Bar Chart

The bar chart provides information about the proportion of businesses purchasing items online according to industry in
Canada between 2015 in 2019.

Generally speaking, the proportion of businesses involved in e-commerce purchases across the years and sectors varied
with the practice being most common in the information and communications industry. In this sector, there was a
greater proportion of businesses involved (just over 60% in 2015) than the other sectors with a rise to just under 70% in
2019, including a peak to about 75% in 2018.

The proportion of businesses involved in purchases on line in the retail sector followed a similar pattern, increasing from
about 35% to about 55% in 2019 with a peak of about 58% in 2018.

Just under 25% of construction businesses used online purchasing in 2015 compared to more than a half in 2019,
whereas in the wholesale industry the rise was much smaller from just over 40% to about 60%.

As regards manufacturing, there was a near 100% increase in the proportion of businesses purchasing online from about
33% in 2015 in comparison with about 58% in 2019.

Or

The bar chart illustrates the percentage of online purchasing by five different industries in Canada from 2015 to 2019.
Overall, it can be seen that the information and communication industry remained the highest spender over the period.
All industries experienced increases in online purchasing, but only the construction and the wholesale industries had
steady growth.

The percentage of online purchasing by the information and communication industry was the highest reaching just
below 70% at the end period after reaching its peak at around 75% in 2018. Similarly, online purchasing by retail
industries started at 40% reaching its peak at around 57% in 2018 before it slightly decline to about 55% in 2019.

There was fluctuation in online purchasing by the manufacturing industry before hitting just below 60% in 2019. It is
interesting to know that both the Wholesales industry and the Construction industry have steady growth in online
purchasing although the Wholesale industry is higher throughout the period reaching just above 60% in 2019.
Pie Chart
The charts show the expected changes in energy capacity in 2040 compared to 2015.

The most noticeable feature is the drop in the proportion of the annual gross capacity of fossil fuels, with the projected
capacity almost doubling from 6.688 to 11.678 gigawatts. It is expected to experience a significant decline, falling from
64% in 2015 to 44% in 2040. By contrast, it is predicted that there will be a dramatic rise in the proportion of energy
capacity from solar energy with a jump from 2% to 18% in 2040. While the proportion of the capacity for wind is
anticipated to increase more than twofold from 5% in 2015 to 12% in 2040, it is estimated that other renewables will
account for a smaller proportion with a decrease from 23% to 21%. The projected proportion for nuclear energy will be
5% in 2040, a slight decline from 6%.

It is clear that despite the decline in the proportion of energy capacity from fossil fuels and the rise in solar and wind
sources, the former will remain a major energy source in 2040.

Or

The pie charts illustrate the percentage of the capacity of five different categories of energy in 2015 and the expectation
for 2040. Overall, it can be clearly seen that the summary of energy is anticipated to increase in 2040, and the majority
of sectors is fossil fuels over the
period.

Starting with the downward trend figures, the summary of energy capacity stated at 6.688 gigawatts. In 2015, the fossil
fuels section was the most significant number at 64%. Furthermore, it was followed by another type, which was 23% and
over 10-folded higher than the nuclear number at 6%. The predicted fraction of the first rank category, subsequently, in
2040 is a dramatic decrease of 20%, while other sections are forecasted to drop slightly to 21% for other renewables and
having 5% of nuclear number.

Moving to the remaining types, the expected total energy in 2040 rises almost double at 11.678 gigawatts. There was a
smaller than one-tenth of solar energy and wind source proportions: the former started at 2% which was the lowest
number and the latter at 5%. Finally, they are projected that both categories will climb moderately to 9-folded at the next
15 years and 12% respectively.
Line Graph
The graph shows information about the amount of money which was earned by three bakeries in Calgary, over a ten-year
period between 2000 and 2010.

Overall, what stands out from the graph is that there were considerable upward trends in the income of both Bolo
Cakery and Amandine Bakery, while the earnings of Mari Bakeshop saw a considerable fall over the period in question.
Another interesting point is that Mari Bakeshop was the most popular bakery in 2000, but in 2010, Amandine Bakery
earned more money than the others.

Looking at the details, as regards Bolo Cakery, income started at $20,000 in 2000, then there was a fluctuation over the
next three years, at which point it levelled off at just under $40,000 until 2006. Then the figure went up significantly,
finishing at around $65,000 in 2010. If we look at Amandine Bakery, the trend was similar. Having remained stable at
approximately $55,000 in the first half of the decade, income then rose sharply, reaching nearly $100,000 in 2008. There
was then a gradual rise to around $105,000 in 2010.

