Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

Definition of STS:

• Science: Systematic body of knowledge that explains natural phenomena.

• Technology: Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

• Society: A group of individuals sharing a common culture, values, and institutions.

Relationship Between Science, Technology, and Society:

• Science and technology shape society by improving quality of life, driving progress, and solving problems.

• Society influences the direction of scientific and technological developments through culture, ethics, and
economic needs.

Importance of Studying STS:

• Understanding the impact of science and technology on human life and the environment.

• Helps address ethical and social challenges posed by technological advancements (e.g., environmental
sustainability, data privacy, and biotechnology).

• Encourages informed decision-making about future technologies and their effects on society.

Historical Context:

• Scientific revolutions (e.g., the Industrial Revolution, and Information Age) have greatly influenced social
structures, economies, and cultures.

• Technological innovations can lead to societal change, including job creation, new industries, and shifts in
power dynamics.

Ethical and Social Issues:

• STS examines ethical concerns related to the use of science and technology, such as:

o Environmental degradation due to industrialization.

o Ethical dilemmas in genetics (e.g., cloning, genetic engineering).

o Privacy and data security in the digital age.

Key Concepts in STS:

• Technological determinism: The idea that technology drives social change.

• Social construction of technology: The view that society shapes how technology develops and is used.

• Innovation and Responsibility: Balancing the benefits of technological innovation with potential risks and
harm to society.

Interdisciplinary Nature:

• STS is an interdisciplinary field, combining knowledge from science, sociology, ethics, history, and economics
to provide a comprehensive understanding of how science and technology interact with society.
Historical Antecedents of Science, Technology, and Society (STS)
The development of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is deeply rooted in key historical milestones. Here are the
major periods and events that shaped the interaction between science, technology, and society:

1. Ancient Civilizations:

• Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China: These early civilizations laid the groundwork for scientific thinking and
technological development.

o Egyptians developed geometry and astronomy for architectural purposes (e.g., pyramids) and their
calendar system.

o Mesopotamians invented the wheel, and writing (cuneiform), and advanced in irrigation and
agriculture.

o Chinese civilization was responsible for significant innovations like papermaking, the compass,
gunpowder, and printing.

• Greek and Roman Contributions:

o Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Archimedes advanced the study of natural phenomena.

o Roman engineering feats like aqueducts and roads reflected practical applications of scientific
knowledge in technology.

o These societies viewed science and technology as important for improving daily life and expanding
power.

2. Middle Ages (500-1500 CE):

• Islamic Golden Age: During this period, many scientific texts from ancient civilizations were preserved and
translated by scholars in the Islamic world. There were major advancements in:

o Mathematics (e.g., algebra from Al-Khwarizmi).

o Astronomy, medicine, and chemistry (alchemists explored early forms of chemistry).

• Medieval Europe: Technology progressed with developments in agriculture (e.g., heavy plows, windmills)
and architecture (e.g., Gothic cathedrals), while the rise of universities in Europe helped foster scientific
inquiry.

3. The Renaissance (14th to 17th Century):

• Marked a "rebirth" of science and humanism. There was a revival of learning based on classical knowledge
and empirical observation.

• Key Figures:

o Nicolaus Copernicus: Proposed the heliocentric model, challenging the geocentric view.

o Leonardo da Vinci: Combined art and science, advancing knowledge in anatomy, physics, and
engineering.

o Galileo Galilei: Pioneered the scientific method through observation and experimentation.

• Invention of the printing press (by Johannes Gutenberg): Revolutionized communication and the spread of
scientific knowledge.
4. The Scientific Revolution (16th to 18th Century):

• This period saw a shift from reliance on religious or traditional explanations to empirical, observation-based
scientific inquiry.

• Isaac Newton: His laws of motion and universal gravitation formed the basis for classical mechanics.

• Robert Boyle: Known as the father of modern chemistry, he introduced the concept of elements and
chemical reactions.

• Key Impact: Society’s understanding of nature and technology shifted toward rational, systematic
exploration, which would lay the groundwork for modern science.

5. The Industrial Revolution (18th to 19th Century):

• A pivotal period when technology and science were harnessed for mass production, transforming economies
and societies.

• Key Innovations:

o The steam engine (James Watt) powered factories and transportation.

o Advances in metallurgy, textile manufacturing, and mechanization.

o Improvements in communication (telegraph) and transportation (railroads).

• Impact on Society:

o Urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs.

o Rise of industrial capitalism and shifts in labor relations.

o Environmental degradation due to industrial activity.

