Chemistry
95 Investigatory
Project
o
h
Vinay Kumar
Class Xii A
Kendrlya Vidyalaya
IFFCO Phulpur
VINAY KÜMAR XII A
INDEX
1.CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. RESULT
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
VINAY KUMAR XII A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with
project.
PrimarilyI would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal Mr. Raveendra
Ram and Chemistry teacher Mrs, Suman Sharma
whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it
fullproof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the
project. VINAY KUMAR XIlA
INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of
gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive
enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment of the stomach makes it possible for
inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be
verted into active forms (i.e.
pepsinogen into pepsin),and acid is also
needed to dissolve minerals and kill
bacteria that may enter the stomach
along with food.
However,excessive acid production
(hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant
symptoms of heartburn and may contribute
to ulcer formation in the stomach lining.
Antacids are weak bases (most commonly
bicarbonates, hydroxides,and carbonates) that
neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate
symptoms of heartburn.
The general neutralization reaction is:
Antacid (weak base) + HCI (stomach acid) -> salts+ H20
+ C02
VINAY KUMAR XIIA
AIM
To analyze the given samples of
commercial antacids by
determining the amount of
hydrochloric acid they can
neutralize.
VINAY KUMAR XIIA
THEORY
1.) STOMACHACID
Stomach acid is very dangerous.
Stomach acid is highly acidic and has a
pH of 1-6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric
acid produced by the stomach. If there
is too much stomach acid it can cause
heartburn. One of the symptoms of
heartburn is a burning feeling in the
chest or abdomen.
2.)ANTACÊD
An antacid is any substance that can
neutralize an acid. All antacids are bases.
The pH of a base is 7:1-14. All antacids
have chemical in them called a buffer.
When an antacid is mixed with an acid
the buffer tries to even out the acidity
and that is how stomach acid gets
neutralized. VINAY KUMAR XII A
5)ACTION MECHANISM
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e.
they buffer gastric acid.
raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach.
When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the
nerves in gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal
pain to the central nervous system. This
happens when these nerves are exposed, as in
peptic ulcers. Antacids are commonly used to
help neutralize stomach acid. The action of
antacids is based on the fact that a base reacts
with acid to form salt and water.
Antacids
Medication
enters
stomach
Acid stomach
contents Neutralised
stomach
contents
VINAY KUMAR XII A 9
MAR1LA VINAYK Caco
(OH)2 Mg
AKOH dylmalibaba
com
t
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Ranitidine 6
subsalicylate Bismuth 5-
bicarbonate Sodium 4.
carbonate Calcium 3"
hydroxide Magnesium 2·
hydroxide Aluminium 7
IGENE NAMES 4)DRUG
Gas-0-Fast
RANGE ENO ORANGE
OFAST GAS Gelusil
Eno
Digene
Magnesia ofMilk
Siahch tnet
(liquid) Maalox
RELIatET FAST
ORIGINAL Magnesia ofMi, lk iini
lzer Gaviscon
Alka Alka-Seltzer
BRANDS ANTACID FAMOUS 3)SOME
5.)SIDE EFFECTS
-Most people who take an antacid do not have any side
effects. However, side-efects occur in a small number of users.
The most common are diarrhoea, constipation and belching.
"Aluminium hydroxide: may lead tothe formation of insoluble
aluminium phosphate complexes, fypophosphate and
osteomalacia. Aluminium containing drugs may cause
constipation.
"Magnesium hiydroxjde has a laxative property. Magnesium
may accumulate in patents with renal failure leading to hypo
magnesemia with cardiovascular and neurological
complications.
"Calcium compounds containing calcium may increase ca um
output in the urine, which might be associated to renal stones.
Calcium salts may cause constipation.
"Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in
turn may result in alteredexçretion ofother drugs, and kidney
stones.
Chemistry of antacids
D The chemistry of antacid action is simple-tlhe reduction of
hydronium ion concentration by reaction with a base stronger than
water.
H,0* + B, = HB, + H,0
Dl The extent to which the reaction proceeds is a function of the
relative strengths of water as a base and the antacid as a base but
the effect is an increase in pH.
D Different antacids react witlh HCl to form chloides, water and
carbon dioxide, neutralizing HCl by the following chemical
reactions.
A(OH), + 3HCI =AlCI, + 3H,0 (slow)
Mg(OH), + 2HCI = MgCl, + 2H,0 (slow/moderate)
CaCO, + 2HCI = CaCl, + H,0 + CO, (fast)
NaHCO, t HCI = NaCl + H,0 + Co, (fast)
Ideal antacid
# The antacid should not be absorbable or cause systemic alkalosis.
% It should not be laxative or cause constipation
8 It should buffer in the pH 4-6 range
# It should be rapidly effective and maintain its effect over a long
period of time.
# It should probably inhibit pepsin but should not completely
inactivate peptic digestion.
8 It should not produce rebound acidity or excessive ennctation
(belching).
# It should not cause large evolution of gas by reacting with gastric
HCI.