By contrast, the income of Mari Bakeshop went in the opposite direction. Takings fluctuated around $90,000 until 2004.
After That despite falling sharply to just over $40,000 in 2008, the figure then levelled off in the last two year

Or

The graph illustrates the information regarding the yearly income of three bakeries in Calgary from 2000 to 2010.

Overall, the figure indicates the amount of money which Amandine Bakery and Bolo Cakery earned was steadily
increased, while the earnings of Mari Bakeshop saw a considerable declination throughout the whole period. Moreover,
Mari Bakeshop was the most popular bakeries in 2000; however, it was replaced by Amandine Bakery at the end of the
period.

In 2000, the earnings of Mari Bakeshop accounted for the highest income, with just above $80,000. After the next four
years, the revenue of Mari Bakeshop dropped to nearly $60,000 and levelled off at $40,000 from 2008 to 2010.

Conversely, the yearly income of Amandine Bakery remained stable at approximately $55,000 from the beginning of the
period to 2005. After that, it showed significant growth and reached just above $100,000 in 2010. Likewise, the yearly
income of Bolo Cakery showed a similar trend. It began at $20,000 and gradually grew to nearly $65,000 in 2010
Maps
 Comparison and contrast

The maps show Pacific Railway Station in 1998 and the present day. We can see that the station has been expanded, with
significantly more facilities available to customers now compared with 1998. Firstly, the station has been developed and
the number of platforms has increased.

In 1998, there were only four platforms but today there are seven. A restaurant has been added between the new and
old platforms and the number of shops has grown, as there are now two shops situated next to the restaurant and the
old shop has been removed. The ticket office remains in the same place but has been extended and is now much larger.

The Café has also stayed in roughly the same place, which is at the bottom of the old platforms. The toilets were
previously in a separate building next to the platforms, but they have now disappeared. A new supermarket has been
built at the bottom of the new platforms.

Or

The maps illustrate how changes Pacific Railway Station in 1998 and now.

Overall, it is clear that in 1998, there was just one platform and a few facilities, but now added a new platform and built a
new structure, such as supermarket and restaurant.

In 1998, The station had one platform and included four railways, then cafe, shop and ticket office were south of the
platforms. After that, toilets were near the platforms. In contrast, now, the ticket office is redesigned and the shop
replace near the platform and add new shop above this. Furthermore, the left side of the shops are constructed new
platforms. The only cafe has remained.

According to the maps, restaurant was built between the two platforms just above the shops. Toilets have been removed,
shops and restaurant take their place. Supermarket was constructed northwest of the station, under the platforms which
had 3 railways. Finally, there are seven railways and three trains.
Tables
The two tables together give a snapshot of the reasons people choose to stop smoking and when they intend to give up.

The main reason smokers give for stopping is for general health (71%), with financial considerations (31%) and the risk of
smoking-related diseases (25%) being the next two most popular reasons. One fact to highlight from this table is that
almost twice the percentage of heavy smokers cite present health problems as the reason compared to light smokers.

According to the second table, the majority of smokers questioned (71%) intended to give up, with light smokers more
inclined to stop (79%) than heavy smokers (60%). 35% of smokers said they were planning to give up within the next six
months and only 12% said they were prepared to try within the following month. Although only 29% of smokers on
average were unwilling to give up, heavy smokers were almost twice as unwilling to try as light smokers, which perhaps
reflects the level of addiction in the former group.

Or

The given charts highlight the number of reasons people want to quit smoking as well as, when they were planning to
give up.

Out of all, better for health in general with 71 per cent is the major cause people would like to call it a day, followed by
financial considerations and lesser risk of getting smoke related problems, 31 per cent and 25 per cent respectively.
family pressure and present health issue are least among all the possible reasons. another thing to highlight is that 19
per cent heavier smokers cite a reason of their present health issues compared to only 10% of light smokers.

according to Second table 71 per cent people intends to give up, in contrast to 29 per cent who are not willing to omit.
furthermore, 21 per cent people aim to abandon smoking within the next year and 35 per cent within 6 months. lastly 12
per cent wishes to become nonsmoker within a month mostly are light smokers.
 Diagram
The diagrams below give information about the manufacture of frozen fish pies.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
This diagram shows that there are a number of processes involved in the commercial production of frozen fish pies. The
main ingredients consist of fresh salmon, peas and sauce, with sliced potatoes, and they are prepared separately. The
potatoes, which may have been delivered up to a month in advance, are cleaned, peeled and cut into slices. The slices
are boiled and then chilled before being stored until needed. The preparation of the fish is more labour intensive than
the preparation of the potatoes. Within twelve hours of being delivered to the factory, the fresh fish is cooked by being
steamed with lemon juice and salt. Then the skin and bones are removed by hand and disposed of, before a visual
inspection takes place.

