Gupta Shilpy et al / Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm.
9 (4), 2018
Review Article
www.ijrap.net
EFFECT OF MATERNAL DIET AND LIFESTYLE ON FETAL OUTCOME:
EVIDENCES FROM AYURVEDA: A REVIEW
Gupta Shilpy *1, Ojha Nisha 2, Sharma Sanjeev 3
1
Ph.D. Scholar, P.G. Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, India
2
Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Kaumarbhritya, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, India
3
Professor & Head, P.G. Department of Kaumarbhritya & Director, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, India
Received on: 04/06/18 Accepted on: 05/07/18
*Corresponding author
E-mail: drguptashilpy@gmail.com
DOI: 10.7897/2277-4343.094129
ABSTRACT
The condition of intrauterine environment during pregnancy has influence over growth, metabolism and brain development of fetus. Maternal nutrition
constitutes a major intrauterine environmental factor that alters the expression of the fetal genome. Alternations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status
result in developmental alternation that permanently change the structure, physiology and metabolism of the fetus and thereby predisposes it to various
abnormalities both at physical and mental levels. Ayurveda states that the diet, emotional state and behavior of the mother at the time of conception
contribute in determining the physical, physiological and psychological constitution of the child. The proper development of fetus (both physical and
mental) is due to the use of congenial or Satmya diet and conduct of the mother during pregnancy. The diet and conduct of mother practiced during
pregnancy has its outcome over the Aahara Rasa which in turn nourishes the foetus. The preponderance of Dosha in a particular diet or practicing a
particular conduct influences the development of foetus both at physical and mental level.
Keywords: Genome, Constitution, Satmya, Aahara Rasa, Dosha.
INTRODUCTION body. Peripheral afferents make synapses to the spinal cord
during approximately 10th to 30th weeks7, which is followed by
A woman after conception is carrying a huge responsibility of her the myelination of these pathways8. Functional spinal reflex
own self along with her baby in the womb. Each and every vital circuitry develops simultaneously with the growth of peripheral
of mother and baby are going together with a rhythm and afferents into the spinal cord.9 Higher parts of pain pathways
harmony all over in the pregnancy. What a mother consumes, how include the spinothalamic tract get established at 20 weeks and
she is thinking, what type of activity she is doing, in which get myelinated by 29 weeks of gestation10 and thalamocortical
environment she is dwelling in? All of the above effect the baby connections begin to appear into the cortex at 24-26 weeks.11
in some way or other. Maternal nutritional status and lifestyle has Finally at 29 weeks somato sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) can
impact both on present and long term quality of life.1 On the other be registered from the cortex, indicating that a functionally
hand maternal nutrition and daily living practices are influenced meaningful pathway from the periphery to the cerebral cortex
by biologic, socioeconomic and demographic factors.2 The major starts to operate from that time onwards.12
adverse birth outcome of poor nutritional status are low birth
weight, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation.3 These DISCUSSION
birth outcome contributes much in the neonatal morbidity and
mortality. It predisposes the newborn to various long term health Third month of the foetal period is crucial for the development of
issues, disabilities and chronic diseases in adult life. all the Indriyas (sense organs) 13, 14 and the fifth month is
important for the clarity & sharpness of mind15,16. Ayurveda is
A detail description of particular regime, do’s and don’ts are very specific about the aspect of development as it advocates the
explained for pregnant women. Instructions are prescribed not use of milk mixed with honey & Ghrita in the third month17, 18
only for post conception period but also prior to it for attainment and milk mixed with Ghrita in the fifth month19, 20. Use of sweet,
of normal and healthy Beeja (gametes) for healthy progeny in cold and liquid diet is indicated in the first month21. These diets
later life. Ayurveda holds view that all the Indriyas (sense organs) keep the Doshas in a balanced state and at the same time, milk
and organs originate in the third month. Furthermore, it is and Ghrita nourishes the brain. Inadequate diet leads to
explained that the time when the Indriya become obvious, the Garbhakshaya22 (intrauterine growth retardation).
