible for the spread of Buddhism at sub-elite levels.
What are the 4 sects of Buddhism?

Over the hundreds of years that the four main schools of Tibetan
Buddhism – Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelugs – have evolved out of
their common roots in India, a wide array of divergent practices, beliefs,
and rituals have come into being.
What is the brief history of Buddhism?

Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama—also

known as “the Buddha”—more than 2,500 years ago in India. With an
estimated 500 million to one billion followers, scholars consider
Buddhism one of the major world religions.
What are the 5 main teachings of Buddhism?

The Five Precepts

•Refrain from taking life. Not killing any living being. ...
•Refrain from taking what is not given. Not stealing from anyone.
•Refrain from the misuse of the senses. Not having too much sensual
pleasure. ...
•Refrain from wrong speech. ...
•Refrain from intoxicants that cloud the mind.
What are the main points of Buddhism?
Buddhists believe that human life is a cycle of suffering and rebirth, but
that if one achieves a state of enlightenment (nirvana), it is possible to
escape this cycle forever. Siddhartha Gautama was the first person to
reach this state of enlightenment and was, and is still today, known as
the Buddha.
What is Buddhism called in Asia?

There are two primary forms of Buddhism found in Southeast

Asia, Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada Buddhism spread from
India to Sri Lanka then into the region as outlined above, and primarily
took hold in the modern states of Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
and southern Vietnam.
Who was the king who destroyed Buddhism in India?