# It should not affect the absorption of food, nutrient and vitamin.
B It should be non-irritant to stomach, intestine and should not cause
diarrhea.
VINAY KUMAR XII A
APPARATUS REQLUIRED
Burette
º Pipette
º Titration Flask
º Measuring Flask
º Beakers
º Weight Box
º Fractional Weights
Chemicals REQUIRED
o Various samples of antacids
o Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Carbonate
o Hydrochloric Acid
e Pheaolphthalein
VINAY KUMAR
PROCEDURE
7-5tandardization of NaOH First we will take
20 ml of 0-1m HCl and titrate it with
unknown concentration solution of NaOH4 to
find it's concentration.
2-Determine the mass of antacid for analysis
Since maximum of our antacids ae tablet, so
we will pulverize and/or grind th antacid
tablet with a mortar and pestle./Measure
not more than O-29 of the pulverized
commercial antacid tablet in a 250,.ml
Erlenmeyer flask having a known hass.
3·Prepare the antacid for analysis "Pipette
40-Oml of standardize O-1M HCI(stomach
acid equivalent) into the flask and swirl.
4 Prepare the burette for
titration- Prepare a clean burette. Rinse the
clean burette with two 3 to 5 ml portions
ofa standard NaOH solution, Record (the
actual molar concentration of the NaOH.
Fill the burette with the NaOH solution; be
sure no air bubbles are in the burette tip
Wait for 30 seconds and then read its initial
volume.
5-Titrate the sample- Once the antacid
solution has cooled, titrate the sample with
the NaOH solution to a blue end point
Watch closely, the endpoint may only take a
few milliliters, depending on the
concentration of the antacid in the sample
When a single drop of NaOH solution changes
the sample solution from yellow to blue,
stop Wait for 30 seconds and then read the
final volume of NaOH solution in the
burette
a)Repeat the titration of the same sample
Refill the burette and repeat the
experiment
b-)Analyze another antacid- Perfot the
experiment, in duplcate for anbt1d
antacid Record all data orn the report sheet
VINAY KUMAR XIl A
OBSERVATIONS
Table 7: Standardization of NaOH Soln Using 0-1
M HCI
S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
Solution Solution Volumeant Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 20 11.2 11.2
11.2
2, 20 11.2 22.5 11.3
3 20 22.5 33-7 11.2
Table 2: Titration of GELUCIL using 0"1 M HCI
S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concorda
Solution Solution Volume nt Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial final
1. 40 8.1 8.1
8.1
2. 40 8.1 16.3 8.2
3. 40 16.3 24.4 8.1
VINAY KUMAR XII A
Table 5: Titration of OcID 20 using 0"1/M HCI
S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
Solution Solution Value ant
(ml) (ml) Value
Initia Final
1. 40 14.6 14.6
14.6
2. 40 14.6 29.3 14.7
3. 40 29.3 43.9 14.6
Table 6: Titration of GAS-O-FAST using O-7 M
HCI
S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concord
Solution Solution Value ant
(ml) (ml) (ml) Value
Initia Final
1. 40 15.7 15.7
15.7
2. 40 15.7 31.5 15.8
3. 40 31.5 47.2 15.7
1
VINAY KUMAR XIA 7
Table 3: Titration of DIGENE using 0-1 M HCI
S-N Pipette Burette Titrate Concor
OSolution Solution Value dant
(ml) (ml) (ml) Value
Initial Final
40 15.4 15:4
75.4
2 40 75-4 30. 75-5
9
3 40 30-9 46 15-4
3
Table 4: Titration of ENC using O-1 M H
S Pipette Burette Titrat Concord
NO Solution Solution e ant
(ml) (ml) Value Volume
(ml)
Init Final
jal
7 40 73-3 73-3
73-3
2 40 73- 26. 134
3 7
3 40 26 4O 73-3
7
VINAY KUMAR
RESULT
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 D I G E N E
G A S - O - F A S T
GELUCIL E N O
O C I
2 D0
Clearly from the graph Gelucil required
least amount of NaOH for reaching end
point thus it is more effective than other
antacid products used- Arranging in
descending order our antacids are in order
Gelucil > ENO > Ocid 20 ANTAOD ANTIGAS LO ANTACD ANTIGAS LIQU
Gelusil
Gelusi
Xtra
-Digene > Gas-O-Fast Cool
AACO ANTIGSLQUD
Gelusil.
PRECAUTIONS
"Allapparatus should be clean
and washed properly.
" Burette and pipette must be
rinsed wigh the respective
solutionfo be put in them.
" Air bubbles must be remqved
fror the burette and jej
"Last drop from the pipette
should not be removed by
blowing.
Te flask should not be rinsed
W any of the solution, whica
arebeing titrated.
t o c
BIBLIOGRAPHY
" Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia
wwwicbse com AHANDBOOKF
PRACTICAL
CHEMISTRY
wwwwikipedia org http:/'wv
CLASS 12
www'google com
Comprehensive Practical Manual in
chemistry for class XIl
Pradeep's New Course Chemistry
hemistry NCERT Class XIl Part Il
THankyou VINAY KUMAR
00
XIl A
