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Programming Languages
and Program Development
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Problem Statement:
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Problem Statement help diagnose the situation so
that your focus is on the problem, helpful tools at this
stage include Algorithms and flowcharts for identifying
the expected steps of a process. Therefore to solve any
problem,
Collect and analyze information and data
Talk with people familiar with the problem
If at all possible, view the problem first hand
Confirm all findings
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
What is Programming
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Program – a very specific set of instructions (or
command lines) that making a computer do
what you want it to do
Programming – the process of creating a
program
the development of a solution to an identified
program, and setting up of a related series of
instructions which, when directed through computer
hardware, will produce the desired results
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Steps in program development
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1. Define the problem
2. Outline the solution
3. Develop the outline into an algorithm
4. Test the algorithm for correctness
5. Code the algorithm into a specific
programming language
6. Run the program on the computer
7. Document and maintain the program
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Define the Problem
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Divide the problem into three components
(called IPO):
Inputs – what do you have?
Outputs – what do you want to have?
Processing
◼ how do you go from inputs to outputs?
A defining diagram is recommended
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Define the Problem
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Outline the Solution
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The major processing steps involved
The major subtasks (if any)
The major control structures (e.g. repetition
loops)
The major variables and record structures
The mainline logic
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Develop the Outline into an Algorithm
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Algorithm is a set of precise steps that
describe exactly the tasks to be performed,
and the order in which they are to be carried
out
Pseudocode (a form of structured English) is
used to represent the solution algorithm
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Test the Algorithm for Correctness
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The main purpose of desk checking the
algorithm is to identify major logic errors early,
so that they may be easily corrected
Test data needs to be walked through each step
in the algorithm, to check that the instructions
described in the algorithm will actually do what
they are supposed to
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Code the Algorithm into a Specific
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Programming Language
Only after all design considerations have been
met should you actually start to code the
program into your chosen programming
language (e.g. Visual Basic, Java, C++)
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Run the Program on the Computer
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This step uses a program compiler and
programmer-designed test data to machine test
the code for syntax errors
Program complier translate high-level languages
(e.g. VB) to low-level machine language before
execution
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Document and Maintain the
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Program
Not the last step in the program development
process
An ongoing task from the initial definition of the
problem to the final test result
Involves both external documentation (such as
hierarchy charts) and internal documentation
that may have been coded in the program
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 1: Circle
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Calculate the circumference and area
IPO
I:radius
P: calculate circumference and area as
circumference = 2 * P I* radius
area=PI * radius ^ 2
O: radius, circumference, area
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Algorithms and pseudocode
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A typical programming task can be divided into
two phases:
Problem solving phase
produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
Implementation phase
implement the program in some programming
language
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Algorithms and pseudocode(cont.)
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First produce a general algorithm (one can use
pseudocode)
Refine the algorithm successively to get step by
step detailed algorithm that is very close to a
computer language.
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal
language that helps programmers develop
algorithms. Pseudocode is very similar to
everyday English.
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Algorithms and pseudocode(cont.)
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Pseudocode common format
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Algorithms and pseudocode(cont.)
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Pseudocode common format
NOT a
language
syntax
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Algorithms and pseudocode (cont.)
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Example: Student pass
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Algorithms and pseudocode (cont.)
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Example : Student pass?
1. GET Grade
2. If Grade is greater than or equal to 60
THEN
3. Print "passed"
4. ELSE
5. Print "failed
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
The Flowchart
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(Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence
of operations, as in a manufacturing process or
computer program.
(Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence
of operations in an information system or program.
Information system flowcharts show how data flows
from source documents through the computer to final
distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the
sequence of instructions in a single program or
subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each
type of flowchart.
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
The Flowchart
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A Flowchart
shows logic of an algorithm
emphasizes individual steps and their
interconnections
e.g. control flow from one action to the next
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Flowchart Symbols
Symbol Function
Show the direction of data flow or logical
solution.
Indicate the beginning and ending of a set of
actions or instructions (logical flow) of a module
or program.
Indicate a process, such as calculations,
opening and closing files.
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Flowchart Symbols
Indicate input to the program and output from the
program.
Use for making decision. Either True or False based
on certain condition.
Use for doing a repetition or looping of certain steps.
Connection of flowchart on the same page.
Connection of flowchart from page to page.
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The Flowchart (cont.)
Example:
Average of 3 numbers
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Example 2
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Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert
the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying
LFT with 30
Print length in cm (LCM)
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 2
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Algorithm Flowchart
Step 1: Input Lft
START
Step 2: Lcm Lft x 30
Input
Step 3: Print Lcm Lft
Lcm Lft x 30
Print
Lcm
STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 3
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Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will
read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its
area.
Pseudocode
Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Print A
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 3
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Algorithm START
Step 1: Input W,L
Input
Step 2: AL x W W, L
Step 3: Print A
A LxW
Print
A
STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 4
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Hint: d = sqrt (b 2 − 4ac ), and the roots
are: x1 = (–b + d)/2a and x2 = (–b –
d)/2a
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 29
Example 4
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Pseudocode:
Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic
equation
Calculate d
Calculate x1
Calculate x2
Print x1 and x2
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 4
START
Algorithm:
Input
Step 1: Input a, b, c a, b, c
Step 2: d sqrt ( b b − 4 a )c
d sqrt(b x b – 4 x a x c)
Step 3: x1 (–b + d) / (2 x a)
Step 4: x2 (–b – d) / (2 x a) x1 (–b + d) / (2 x a)
Step 5: Print x1, x2
X2 (–b – d) / (2 x a)
Print
x1 ,x2
STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 31
Example 5
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Draw a flowchart for a problem that to read two numbers. The
first number represents the unit price of a product and the
second number represents the quantity of the product sold.
Calculate and print the total sale.
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 5 START
READ
Algorithm: PRICE
Step 1: Read Price, Quantity
Step 2: Sale Price * quantity READ
QUANTITY
Step 3: Print SALE
SALE = PRICE ´
QUANTITY
Print
SALE
STOP
33 Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 5
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START A
READ SALE =
UNIT PRICE UNITPRICE * QUANTITY
READ Print
QUANTITY SALE
A STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
DECISION STRUCTURES
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The expression A>B is a logical expression
it describes a condition we want to test
if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we
take the action on left
print the value of A
if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B)
we take the action on right
print the value of B
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
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The structure is as follows
If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
endif
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
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Decision Logic Structure
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE
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The algorithm for the flowchart is as follows:
If A>B then
print A
else Y
is
N
A>B
print B
endif Print Print
A B
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 6
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Example : Student pass START
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE <60) then
Print “FAIL”
else N IS Y
Print “PASS” GRADE<60
endif
PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL”
STOP
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Relational Operators
Operator Description
> Greater than
< Less than
= Equal to
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
Not equal to
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled 40
Example 7
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Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines
the largest value and prints the largest value with an
identifying message.
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example 7
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Algorithm
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX VALUE1
else
MAX VALUE2
endif
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX
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Example 7 START
Input
VALUE1,VALUE2
Y is N
VALUE1>VALUE2
MAX VALUE1 MAX VALUE2
Print
“The largest value is”, MAX
STOP
43 Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example
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Assume your are calculating pay at an hourly
rate, and overtime pay(over 40 hours) at 1.5
times the hourly rate.
IF the hours are greater than 40, THEN the
pay is calculated for overtime, or ELSE the
pay is calculated in the usual way.
Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
Example Decision Structure
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Prepared by Dr. Walaa Khaled