Pushyamitra
Buddhism in Pakistani region took roots
in the 3rd
BCE under the rule of Mauryan King
Ashoka
The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age
historical power in South Asia based in Magadha (west central
Bihar). Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, it existed
in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE.
The empire was centralized by the conquest of the Indo-Gangetic
Plain; its capital city was located at Pataliputra (modern Patna).
Outside this imperial center, the empire's geographical extent was
dependent on the loyalty of military commanders who controlled
the armed cities scattered within it.
During Ashoka's rule (ca. 268–232 BCE) the empire briefly
controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the Indian
subcontinent excepting the deep south. It declined for about 50
years after Ashoka's rule and dissolved in 185 BCE with the
assassination of Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga and
foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River
Plain, is a 700-thousand km2 (172-million-acre)
fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian
subcontinent, including most of modern-day northern and
eastern India, most of eastern-Pakistan, virtually all
of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal
The Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on rock boulders
in Mansehra and Shahbaz Garhi written in the Kharosthi
script recording aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous
law represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered
writing in South Asia, dating to middle of the third century
BCE. The Indo-Greek king Menander embraced Buddhism as
attested in the Milinda Panha, which dates from sometime
between 100 BC and 200 AD, following a dialogue with the
monk Nāgasena in Sagala, present-day Sialkot.
The Major Rock Edicts of
Ashoka refer to 14 separate
major Edicts, which are
significantly detailed and
extensive. These Edicts were
concerned with practical
instructions in running the
kingdom such as the design
of irrigation systems and
descriptions of Ashoka's
beliefs in peaceful moral
behavior.
They were dispersed across
the region of India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Nepal
Previously, we discovered the Mauryan empire played a
significant part in the dissemination of Buddhist ideology in the
region of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nepal (Ashoka 268-
232BCE).
Mauryan kingdom is known to be an Indo-Aryan Empire.
Gandhara is specifically the region situated in Pakistan known
as a stronghold of Buddhism and a center of Buddhist
Architecture under the Kushan Empire. It is known for its
unique art especially from 1st to 5th century AD.
The Kushan Empire is known to be formed by the Yuezhi,
people of Chinese descent in Bactrian territories in the early 1st
Century.
It included the regions of current Uzbekistan, Afghanistan,
Pakistan and Northern India.
..at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath, near Varanasi, where
inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan
emperor Kanishka the Great.
Gandhāra was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centered
in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east
Afghanistan.
The core of the region of Gandhara was the Peshawar and
Swat valleys extending as far east as the Pothohar Plateau,
though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended
westwards into the Kabul valley in Afghanistan, and
northwards up to the Karakoram range. The region was a
central location for the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia
and East Asia with many Chinese Buddhist pilgrims
visiting the region.
TAXILA
“City of Cut Stone” or “Rock of Taksha,” Takshashila
(rendered by Greek writers as Taxila) was founded,
according to the Indian epic Ramayana, by Bharata
younger brother of Rama.
The city was named for Bharata’s son Taksha, its first ruler. The
great Indian epic Mahabharata was, according to tradition, first
recited at Taxila at the great snake sacrifice of King Janamejaya, one
of the heroes of the story. Buddhist literature, especially the Jatakas,
mentions it as the capital of the kingdom of Gandhara and as a great
centre of learning. Gandhara is also mentioned as a satrapy, or
province, in the inscriptions of the Achaemenian (Persian) king
Darius I in the 5th century BCE
Taxila, as the capital of Gandhara, was evidently under
Achaemenian rule (Persian Empire from Cyrus I to Darius III) for
more than a century.
When Alexander the Great invaded India in 326 BCE, Ambhi
(Omphis), the ruler of Taxila, surrendered the city and placed his
resources at Alexander’s disposal. Greek historians accompanying
the Macedonian conqueror described Taxila as “wealthy,
prosperous, and well governed.”
Within a decade after Alexander’s death, Taxila was
absorbed into the Mauryan empire founded by Chandragupta,
under whom it became a provincial capital.
After three generations of Mauryan rule, the city was
annexed by the Indo-Greek kingdom of Bactria. It remained
under the Indo-Greeks until the early 1st century BCE. They
were followed by the Shakas, or Scythians, from Central
Asia, and by the Parthians, whose rule lasted until the latter
half of the 1st century CE.
Small stupa in the Mohra Moradu
monastery, Taxila, Pakistan.
The structural remains at Taxila
include the Bhir mound area, the
palace area at Sirkap, the Jandial
and Pippala temples, the Giri
fortress, the Mohra Moradu and
Jaulian monasteries, and the
Dharmarajika, Bhallar, and Kunala
stupas (burial mounds).
Different types of masonry used in the monuments indicate their period of origin.
The earliest remains are those of the Bhir mound. The palace area, modeled on the
same lines as its Assyrian counterpart, Nineveh, has several entrances and outer
fortifications. It reveals traces of successive settlements, with the oldest parts of the
buildings consisting of rubble masonry. A spacious Buddhist temple, several small
shrines, and blocks of dwelling houses were uncovered .
The shrine of the double-headed eagle is interesting for its pilasters
of the Corinthian order on the front and for niches in the
interspaces.
Other antiquities of the palace area include terra-cottas and
potteries; small bronze, copper, and iron objects; and
beads, gems, and coins of Indo-Greek, Parthian, and early
Kushan rulers.
TAKHT-I-BAHI 'throne of the water spring', is an Indo-
Parthian archaeological site of an ancient Buddhist
monastery in Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The
site is considered among the most important relics of
Buddhism in all of what was once Gandhara
The monastery was founded in the 1st century CE, and was
in use until the 7th century.
The complex is regarded by archaeologists as being
particularly representative of the architecture of Buddhist
monastic centers from its era.
There are four main areas of the Takht Bahi complex:

1. The Stupa Court, a cluster of stupas located in a central

courtyard.
2. The monastic chambers, consisting of individual cells
arranged around a courtyard, assembly halls, and a dining area.
3. A temple complex, consisting of stupas and similar to the
Stupa Court, but of later construction.
4. The Tantric (doctrines/principles) monastic complex, which
consists of small, dark cells with low openings, which may have
been used for certain forms of Tantric meditation.
Additional structures on the site may have served as residences
or meeting halls, or for secular purposes.
All of the buildings on the site are constructed from local stone,
and are mortared with lime and mud.
 THE DEMISE OF BUDDHISM IN INDIA