6. The 20th Century and the Information Age:

• World Wars I and II: Technology became a key factor in warfare (e.g., tanks, airplanes, radar, and the atomic
bomb), deeply affecting societies and geopolitics.

• Space Age:

o The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 marked the beginning of space exploration.

o NASA’s moon landing in 1969 highlighted the role of science and technology in national prestige and
scientific advancement.

• Information and Communication Technology:

o The invention of the computer and the rise of the internet transformed global communication,
economics, and education.

o Biotechnology breakthroughs, such as DNA sequencing and genetic engineering, revolutionized

medicine and agriculture.
7. Contemporary Period:

• Current developments in artificial intelligence (AI), renewable energy, nanotechnology, and biomedical
advancements (e.g., CRISPR gene editing) continue to shape society.

• Sustainability and Ethical Challenges: With rapid technological progress, societies now face critical issues
such as climate change, data privacy, and ethical questions surrounding AI and genetic modification.

The historical antecedents of Science, Technology, and Society illustrate how human civilizations have continually
advanced through scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Each era brought significant transformations
that influenced societal structures, economies, cultures, and the way humans interact with the natural world.
Understanding these historical contexts is crucial for shaping ethical and responsible advancements in the future

How Science and Technology Affect Society

Science and technology have a profound impact on society, influencing every aspect of human life. Here are the key
ways in which they shape and transform societies:

1. Improving Quality of Life:

• Healthcare Advancements: Technological and scientific discoveries have revolutionized medicine, leading to
improved diagnostics, treatments, and life expectancy. Innovations such as vaccines, antibiotics, and medical
imaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans) have drastically reduced mortality rates and enhanced public health.

• Access to Information: The development of the internet and mobile technologies allows people to access
vast amounts of information, leading to greater educational opportunities and informed decision-making.

2. Economic Growth and Job Creation:

• Industrialization: Technological innovations in industries (e.g., manufacturing, agriculture, transportation)

have increased productivity, efficiency, and economic output. Industrial revolutions transformed economies
from agrarian to industrial and post-industrial societies.

• Job Creation: New technologies create industries (e.g., IT, renewable energy) and job opportunities.
However, automation and AI may also replace certain jobs, raising concerns about unemployment in some
sectors.

3. Globalization and Connectivity:

• Communication Technology: The rise of the internet, social media, and communication platforms has made
the world more interconnected. People from different parts of the globe can communicate and collaborate
instantly, sharing ideas, cultures, and knowledge.

• Global Trade and Economy: Advances in transportation and logistics technology have facilitated global trade
and allowed companies to operate in multiple countries, contributing to economic interdependence between
nations.
4. Societal and Cultural Changes:

• Changing Lifestyles: Innovations in technology (e.g., smartphones, streaming services) have altered the way
people interact, consume media, and conduct daily activities. Social media has become a major cultural
force, shaping public discourse and social trends.

• Cultural Shifts: Science and technology often challenge traditional values and norms. For example,
developments in biotechnology (e.g., cloning, genetic engineering) and reproductive technologies (e.g., IVF)
have sparked ethical debates and reshaped societal views on family and life.

5. Environmental Impact:

• Industrialization and Pollution: Technological advancements in industry and transportation have contributed
to environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.

• Sustainability Solutions: On the other hand, technology is also providing solutions to environmental issues.
Innovations in renewable energy (e.g., solar, wind), electric vehicles, and sustainable agriculture are helping
societies transition toward greener practices.

6. Ethical and Privacy Concerns:

• Data and Privacy Issues: With the rise of the digital age, technology has raised concerns about privacy and
data security. The use of surveillance technologies, big data, and social media platforms has sparked debates
over personal privacy and corporate responsibility.

• Ethical Dilemmas: Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, gene editing (CRISPR), and autonomous
machines bring ethical concerns regarding control, safety, and the societal impacts of delegating human
decisions to machines.

7. Political and Social Movements:

• Activism and Advocacy: Social media and communication technologies have empowered people to organize
and mobilize around social, political, and environmental issues. Movements like the Arab Spring, #MeToo,
and climate activism have gained momentum through online platforms.

• Government and Policy: Advances in science and technology often require governments to create new
policies and regulations. This includes laws around data privacy, AI ethics, environmental protection, and
healthcare innovations.

8. Enhancing Education and Knowledge:

• Educational Tools: Technology has transformed education by providing digital learning platforms, online
courses, and virtual classrooms, making education more accessible globally.