After this, the pies are assembled in microwaveable containers Peas and sauce, which have also been prepared, are
added to the fish and then the pie is covered with a layer of cooked potato slices. The pies are then wrapped and frozen.
At this point they are ready for dispatch, or they may be stored at the factory before being dispatched.

Or

The diagram illustrates how a frozen fish pie is produced and which stages were passed through. This process includes a
number of stages from delivering the potatoes to storing the resulting product consisting of peas, sauce, fish, and
potatoes.

Firstly, the manufacturing starts with the potatoes to delivery which may even be taken for a month. After that,
delivering potatoes to the factory are cleaned and then, are peeled by a peeler and they are cut into slices with a sharp
knife. In the next stage, the sliced potatoes are boiled and chilled back to back. In the last stage of treated potatoes, they
are packed to be mixed with other ingredients including fish, sauce, and peas.

In another process consisting of other ingredients but potatoes, first of all, fresh salmon is transported by a lorry within
12 hours or less to the production place. Lemon juice and salt added to salmon and it is baked in a steam oven. It is
removed skins and bones of it, controlled, and added prepared peas and sauce respectively. Following this, potatoes and
salmon with peas and sauce are combined along and after they are wrapped, prepared mix is transferred to a refrigerant
and dispatched to be sold to the customers.
Flow chart
There are four main stages in the production of plastic paper clips from this small factory. Two of these stages involve
actual preparation of the clips, while the other two consist of quality control before the clips are sent out from the
factory to the retailers to be sold to the public.

To begin with, molten plastic is poured into three different moulds depending on the colour required; the colours are red,
blue and yellow. Once these clips emerge from the moulds a quality control machine checks them for strength.
Unsatisfactory clips are rejected. In the third stage in the process the clips are stored by hand into two groups, mixed and
single colours. When this stage is complete the groups are checked a second time to ensure that the colour mixtures are
divided correctly into single colours and mixed colour batches. Finally, the clips are packed and dispatched to the markets.

Or

A myopic look at the chart makes it conspicuous that the production process starts by melting the plastics and ends with
packing and dispatching of the clips.

Firstly, the molten plastic gets moulded into paper clips in three different colours which are red, blue, and yellow in a
small factory. Following that, these clips are checked for strength by the machine, and if some of them are of low quality
then they get rejected. Moreover, the clips of higher quality are sorted according to their colours by hand. In brief, the
clips of a mixed and single colour are get separated. After that, the quality of mixed colour as well as single colour clips
get examined again by the personnel. Once they have been checked, the clips of different colours get packed by the
workers and once they get ready, they dispatched to sell in the market.
 Line graphs and Bar chart
The graphs below provide information on global population figures and figures for urban populations in different
world regions.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The first graph shows the trend in world population growth between 1800 and 2100, while the second graph gives
predicted urban population figures for the next 25 years.

The world population has experienced continuous growth since 1800. Between 1800 and 1950, the population grew
slowly from just under 1 billion to 2.5 billion people. After that, the growth rate increased and currently the figure is
around 6.5 billion. Projections show a continued increase in population in the near future, but a steady decline in the
population growth rate. The global population is expected to peak at 8.2 billion by 2050, and then decline to around 6.2
billion by 2100.

The predictions also show that almost all urban population growth in the next 25 years will occur in cities of developing
countries. In developed regions, on the other hand, the urban population is expected to remain unchanged at about 1.3
billion people over the next two decades.

The graphs show that the global population increase will not occur evenly throughout the world, but will be greater in
some areas than others.

Or

The line and bar graphs below depict information about the growth in the world population from 1800 to 2100, and its
contrast between developed and developing regions, respectively. Overall, population grew drastically in the past 2
centuries.

One quick look at the first graph and we can see the considerable and continuous growth of population from the 18th
century that had increased phenomenally from 1 billion to 7.5 billion people in 2020. This curve is forecast to continue to
rise, hitting 8 billion marks by 2040, which is predicted to fall throughout the end of the century ending with a number
six times higher than the initial value (6 billion).