With the collapse of the Pala dynasty in the 12th century, Indian Buddhism
suffered yet another setback, from which it did not recover. Although small
pockets of influence remained, the Buddhist presence in India became
negligible.
Scholars do not know all the factors that contributed to Buddhism’s demise in its
homeland. Some have maintained that it was so tolerant of other faiths that it
was simply reabsorbed by a revitalized Hindu tradition. This did occur, though
Indian Mahayanists were occasionally hostile toward bhakti and toward
Hindusim in general. Another factor, however, was probably much more
important. Indian Buddhism, having become primarily a monastic movement,
seems to have lost touch with its lay supporters. Many monasteries had become
very wealthy, so much so that they were able to employ indentured slaves and
paid labourers to care for the monks and to tend the lands they owned. Thus,
after the Muslim invaders sacked the Indian monasteries in the 12th and 13th
centuries, the Buddhist laity showed little interest in a resurgence.
Thank You
In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the
Most Merciful.
‫ع ْق َدةً ِم ْن‬
‫احلُ ْل ُ‬
‫س ْر ِلي ا َ ْم ِري َو ْ‬
‫ص ْد ِري َويَ ِ ِّ‬ ‫با ْ‬
‫ش َرحْ ِلي َ‬ ‫َر ِّ ِ‬
‫سانِي يَ ْفقَ ُهوا قَ ْو ِلي‬ ‫ِل َ‬
HIMDUSIM IN INDIA SUB-CONTINENT

ROMAN COLISEUM

Lecture No # 4 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Spring Semester-2023 COLLEGE OF ART AND DESIGN
4th Week UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB
How many countries in subcontinent?

The Indian subcontinent, consisting variably of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan,

Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, with over 1.7 billion people, is the largest
such entity in the world.
How many subcontinents are there?

There are five subcontinents in the world:

 Indian Subcontinent
 Arabia
 Central America
 Eastern Siberia
 Greenland
What religion is in the subcontinent?

Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of the country's
culture and the Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major
religions, namely, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, which are
collectively known as native Indian religions or Dharm-ic religions.
What is the history of Hinduism?

Hinduism is the world's oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and
customs dating back more than 4,000 years. Today, with more than 1 billion
followers, Hinduism is the third-largest religion worldwide, after Christianity and
Islam. Roughly 94 percent of the world's Hindus live in India.
What country has the religion of Hinduism?

A country is a nation, a body of land with one government. Also, rural areas outside
cities and towns are called the country. There are many countries in the world:
places that have a central government and a common identity. Mostly Hinduism is
followed in India.
What is called a subcontinent?

The term subcontinent signifies a subdivision of a continent that has a distinct

political, geographical, or cultural identity and also a large land mass somewhat
smaller than a continent. The Indian subcontinent is part of the Asia continent,
which is the largest continent in the world.
What are the 4 pillars of Hinduism?
These are dharma (righteousness, moral values), kama pleasure, love,
psychological values), artha (prosperity, economic values) and
moksha (liberation, spiritual values, self-actualization). These provide Hindus
with opportunities to act morally and ethically and lead a good life. Throughout
their lives, Hindus attempt to end the cycle of samsara. and behave in a way that
provides good karma.
When did Hinduism start?

Hinduism is one of the oldest religions and there is evidence of the existence of
Hinduism dating back 4,000 years. By 1500 BCE, Hinduism had already reached a
high state of philosophical and religious development which has been sustaining it
to the present.
What are the 6 sins in Hinduism?

In Hindu theology, arishadvarga or shadripu (Sanskrit: meaning the six enemies)

are the six enemies of the mind, which are: kama (Desire/Lust), krodha (Anger),
lobha (Greed), mada (Ego), moha (Attachment), and matsarya (Jealousy)
additionally alasya (laziness).
 CAST SYSTEM

System of social classes

 Brahmans- Priests and scholars

 Kshatriyas- Rulers and Warriors

 Vaisyas- Farmers and merchants

 Sudras- Artist and workrs

 Dalits-Untouchable
HINDU- word was used by Persian and Greeks visiting the Indus valley
civilization to describe the people living there.
word-forming element meaning "of or pertaining to India" (and some
other place), from Greek Indo-, from Indos "India" (see India)
In the 16th century, the inhabitants of India began owning the term
“Hindu” to distinguish themselves from the Turks.
Gradually the distinction became primarily religious rather than ethnic,
geographic, or cultural.
Who is Hindu?
When we think of the Hindu religion, we find it difficult, if not
impossible, to define Hindu religion or even adequately describe it. Unlike
other religions in the world, the Hindu religion does not claim any one
prophet; it does not worship any one God; it does not subscribe to any one
dogma; it does not believe in anyone philosophic concept; it does not
follow any one set of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not
appear to satisfy the narrow traditional features of any religion of creed. It
may broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more.- Chief
Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar
It has many formulations, one of them being “Vedic” representing
a belief system and emphasizing ancient religious text “Vedas”
What is vedas in Hinduism?
The Vedas, meaning “knowledge,” are the oldest texts of
Hinduism. They are derived from the ancient Indo-Aryan culture
of the Indian Subcontinent and began as an oral tradition that was
passed down through generations before finally being written
in Vedic Sanskrit between 1500 and 500 BCE (Before Common
Era).
Sanskrit was the main language and “Vedas” comprised of
1. The Rig Veda
2. The Samaveda
3. Yajurveda
4. Atharvaveda