• Research and Innovation: Scientific research drives innovation, leading to technological breakthroughs that
push societies forward in fields like medicine, space exploration, and environmental sustainability.
9. Shaping Worldviews and Philosophies:

• Scientific Revolution: Discoveries in science (e.g., heliocentrism, evolution, quantum physics) have reshaped
how people understand the world and their place in it, challenging previous beliefs and philosophies.

• Technology and Identity: Modern technologies, such as social media and virtual reality, are influencing how
people form their identities, relationships, and social networks.

Science and technology play a crucial role in shaping societies by improving living conditions, driving economic
growth, and creating new opportunities. However, they also pose ethical challenges and environmental concerns,
requiring careful management to ensure responsible and sustainable development. The interaction between science,
technology, and society is dynamic, with each influencing the other in complex ways.
History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
The history of science and technology in the Philippines reflects the country's adaptation of global scientific
advancements and its own indigenous knowledge systems. Below is an overview of key developments throughout
different periods in the country's history:

Pre-colonial Period (Before 1521)

Indigenous Knowledge and Practices:

• Early Filipinos developed knowledge systems based on their interaction with nature, which were passed
down through oral traditions.

• Agriculture: Indigenous communities practiced slash-and-burn farming (kaingin), terracing (e.g., the Banaue
Rice Terraces), and fishing using tools like fish traps and boats.

• Astronomy: They used celestial bodies for navigation and to mark agricultural seasons.

• Herbal Medicine: Indigenous healers (known as albularyo or herbolario) used native plants for treating
various ailments, some of which are still practiced today.

Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)

Science and Technology Under Spanish Rule:

• The Spanish colonization introduced European scientific knowledge and technologies to the Philippines.

• Catholic Missions: Missionaries established schools and introduced Western education. Basic scientific ideas
were taught in schools founded by religious orders such as the Jesuits and Dominicans.

• Urban Planning and Architecture: The Spanish introduced the concept of urban planning, building stone
churches, roads, bridges, and government buildings.

• Agricultural Technology: Spanish colonizers introduced new crops like corn, cacao, and tobacco, as well as
advanced techniques in irrigation and farming.

• Galleon Trade: The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade from 1565 to 1815 facilitated the exchange of goods,
ideas, and scientific knowledge between Asia, the Americas, and Europe.

First Scientific Institutions:

• The University of Santo Tomas (founded in 1611) was among the first institutions to introduce formal
education in science and medicine.

• In 1687, the first scientific study in the country was conducted by Jesuit priest Fr. Juan Delgado, who
published a book on Philippine flora and fauna.

American Colonial Period (1898–1946)

Introduction of Modern Science and Technology:

• The Americans introduced modern science and a more secular education system to the Philippines.

• Public Education: The American government established the public school system, with the goal of
educating Filipinos in science, mathematics, and technology.
 • The University of the Philippines (UP) was established in 1908 as the country’s national university,
emphasizing higher education in science and engineering.

• Bureau of Science (1901): The U.S. government created the Bureau of Science, which became the primary
research institution for biology, chemistry, and agriculture. It later evolved into what is now the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST).

Infrastructure and Public Health:

• The Americans introduced significant infrastructure developments, including roads, bridges, ports, and
railway systems.

• Public health campaigns, particularly in the fight against diseases such as cholera and smallpox, were
conducted through vaccination programs.

Post-World War II Era (1946–1972)

Post-Independence Developments:

• After gaining independence in 1946, the Philippines focused on rebuilding its economy and infrastructure.
Science and technology became vital tools in national development.

• The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was established in 1958, reflecting the global interest in
nuclear energy.

• Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR) was created to improve agricultural productivity through
scientific research, eventually evolving into the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD).

Martial Law and the Marcos Era (1972–1986)

Focus on Industrialization:

• Under the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, science and technology were promoted as tools for
industrialization and modernization.

• National Grains Authority and other institutions were created to enhance food production, especially rice,
during the Green Revolution.

• The National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was formed in 1981 to promote scientific research
and technological development. This later became the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in
1987.

Projects and Infrastructure:

• Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP): Initiated during the Marcos regime to address the country’s energy
needs, the BNPP was completed in 1984 but never became operational due to safety concerns.

• Philippine Science High School (PSHS) was established in 1963 to cultivate scientific talent among Filipino
youth.

Post-EDSA Period (1986–2000s)

Reforms in Science and Technology:

• After the EDSA Revolution in 1986, there was a renewed focus on scientific research and education.
 • The DOST was tasked with strengthening the scientific and technological capabilities of the country. It
developed programs in various fields, including agriculture, industry, health, and disaster preparedness.