Chetas (Manas) starts the feeling of emotions (spandana).4
Kashyapa also explains that all the indriyas become functional in A detail regimen and dietetic instructions have been mentioned,
the 3rd month and the fetus starts experiencing the feeling of pain which are to be followed by a woman to have a meritorious
and starts movement.5 Others quote that this happens in 4th month. child.23 Ayurveda states that the diet, emotional state and behavior
Sushruta and Ashtanga Samgraha hold the view that the of the mother at the time of conception determine the
manifestations of Manas arise in the 5th month.6 Therefore from psychological constitution of the child.24 The proper development
3rd to 5th month is the crucial period for the development of Mana. of fetus (both physical and mental) is due to the use of Satmya
(congenial) diet and conduct of the mother during pregnancy.25
Researches document that the first nociceptors appear at 7 weeks The diet and conduct of mother practiced during pregnancy has
of gestation, and by the 20th week these are present all over the its effect over of Aahara Rasa which in turn nourishes the foetus.
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Gupta Shilpy et al / Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 9 (4), 2018
The preponderance of Dosha in a particular diet or practicing a dopamine neurotransmission, which in turn impairs learning and
particular conduct influences the development of foetus both at brain function in adult life. Fatty acids are essential for growth
physical and mental level. The Rasavaha Nadi of mother is and efficient brain functioning; about half of these acids are
connected with the Garbha Nabhi Nadi(Umbilical cord) and the acquired in utero and the other half postnatal in the first 12 months
essence of the food that the mother takes reaches the foetus for its of life from breast milk; these fatty acids are not present in cow
nutrition.26,27 The Sattva in the fetus depends upon the type of milk or most infant formulas. This is one of the reasons for better
dietetics(Sattvika, Rajasika or Tamasika) the pregnant women is IQ in breastfed infants.38
indulged in.28
Alcohol intake by a pregnant woman during pregnancy leads to a
In Geeta it is mentioned that Sattvika Aahara leads to Sattvika child with unstable mind and poor memory.39 The more alcohol a
mana, Tamsika Aahara results in Tamsika mana and Rajasika woman consumes during pregnancy, the poorer the child’s motor
Aahara in to Rajasika mana.29 Chandyogopanishad explains that coordination, speed of information processing, attention,
the mind is what we eat and a food that is pure results in a clean reasoning, intelligence and achievement test scores during the
state of mind. A clean mind has memory which transcends many preschool and school years.40 In adolescence and early adulthood,
births.30 fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is associated with
persisting attention and motor deficits, poor school performance,
Regular intake of Vata dominant diet by a pregnant woman leads trouble with the law, inappropriate sexual behavior, alcohol and
to vitiation of Vata in her body and reaches the Garbhashaya drug abuse and long lasting mental health problems.41 Alcohol
(uterus) and further makes the child Jada (Idiot), Muka (Dumb), consumption during pregnancy interferes with the cell duplication
Minmina (Dyslaxia), stuttering speech, limp, stunted and with and their migration in the primitive neural tube. EEG and MRI
loss of one or more organs and other Vata disorders.31 report reveals reduced brain size, damage to many brain
structures, and abnormalities in brain functioning, including the
Mana (Psyche) of a child is in accordance with the Mana of chemical & electrical activity involved in transferring messages
parents. This point supports the view that genes are responsible from one part of the brain to the other.42 Also the body uses large
for the temperament.32 Whatever the things a pregnant woman quantities of oxygen to metabolize alcohol. In a pregnant woman
listens during pregnancy, the Manas of the fetus become like who is heavily drunk large quantity of oxygen are drawn away
that.33 It implies that the nature or the environment or the conduct and insufficient amount reaches the cell of the developing fetus.
of the mother during pregnancy also has influence on the
development of Mana and further the Manasika Prakriti in the Maternal cocaine abuse can cause neurodevelopmental defects
fetus. It is very similar to the concept of epigenetics and genome. and predisposes the fetus to behavioral alterations and
neuropsychiatric disorder later in life43. Long term cocaine
The nutritional environment during the fetal development has exposure has been proved to cause uterine and umbilical blood
also been demonstrated to influence growth, metabolism and flow disorders, fetal growth restriction and hypoxia. It reduces the
brain development with an increasing evidence that dietary levels capability of cerebral blood vessels to vasodilate and heart rate to
of methyl- donors epigenetically alter gene expression in increase during acute hypoxia.44 It has also been shown that
offspring.34 Nutrition constitutes a major intrauterine cocaine exposure can change the neurotransmitter function.