Most scholars believe Hinduism started somewhere between

2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley, near modern-
day Pakistan. But many Hindus argue that their faith is
timeless and has always existed.
It is said that no one founded Hinduism instead it was a
fusion of various beliefs. The Indo- Aryan influence also is
considered a strong contributor
Although it is still debatable as to whether Indo-Aryans were natives
of the region or migrated from Central Asia in the early Vedic Period

Indo-Aryan tribes migrated after 2000 BCE, and their expansion in

the Indian subcontinent took place between 1800 BCE and 1000
BCE.

The arrival of Indo-Aryans caused many changes in those times. It is

believed that the Harappan Period came to an unfortunate end soon
after the arrival of Indo-Aryans. The Vedic Period began to spread
from the northeastern Indian subcontinent around that time
They are believed to be semi- nomadic people arriving in the North of
the continent from the South near the Northeastern Part of India, the
location of Indus Valley civilization
They arrived in the late Harrapan Period marking the end of Indus
Valley civilization
They influenced scriptures, religions and conduct in the early Vedic
Period
It was easy for Indo-Aryans to settle in the region due to the
acceptance of the natives
There are various assumptions regarding them e.g. it is said that they
invaded the Northeastern region and were warriors
On the other hand, some historians suggested that they were peace
loving people and did not invade only migrated, cause of which is not
certain
Over time, the Indo-Aryans adopted an agricultural lifestyle. You can
see their growth from their initial use of cattle, sheep and goat rearing
and use of pottery and carpentry in the later Vedic Period
Indo-Aryans brought their religion and literature with them. It is
believed that the language spoken by the Indo-Aryans when they first
arrived in the Indian subcontinent had a significant influence on the
local language.
The earliest and oldest Hindu scripture, Rig Veda, covers changes in
ancient India during the Vedic period in Sanskrit.
Rig Veda also highlights the religious belief of that time, the origin of
nature, the belief in various gods, and the prosperity in nature.
Hindu Architecture evolved over the centuries from simple rock-cut cave shrines
to massive and ornate temples which spread across the Indian sub-continent and
beyond, forming a recognized style which is still followed today in modern Hindu
temples across the globe

Classical Period of Hindu Architecture 4th-6th Century- There are hardly any
remains of stone Hindu temples before the Gupta dynasty in the 5th century CE,
there probably were earlier structures in timber-based architecture. The rock-cut
Udayagiri Caves (401 CE) are among the most important early sites, built with
royal sponsorship, recorded by inscriptions, and with impressive sculpture.
The earliest preserved Hindu temples are simple cell-like stone temples, some
rock-cut and others structural

By the 6th or 7th century, these evolved into high shikhara stone superstructures
Kankali Devi temple in Tigawa, 5th century
Vishnu temple in Eran, late 5th
century.
Hindu Temple Bhitargaon late 5th
century
Dashavatara Temple,
Deogarh, early 6th century
ARCHITECTURE OF THE
KHAJURAHO-TEMPLES
Amalaka

An amalaka, is a segmented or notched

stone disk, usually with ridges on the
rim, that sits on the top of a Hindu
temple's shikhara or main tower.
According to one interpretation, the
amalaka represents a lotus, and thus the
symbolic seat for the deity below.
Shikhara

Shikhara, in North Indian temple

architecture, the superstructure, tower, or
spire above the sanctuary and also above
the pillared mandapas (porches or halls);
it is the most dominant and characteristic
feature of the Hindu temple in the north.
Garbhagriha

The term garbhagriha (literally, "womb

chamber") comes from the Sanskrit words
garbha for womb and griha for house.
Although the term is often associated with
Hindu temples, it is also found in Jain and
Buddhist temples. The garbhagriha is the
location of the murti (sacred image) of the
temple's primary deity.
What is pradakshina
circumambulation?