Emerging Technologies:

• Advances in information technology (IT) became a key focus of the 1990s and early 2000s, with the
government supporting the growth of IT industries and digital infrastructure.

• The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) were at the forefront of disaster
preparedness, especially after major natural disasters like the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.

Contemporary Period (2000s–Present)

Innovation and Globalization:

• The Philippines continues to invest in science and technology to address national concerns such as climate
change, agriculture, and renewable energy.

• Biotechnology: Advances in biotechnology have been applied to improve agricultural productivity,

particularly in rice and corn production.

• Space Technology: The Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) was established in 2019, marking the country's
growing interest in space exploration and satellite technology.

Research and Development:

• The Balik Scientist Program encourages Filipino scientists abroad to return and contribute to national
research efforts.

• The National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP) outlines the country’s science and technology agenda,
focusing on improving research, innovation, and global competitiveness.

The history of science and technology in the Philippines reflects a dynamic interplay between indigenous knowledge,
colonial influences, and modern advancements. Each period contributed to the development of science and
technology in the country, with current efforts focused on innovation, disaster resilience, and sustainable
development.
Filipino Scientists with Great Contributions to Science, Technology, and Society
Several Filipino scientists have made significant contributions to science and technology, impacting both the
Philippines and the global scientific community. Here are some of the most notable figures:

1. Dr. Fe del Mundo (1911–2011)

• Field: Pediatrics and Public Health

• Contributions:

o Dr. Fe del Mundo was the first woman admitted to Harvard Medical School and made numerous
contributions to pediatrics.

o She pioneered innovations in child healthcare in the Philippines, particularly in the treatment of
infectious diseases like dengue and measles.

o Dr. del Mundo invented an improvised incubator made from bamboo and cloth to help premature
infants in rural areas who didn’t have access to proper medical equipment.

o Founded the Philippine Children’s Medical Center, which continues to serve children nationwide.

• Impact on Society: Her innovations in pediatrics have saved countless lives, and her advocacy for child
healthcare continues to influence the country’s medical system today.

2. Dr. Ramon Cabanos Barba (1939–2021)

• Field: Horticulture and Plant Physiology

• Contributions:

o Dr. Ramon Barba revolutionized the Philippine mango industry by developing a technology that
induces flowering and fruiting of mango trees year-round using potassium nitrate.

o This breakthrough transformed the Philippines into one of the world's top mango producers.

• Awards: In 2014, he was awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines for his contributions to
agriculture.

• Impact on Society: His innovations led to increased mango production, benefiting farmers, boosting the
agricultural economy, and improving food security.

3. Dr. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.

• Field: Electrical Engineering and Control Systems

• Contributions:

o A well-known expert in electrical engineering, Dr. Cruz made contributions in the field of control
theory and automation, specifically in the study of system stability and control.

o He has published several important papers that contributed to the development of electrical and
electronic systems.

o He became a prominent figure in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and was
recognized internationally for his contributions.
 • Impact on Society: His work has applications in automation, communications, and other technologies that
affect various industries, improving efficiency and system reliability.

4. Dr. Angel Alcala

• Field: Marine Biology and Environmental Science

• Contributions:

o Dr. Alcala is known for his work in marine conservation and biodiversity. He promoted the creation
of artificial coral reefs to restore damaged marine ecosystems.

o His research on marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Philippines has led to policies that conserve
marine biodiversity and enhance fish stocks.

o Served as the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and as
chair of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).

• Awards: He was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014.

• Impact on Society: Dr. Alcala’s conservation work has greatly contributed to the protection of the Philippines'
rich marine biodiversity, ensuring sustainable fishing practices and marine resource management.

5. Dr. Arturo Alcaraz (1916–2001)

• Field: Geothermal Energy

• Contributions:

o Dr. Alcaraz is known as the father of geothermal energy in the Philippines. He led the first successful
geothermal power generation project in the country in 1967 in Tiwi, Albay.

o His team drilled the first well and demonstrated the potential for geothermal energy as a renewable
energy source, which led to the development of the Philippines’ geothermal power industry.

o The Philippines is now one of the world's largest producers of geothermal energy.

• Impact on Society: Dr. Alcaraz’s work contributed to the development of sustainable energy sources,
reducing the Philippines' dependence on fossil fuels and making geothermal energy a significant part of the
country's energy supply.