Regarding the second graph, it is interesting to note that all developed countries have neither increased nor decreased
staying at a fixed number of 1.2 billion for 25 years starting from 2015, whereas the developing regions are the ones that
has been developed and will continue this upward trend until 2040. It is interesting to note that the bar chart graph gives
critical information describing which regions have and will be touched by the growth in population depicted in the first
graph.
Pie chart and table
The table shows the reason why people in Edmonton use their cars in the city and the pie chart explains what type of
transport people prefer to use most of the time.

Looking at the pie chart first, it is clear that the car is the most popular means of transport in this city. 45% of the people
say that they prefer to commute by car. The second most popular form of transport is the LRT, while busses and taxis are
the main means of transport for the rest of the people.

The table gives more detailed information about why people use their cars. Surprisingly, 55% of the people need to
commute to work by car. Cars are also used a lot for taking children to school or business purposes. Only 15% of drivers
are doing their shopping and, similarly, 15% need to travel by car for leisure.

Overall, people in Edmonton make good use of alternative methods of transport but there is a heavy dependence on cars
for work.

Or

The diagrams illustrate the information on mode of transport and reasons behind using the car by the people of
Edmonton.

It is evident from the pie-chart that Cars are the most preferred mode of transport among the residents of Edmonton,
around 45% of total figure. Also, most of the people use their cars to commute to their workplaces and for Business
purposes.

Firstly, there are four most used transportation modes in Edmonton, namely Car, LRT or Light Rail Transit, Bus and Taxi.
Cars and LRT constitute 80 percent of total transportation with the individual share of 45% and 35%. The Buses and Taxis
are preferred by only 20 percent of population with each being used by 10% total commuters

Secondly, the table gives the information on, for what reasons people of Edmonton use their cars. The main reason to
use a car is to travel to offices and for business purposes at 45%. A significant amount of people use cars to drop their
children to school, about 40%. However, People’s use of cars for leisure activities and for shopping are rare and about
15% of people choose to take their cars on the road for such activities.
 Bar chart and Pie chart

The bar chart below shows the estimated sales of jeans for two companies next year in Turkey. The pie chart shows the
projected market share of the two companies in jeans at the end of next year.

Write a short report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
The bar chart shows the estimated sales of jeans in thousands of pairs for two companies in Turkey next year.

It is anticipated that purchases of jeans at Mango Co. will rise from 150,000 pairs in January to approximately 500,000
pairs in August, and will remain there until November. For December, sales are expected to be in the region of 600,000
pairs.

Meanwhile, it is estimated that the sales of jeans for Jack & Jones Co. will begin the year at around 450,000 pairs in
January, falling to about 250,000, before increasing to around 400,000 in June. For the next two months until August,
sales are forecast to remain steady at this level, after which they are expected to rise steadily to hit a peak of
approximately 900,000 pairs in December.

The pie chart shows that, at the end of next year, the anticipated market share for Mango Co. and Jack & Jones Co. is
20% and 30% respectively.

As can be seen from the chart, the overall sales trends for both companies are forecast to be upwards.

Or

The bar chart shows the predicted sales of jeans in thousands of pairs for two companies in Turkey; Mango Co. and Jack
& Jones Co. for next year.

The most striking feature is that sales will increase for both companies, It is anticipated that sales of Jack & Jones Co. will
start at 450,000 pairs in January decreasing by 200,000 pairs following month with a gradual recover over the
subsequent four months reaching 400,000 pairs in June. Those of Jack & Jones Co. are predicted to be stable until August
peaking up to 600,000 pairs in September and October.

Sales of Jack & Jones will reach a peak of 900,000 in December, For those of Mango Co. is forecasted a gradual increase
with the largest sale of 600,000 pairs in December. In the beginning of the next year those of Mango Co. will stand at
150,000 pairs falling back to 100,000 pairs in February, rising steadily to 250,000 in June, In subsequent months sales will
reach 450,000 pairs increasing to 500,000 pairs in August, staying stable until November.

Regarding the pie chart the sales of Jack & Jones Co. will share 30% of market whereas those of Mango Co. 20%. 50% of
market is set to be shared by other companies.
 Bar Chart, Pie chart and Line graph
In June 1996, an experimental flu vaccine was trialled in a large country town on females only.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant
The diagrams show data for a flu epidemic which hit a large country town in 1996. Figure 1 gives the number of persons
who died; Figure 2 shows the percentage breakdown of females who received a new flu vaccine; and Figure 3 gives the
number of cases of flu before and during the epidemic.