environmental factor that alters the expression of the fetal genome Dopamine rich anterior cingulate cortex is a target of cocaine
and may change lifelong consequences. Change in fetal nutrition during intrauterine life. Therefore the ability to exhibit normal
and endocrine status may result in developmental alternations that attention to the informational content of competing stimuli is
permanently change the structure, physiology and metabolism of reduced.45
the offspring, thereby predisposing it to abnormalities both at
physical and mental levels. Evidences support that maternal Researches consistently indicate that when the woman experience
nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state of the fetal genome. severe emotional stress during pregnancy, the fetus is at risk for a
Stable alteration of gene expression through DNA methylation wide variety of difficulties. Stress hormones cross the placenta
and histone modifications is a good example of it. This provide a causing dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity level.46 They
basis for molecular mechanism of maternal nutrition on both fetal may permanently alter fetal neurological functioning, thereby
programming and genomic imprinting. Brain and cognitive heightening stress reactivity in later life.47 It has also been
development of the child are strongly determined by nutritional observed that there is decreased DNA methylation of the
status of both the child and his/her mother during the prenatal corticotrophin – releasing – factor (CRF) gene promoter and
period. Micronutrients, proteins and essential fatty acids (EFA’S) increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) exon I7
are essential for the proper growth, development of structure of promotor region in hypothalamic tissue of adult male mice born
the brain and for the activity required in metabolic and signaling to gestationally stressed female mice. These epigenetic
pathways. During gestation, breastfeeding and first two years of modifications are the result of exposure to stress during the early
life, certain nutrient deficiencies have dramatic effects on brain stages of prenatal development and may involve dysregulation of
development.35 Nutrition significantly determines the future placental gene expression.48
learning, working and thinking performance of children.
During the 4th month of pregnancy when all the Indiryas (senses)
Regular intake of Vata and Kapha predominant diet leads to develop in the fetus, the fetus yearns for various objects of
malnutrition in fetus. Malnutrition effects adversely the brain of Indiryas like hearing good music, pleasant touch, tasty food.
the fetus and young infant that later impairs the intelligence. Fragrance etc., which are expressed through the longings of the
Prenatal and early postnatal malnutrition poses the most serious mother. This condition is known as “Dauhrida”. Fulfillment of
adverse effect on intelligence because about 70% of the brain the Dauhrida (desires of the mother) leads to development of a
growth takes place in utero, and the remaining 30% including fetus having best qualities. On the other hand, non fulfilment of
dendritic growth and synaptic branching is completed by the age Dauhrida is called Dauhrida Vimanana49 and suppression of the
of 18-24 months after birth.36 Malnutrition impairs the growth of Dauhrida (fetal desire) leads to various abnormalities in the
the brain and reduces the number of brain cells and brain size and fetus.50 Effects of the various dietetics and mode of life style of
is associated with a correlation of 0.40.37 Deficiency of iron mother upon the fetus is explained in ancient ayurvedic texts. A
reduces the number of dopamine receptors and this impairs regular intake of wine results in excessive thirst, short memory &
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Gupta Shilpy et al / Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 9 (4), 2018
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Enlarged Edition 2014, Sharma PV, Chaukhambha
Orientalia, Varanasi, Sharira Sthana, Chapter 8th, verse 21th Gupta Shilpy et al. Effect of maternal diet and lifestyle on fetal
page 467-468. outcome: Evidences from Ayurveda: a review. Int. J. Res.
40. Burden M.J., Jacobson S.W., & Jacobson, J.L (2005). Ayurveda Pharm. 2018;9(4):136-139 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/
Relation of prenatal alcohol exposure to cognitive processing 2277-4343.094129
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