6. Dr. Julian Banzon (1908–1988)

• Field: Biochemistry

• Contributions:

o Dr. Julian Banzon pioneered research in alternative fuels, particularly on the production of ethanol
from coconut and sugarcane, which could serve as a renewable fuel source.

o He also developed methods for extracting coconut oil by chemical means and contributed to
research on the nutritional value of local crops.

• Impact on Society: His work on alternative fuels has been foundational for the biofuel industry, promoting
sustainability and providing renewable energy solutions for the Philippines.
7. Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing (1895–1986)

• Field: Botany

• Contributions:

o Dr. Quisumbing was a renowned Filipino botanist who specialized in the study of Philippine
medicinal plants. He published several works that cataloged the country's diverse plant species.

o His most notable work is the “Medicinal Plants of the Philippines”, which became an essential
resource for understanding the uses of indigenous plants in traditional medicine.

• Impact on Society: His research has provided valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of native
plants, influencing healthcare practices and promoting the use of natural remedies in the Philippines.

8. Dr. Gavino Trono

• Field: Marine Botany

• Contributions:

o Known as the Father of Seaweed Farming in the Philippines, Dr. Trono has made groundbreaking
contributions to the cultivation of seaweed, particularly Eucheuma, which is used to produce
carrageenan, a thickening agent in food and other products.

o His research and efforts in seaweed farming have helped the Philippines become one of the world’s
leading producers of seaweed and seaweed products.

• Awards: Dr. Trono was named a National Scientist in 2014 for his contributions to marine botany and
seaweed farming.

• Impact on Society: His work has greatly benefited coastal communities by providing a sustainable livelihood
through seaweed farming, improving local economies.

Maria Ylagan Orosa (1893–1945)

Field: Food Science and Technology

Known For: Food Preservation and Culinary Innovations

Contributions:

Maria Ylagan Orosa was a pioneering Filipino food technologist, pharmacist, and war heroine who made significant
contributions to food science, particularly in the areas of food preservation, nutrition, and culinary innovation.

1. Invention of Soyalac and Darak (Rice Bran Powder):

• Soyalac: A highly nutritious protein-rich drink made from soybeans, which was designed to combat
malnutrition during World War II.

• Darak: Made from rice bran, this was another product developed by Orosa to address nutritional
deficiencies. Both inventions became crucial food sources during wartime when food supplies were scarce.

2. Banana Ketchup:

• One of her most famous inventions is banana ketchup, a Filipino condiment made from mashed bananas,
vinegar, spices, and food coloring. Since tomatoes were expensive and scarce during the war, Orosa used
bananas, which were abundant in the Philippines, as an alternative.

• Banana ketchup has since become a staple condiment in Filipino households and is still widely used today.
3. Food Preservation Techniques:

• Orosa developed various food preservation methods that helped Filipino farmers extend the shelf life of their
products. She introduced ways to can local fruits, vegetables, and seafood, enabling better food security.

• She also introduced canning techniques for adobo, a popular Filipino dish, and other Filipino specialties,
helping ensure food supplies during wartime and in disaster-stricken areas.

4. Role During World War II:

• During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, Orosa used her food science knowledge to
secretly help feed Filipino and American prisoners of war by smuggling Soyalac and Darak into POW camps.

• Unfortunately, she died in 1945 during the Battle of Manila, when the hospital she was volunteering in was
hit by bombs.

Legacy:

• Maria Orosa is remembered as a national hero for her contributions to both food science and the Filipino
people during a time of great need. Her innovations not only improved food security and nutrition in the
Philippines but also became part of the national culinary identity.

• The Maria Y. Orosa Hall at the Bureau of Plant Industry and several streets in the Philippines are named in
her honor.

Her work has had a lasting impact on Filipino cuisine and nutrition, as her inventions remain popular and widely used
in modern Filipino households.

These Filipino scientists have made significant contributions to various fields, impacting not only science and
technology but also the well-being and progress of society. Their work in medicine, agriculture, energy, and
environmental conservation has shaped national policies, improved industries, and contributed to sustainable
development in the Philippines.
The work of Daniel Dingel, Kyxz Mendiola, and the City of Pearl project in Manila showcase how science and
technology drive innovation in the Philippines and how these advancements impact society. Their contributions
reflect the interplay between scientific development, technological breakthroughs, and their effects on
sustainability, mobility, and urban planning.

1. Daniel Dingel – Water-Powered Car

Technology and Innovation:

• Daniel Dingel is a Filipino inventor who claimed to have developed a car that runs on water as fuel in the
1960s. According to Dingel, his invention used water as a source of hydrogen, which was then used to power
an internal combustion engine, drastically reducing or eliminating the need for fossil fuels.