Pradakshina, in Hinduism and Buddhism, the

rite of circumambulating in a clockwise
direction an image, relic, shrine, or other
sacred object.
Jagati platform

In Hindu temple architecture, the jagati is the

raised surface of the platform or terrace upon
which Hindus, Jain, and Buddhist temples are
built.
Adhisthana (base Platform)

The base of the structure on which the

superstructure of the temple stands.
What is the Kalasha in the temple?

The Kalash on top of the temple signifies the

highest point of the temple, closest to the
heavens. It's believed to be a point where
divine energies converge and are disseminated
across the temple.
Urushringa

Urushringa is a subsidiary tower springing

from the sides of the main shikhara tower in
the Hindu temple architecture of northern
India.

Antarala
Antarala is a small antechamber or foyer
between the garbhagriha (shrine) and
the mandapa, more typical of north Indian
temples.

Maha mandapa

(Maha=big) when there are several mandapa

in the temple, it is the biggest and the tallest. It
is used for conducting religious discourses.
Symbolism and Function
 Ornate
 Grand
 Lofty
 Featuring intricate carving
 Vibrant sculptures
Based on Religious texts

Hindu architecture is the traditional system of architecture for

constructions of temples, monasteries, statues, homes, market-places,
gardens and town planning according to Hindu texts

The surviving architectural guidelines can be found in Sanskrit

manuscripts and in some of the other regional languages.

These texts include the Vastu shastras, Shilpa Shastras, the Brihat
Samhita, architectural portions of the Puranas and the Agamas, and
regional texts such as the Manasara among others
The most well-preserved, characteristic and significant surviving
examples are the Hindu temples as compared to the secular
architecture.

Fine examples of stone, brick, and rock-cut architecture dating back to

the Gupta Empire have been found

The Examples predominantly, Hindu Temples exhibit influences of

Persian and Hellenistic Architecture.

Studies on Indian palaces and civic architectural history have mainly

focused on the Mughal and Indo-Islamic architecture particularly of
the northern and western India given their relative abundance.

In other regions of India, particularly the South, Hindu architecture

continued to thrive through the 16th-century, such as those
exemplified by the temples, ruined cities and secular spaces of the
Vijayanagara Empire and the Nayakas
Gupta Empire
Vaastu Shastras and Shilpa Shastras are listed as one of 64 divine arts in ancient
Indian texts. They are design manuals covering the art and science of architecture,
typically mixing form, function with Hindu symbolism

According to the hindu text Manasara, the best site for human settlement, should
have the right terrain with thick soil that slopes to open skies eastward so that the
residents can appreciate the sunrise.

It is near a river or significant water stream and has enough ground water for wells
– a second source of water.

Manasara further states, the soil should be firm, rich for growing flowers,
vegetables and fruit trees, and of agreeable odor. The text recommends that the
town planners dig and check the soil quality for a stable foundation to homes and
public buildings.

Once the location is accepted, the text describes forty plans for laying out the
streets, the homes, markets, gardens and other infrastructure necessary for the
settlement. Example architectural plans include Dandaka, Prastara, Chaturmukha,
Padmaka, Karmuka, Swastika and others.
Some town plans recommended in the
700 CE Manasara Sanskrit text on
Hindu architecture.
The Hindu texts vary, with five shared principles:

 Diknirnaya: principles of orientation

 Padavinyasa : site planning
 Hastalakshana : proportionate measurement ratios of sections
 Ayadi : six canonical principles of architecture
 Patakadi : aesthetics or character of each building or part of the
overall plan
“According to the Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra the Āyādi is a group of
six, namely Aya, Vyaya, Aṃśa, Ṛkṣā, Yoni, and Vāra-tithi. It is
said these are the six formulas, “with which the perimeter of
structure should conform”. They are in a way “six proportions, six
main component parts of a building comprising Adhiṣṭhāna (base),
Pāda or Stambha (column), Prastara (entablature), Karṇa (ear i.e.
wings), Śikhara (roof) and Stūpi (dome)”
Thank You