In Figure 1 it can be seen that the flu was responsible for the deaths of 2 females but no males in the period from March
to May. However, from June to August, there were 4 female deaths and 1 male death.

According to the pie chart in Figure 2, only those females most at risk were given the new flu vaccine; 28% did not take
part in the trial. Of those females who took part, 35% were aged (over 65 years old); 24% were babies or children; and
13% were either hospitalized or receiving other medical attention.

From Figure 3 it is clear that the new vaccine had a positive effect on the number of new cases of flu reported in females.
There were just over 1000 cases reported in March, climbing rapidly to a peak of 3500 in June. Thereafter, the number of
cases dropped slowly to about 2800 in August, before levelling off at 2500 for the rest of the year. For males, the figures
were lower but showed a similar trend throughout the epidemic.

Or

The graphs illustrate information about the number of deaths caused by Flu by gender, the rate of female recipients of
new vaccine groups who under the most at risk and the number of monthly cases by gender in the year 1996.

Overall, we can see that the number of women deaths higher than the figure of men, and we can also see that the age
group of over 65 years was at the highest risk and the flu rates experienced a peak in June for both genders.

As is presented in the bar chart it is noticeable that while any number of men deaths was not recorded from March to
May. Moreover, between June to August, the figure for men was 2, whereas the number of women increased to 4, from
1 death in the previous three months. Regarding the percentage of female groups who under at the risk, the group over
65 ages witnessed the highest risk with 35%. By contrast, hospitalized women saw the lowest risk with 13%.

It is readily apparent in the line graph the rate of monthly flu cases had increased significantly from zero in February to
1500 cases for man and 2500 cases for women at the end of the year. The figure for females reached a peak at 3500 in
June, at the same time males' figure at just over 2500.
 Diagram
The diagram below shows the typical stages of consumer goods manufacturing, including the process by which
information is fed back to earlier stages to enable adjustment.
Most consumer goods go through a series of stages before they emerge as finished products ready for sale.

Raw materials and manufactured components comprise the initial physical input in the manufacturing process. Once
obtained, these are stored for later assembly. But assembly first depends upon the production planning stage, where it is
decided how and in what quantities the stored materials will be processed to create sufficient quantities of finished
goods. The production planning stage itself follows the requirements of the goods' design stage that proceeds from
extensive research. After assembly, the products are inspected and tested to maintain quality control l Those units that
pass the inspection and testing stages are then packaged, dispatched and offered for sale in retail outlets. The level of
sales, which is the end point of the manufacturing process, helps determine production planning.

A product's design is not only the result of product research, but is also influenced by testing and market research. If the
testing stage (after assembly and inspection) reveals unacceptable problems in the finished product, then adjustments
will have to be made to the product's design. Similarly, market research, which examines the extent and nature of the
demand for products, has the role of guiding product design to suit consumer demands which may change with time.
Market research, while influenced by product sales, also serves to foster future sales by devising suitable advertising for
the goods.

Thus the reality of consumer goods manufacturing goes well beyond a simple linear production process.

Or

The illustration demonstrates the process by which the consumer goods are produced and how the information flow
back to the initial steps to make adjustments.

Overall, there are two processes. While the production process consists of two main elements, raw materials and
manufactured components which are submitted in a several of steps, the flow of the feedback is supported by four
departments making adaptations.

Beginning with the flow of manufacturing process, after storage the raw material and fabricated components, it goes to
the production planning where the information from product research and design fills the area. Afterwards, it reaches
the assembly sector, where after which, the goods are put forward to be inspected and tested, before they are packaged.
The finished products then, are send off to the final stage where they are read to be sold.

Moving to the feedback part, the market research receives the information from the sales department which is directly
in contact with the consumers’ necessities and forward these details to the packaged, advertisement and design sectors,
where it will make adjustments when it is necessary.

Additionally, planning the production gets feedback from the sales area. While sales obtain information from the clients
regarding the quality and the satisfaction of the product, replanning the item according to the customers’ perspective,
the design sector receives feedback from tested products, making some design modifications to further, assist also the
flow of manufacturing process. Finally, the production planning then feed the information back to the storage about the
quality and features of the initial materials and components.