Relation to Science and Technology:

• Dingel's invention is based on the principle of extracting hydrogen from water (via electrolysis), a potential
clean energy source. Hydrogen, as a renewable energy technology, has been explored globally for its ability
to provide a sustainable alternative to conventional fuel sources like gasoline and diesel.

• If feasible, such an invention would represent a major leap in green technology, addressing the global
energy crisis and environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions and dependence on non-
renewable fossil fuels.

Impact on Society:

• Although Dingel's claims remain controversial and have not been scientifically validated or commercialized,
the concept of a water-powered car inspired debates about the future of sustainable transportation.

• Dingel’s work aligns with societal efforts to reduce carbon footprints and promote environmental
stewardship in response to climate change, which remains a pressing issue for the Philippines due to its
vulnerability to environmental disasters.

2. Kyxz Mendiola – Flying Car (Koncepto Millenya)

Technology and Innovation:

• Kyxz Mendiola, a Filipino inventor, developed the Koncepto Millenya, a prototype of a flying car, also known
as a personal aerial vehicle (PAV). The flying car is an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicle
designed to transport individuals through urban airspaces, similar to drones.

Relation to Science and Technology:

• The Koncepto Millenya is a product of advancements in aeronautics and drone technology. It combines
breakthroughs in electric propulsion systems, lightweight materials, and automated flight systems.

• It is part of the growing global urban air mobility (UAM) industry, which seeks to alleviate traffic congestion
in cities by offering alternative air-based transportation.

Impact on Society:

• The development of flying cars like Koncepto Millenya has the potential to revolutionize urban mobility,
particularly in densely populated cities like Metro Manila, which suffer from severe traffic congestion.

• If fully developed and commercialized, flying cars could provide quicker, more efficient transportation,
improving productivity and quality of life by reducing travel times.
 • However, it also raises concerns about regulation, safety, infrastructure, and the social divide between those
who can afford such advanced technologies and those who cannot. Its development opens discussions on
the ethics of technology, as well as the socioeconomic impact on society.

3. City of Pearl Project – Smart City in Manila Bay

Technology and Innovation:

• The City of Pearl project, proposed in Manila Bay, is envisioned as a smart city that integrates advanced
technologies to create a sustainable and highly connected urban area. The project includes renewable
energy systems, smart transportation networks, green architecture, and high-tech infrastructure designed
to improve living conditions and environmental sustainability.

Relation to Science and Technology:

• The City of Pearl relies on cutting-edge urban planning, renewable energy, artificial intelligence (AI), and
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to create an efficient, eco-friendly, and self-sustaining urban ecosystem.

• Smart city technologies involve interconnected systems that allow for real-time monitoring of infrastructure,
transportation, energy usage, waste management, and more. These technologies enhance the efficiency of
city operations, reduce resource consumption, and promote better environmental management.

Impact on Society:

• The City of Pearl aims to tackle problems related to urbanization, including overpopulation, pollution, and
inefficient public services. By creating an intelligently designed city, it promotes a high standard of living,
sustainable resource use, and the mitigation of environmental impacts.

• It is also intended to boost economic development, providing jobs in high-tech industries and serving as a
model for future smart city developments in the Philippines and globally.

• However, the project also raises concerns about socioeconomic inequalities, as such developments often
cater to high-income individuals, potentially increasing the divide between social classes.

Interplay of Science, Technology, and Society

The works of Daniel Dingel, Kyxz Mendiola, and the City of Pearl project showcase how science and technology
influence society by addressing critical issues such as energy consumption, mobility, and sustainability:

1. Daniel Dingel’s water-powered car represents the promise of clean energy technology, reflecting society’s
quest for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.

2. Kyxz Mendiola’s flying car offers a glimpse into the future of urban mobility, addressing issues like traffic
congestion, by raising questions about regulation, infrastructure, and social
 Science, Technology, and Society in Ancient Times
The relationship between science, technology, and society in ancient times was foundational to human
progress. Early innovations in these fields played critical roles in shaping civilizations, solving practical
problems, and advancing knowledge. Ancient societies developed technologies and scientific understanding
that laid the groundwork for modern advances. Here’s an overview of how science and technology impacted
ancient societies:

1. Early Science and Knowledge Systems

Observation of Nature:

• Ancient civilizations heavily relied on observation of natural phenomena to understand their environment.
They studied the movement of the stars, moon phases, weather patterns, and seasons to develop
calendars, improve agriculture, and navigate trade routes.

• This led to the early foundations of astronomy in civilizations like the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Mayans,
who constructed observatories and made detailed records of celestial events.

Mathematics and Geometry:

• Ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, Indians, and Greeks developed sophisticated systems
of mathematics to solve practical problems in construction, trade, and astronomy.

• The Egyptians used geometry for building the pyramids, while the Babylonians created early forms of
algebra and trigonometry.

• Ancient Indian mathematicians, particularly in the Indus Valley Civilization, contributed significantly to the
understanding of numbers and place value, while the Greeks made lasting contributions with Euclidean
geometry and Pythagorean theorems.

Medicine:

• Early science in medicine was based on a mixture of observation, traditional remedies, and religious
practices. Egyptians, Chinese, and Indian societies developed advanced medical knowledge, including the
use of herbs, surgeries, and understanding anatomy.

• The Hippocratic Corpus in ancient Greece laid the foundation for modern Western medicine by emphasizing
natural causes of illness rather than supernatural explanations.

• In ancient India, Ayurveda emerged as a comprehensive system of medicine that integrated science,
philosophy, and spirituality.

2. Ancient Technology and Engineering

Agriculture:

• The development of agricultural technologies had a profound effect on early societies, transitioning them
from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more stable, settled communities.

• Early tools like plows, irrigation systems, and crop rotation enabled societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China,
and the Indus Valley to increase food production and sustain larger populations.

• The domestication of animals and the invention of tools for farming, such as hoes and sickles, improved
efficiency and laid the foundation for agrarian economies.

Architecture and Engineering:

• Ancient societies created monumental structures using sophisticated engineering and construction
techniques. Examples include the pyramids of Egypt, the ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the Great Wall of
China, and the aqueducts of Rome.

• Engineering feats like irrigation systems, bridges, and fortifications were crucial in supporting larger
populations and defending cities.

• The Romans advanced building technologies with the use of concrete and complex designs for infrastructure,
including roads, baths, and coliseums, setting standards for future engineering practices.

Metallurgy:

• The ability to work with metals like copper, bronze, and later iron transformed societies. The Bronze Age
(around 3300–1200 BCE) saw the widespread use of bronze tools and weapons, which were stronger and
more durable than stone.

• The Iron Age (starting around 1200 BCE) further revolutionized societies by introducing iron tools and
weapons, allowing for more efficient farming, stronger military capabilities, and the development of urban
centers.

• Metallurgy was closely linked to trade and societal development, as it enabled the creation of tools,
ornaments, and weapons, contributing to both economic prosperity and warfare.

3. Science and Technology in Governance and Society

Writing and Communication:

• The invention of writing systems in ancient times revolutionized the way societies functioned. Early forms of
writing, like cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt, allowed societies to keep records, codify
laws, and communicate across vast empires.

• Writing also facilitated the transmission of knowledge across generations, contributing to the development
of literature, philosophy, and science.

• The development of papyrus in Egypt and later paper in China enabled the recording and dissemination of
ideas, laws, and administrative practices, supporting the centralization of governments.

Law and Social Order:

• Science and technology also contributed to the development of legal systems and social order in ancient
societies. For example, Hammurabi's Code in ancient Babylon was one of the earliest legal codes, established
through a combination of societal norms and written laws.

• The use of technological tools for record-keeping, taxation, and administration helped to govern large
empires, such as the Roman Empire, Ancient China, and the Persian Empire.

• These advancements in governance were supported by technologies like road systems, which enabled
effective communication and control over large territories.

Navigation and Exploration:

• Early technologies in navigation, such as the compass, astrolabe, and celestial navigation, allowed ancient
societies to explore and expand their territories.

• The Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans were skilled maritime explorers who used advanced shipbuilding
techniques to explore new trade routes and establish colonies.

• These technological advancements in navigation played a critical role in shaping the cultural and economic
exchanges between societies, leading to the spread of knowledge, goods, and technologies across regions.
 4. Impact on Society

Cultural Development:

• The development of science and technology had a profound impact on culture, religion, and social
structures. The ability to produce surplus food through advanced agriculture led to the rise of urban centers,
trade, and specialization of labor.

• These advancements enabled the growth of art, architecture, philosophy, and religious practices. Temples,
pyramids, and other monumental structures became symbols of the integration of science and religion, as
they were often built for religious or astronomical purposes.

Technological Influence on Warfare:

• Technological advancements also had a significant impact on warfare. The development of weapons, such as
bronze and iron swords, chariots, and siege equipment, shifted the balance of power between ancient
civilizations.

• Civilizations with more advanced technologies were often able to expand their territories, leading to the rise
of empires like those of Egypt, Persia, and Rome.

Health and Medicine:

• Advancements in medicine and public health helped early societies manage disease, improve life
expectancy, and care for large populations. Public health innovations, such as Roman aqueducts and
Egyptian sanitation systems, contributed to the welfare of their societies.

In ancient times, science and technology were deeply intertwined with the development of societies,
shaping not only their economies and governance but also their cultural and social structures. Whether
through innovations in agriculture, engineering, or medicine, these advancements had lasting impacts on
civilization, setting the stage for the continued growth of human knowledge and technological progress.
Mankind: The Story of All of Us, cover humanity’s journey from its origins to
the present day. These documentaries explore how early humans overcame their physical limitations by using tools,
fire, and farming, enabling them to survive and build civilizations. They delve into significant milestones, such as the
rise of empires, the development of technology, and the enduring quest for knowledge and survival.

The series portrays humanity’s constant evolution and innovation in the face of challenges, from ancient civilizations
to modern societies. It emphasizes how humans shaped and were shaped by their environment, as well as how our
shared history connects all of us to those who came before and those who will come after.

Key Themes:

1. Human Ingenuity and Adaptation: The documentary emphasizes the role of innovation in human survival,
from the development of tools and fire to the advent of agriculture. These innovations not only addressed
immediate needs but also laid the groundwork for the formation of complex societies. This ties closely to STS
concepts, illustrating how scientific and technological advancements drive social change.

2. Impact of Technology on Society: The series delves into how technology influenced social structures,
economies, and cultures. For instance, the rise of agriculture led to settled communities, which in turn
fostered the development of trade, governance, and written language. This relationship highlights a core
tenet of STS: the reciprocal influence between technology and societal organization.

3. Cultural Evolution: The documentary discusses the cultural aspects of human history, including the
development of art, religion, and social hierarchies, which were often influenced by technological
advancements. The ability to produce surplus food, for instance, allowed for the specialization of labor,
leading to the emergence of diverse cultural expressions and institutions.

4. Challenges and Responses: Throughout history, humanity has faced numerous challenges—natural disasters,
resource scarcity, and conflict. The series illustrates how societies responded through innovation and
collaboration, showcasing the resilience of human beings. This aspect resonates with STS discussions on how
societal needs drive scientific inquiry and technological progress.

5. Global Connections: The documentary highlights the interconnectedness of human societies. As trade routes
expanded and cultures interacted, knowledge and technology spread, leading to significant advancements
and cultural exchanges. This global perspective aligns with the STS framework, which examines how local
developments can have far-reaching implications.

"The History of Mankind" serves as a compelling narrative that intertwines science, technology, and societal
development. It provides valuable insights into the fundamental forces that have shaped human history and
continues to resonate with contemporary discussions in STS. By understanding this historical context, we can better
appreciate the ongoing dialogue between technology and society, recognizing the implications of our past as we
forge ahead into the future.

1. The Rise of Agriculture: The transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural
communities marked a significant turning point in human history. This shift enabled food surplus, population
growth, and the establishment of permanent settlements, leading to the formation of cities and complex
societies.

2. The Development of Civilizations: The emergence of early civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the
Indus Valley, facilitated advancements in writing, law, and governance. Innovations like the wheel and
irrigation systems transformed transportation and agriculture, contributing to societal complexity and trade.

3. The Age of Exploration: The desire for trade and discovery during the Age of Exploration (15th to 17th
centuries) resulted in significant cultural exchanges and the establishment of global trade routes. This period
saw European powers expand their empires, leading to the exchange of goods, ideas, and, unfortunately,
conflicts and colonization.
 4. The Industrial Revolution: Starting in the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution revolutionized
production processes through mechanization. This transition shifted economies from agrarian to industrial,
significantly impacting urbanization, labor, and technological innovation, laying the groundwork for the
modern world.

5. World Wars and Technological Advances: The World Wars of the 20th century spurred rapid technological
advancements, including developments in medicine, communication, and warfare technologies. The
consequences of these wars reshaped international relations and contributed to movements toward
globalization and cooperation.

These events illustrate the intricate relationship between human innovation and societal evolution. The documentary
provides a broad narrative that connects these significant milestones, emphasizing how each shaped the trajectory of
human history.