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A discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a

topic, where concepts and insights are arranged in an
organized and logical manner. Also, it refers to the way
how language is used to convey meanings or to propel
action or provoke a specific response.
Purposes of Discourse
1. To inform – A discourse that aims to inform provides a
descriptive and comprehensive discussion on the
topic. It points out what one should know about a topic
or subject.
2. To persuade – A discourse that aims to persuade tries
to convince the readers that the proposed claim or
solution is better than any other proposal.
3. To entertain – A discourse that aims to amuse
provides a source of entertainment for its readers.
Types of Discourse
1. Argumentation – aims to persuade the audience or
readers.
2. Description – is based on the main impression of the
author about the topic or subject.
3. Exposition – aims to inform, clarify, and explain a
phenomenon.
4. Narration – This type of discourse is like storytelling. It
recalls events chronologically.
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A literary discourse is generally focused on creative
works, including nonfiction. Also, it includes texts that are
used strictly for business communication.
An academic discourse is expository or argumentative in
nature. Sometimes, it presents an individual’s insights
regarding a concept or method in a scholarly way.

Brainstorming helps you generate topics and narrow

them down to a few important ideas. With a brainstorming
list, you can generate ideas quickly and recall specific
information about a topic.
Graphic organizers are a way to organize information
visually to see how ideas relate to one another.

Types of graphic organizers include the:

Mind Map is used to represent your knowledge of a
concept or idea.
Venn Diagram is used to show the similarities and
differences between two or more people, objects, or
ideas.
Flowchart is used to show the different steps in a
process.
Hierarchical Topical Organizer shows the order of
ideas and their place in a hierarchy.
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Writing Scientific Papers (WRITING IN SCIENCES)
When writing scientific papers, remember the acronym
OJHR. These are what constitute a good scientific text.
Objectivity- any written scientific content must focus
on facts and must not be influenced by personal views
or opinions.
Jargon- scientific texts require language precision.
Hypothesis an idea or a theory that is not yet proven.
The hypothesis is supported by concrete evidence or
experiments to test its viability and efficiency.
Research essential in writing scientific papers. You
must collect quantitative information. Once you feel
you have gathered enough data, you can proceed to
analyzing and interpreting these data to come to a
conclusion.
The common types of scientific text are;
Case Study - is a careful and intensive study of a
specific subject or variable in which scientists or
researchers identify what leads to its success or
failure. The subject can be an epidemic, phenomenon,
a group of persons, or any event that changes over
time.
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The common types of scientific text are;
Laboratory Report - is a formal documentation of an
experiment, which includes the objectives, methods,
and results. When writing a lab report, make sure that
you establish these three things. Laboratory reports
document a scientist’s progress in applying a scientific
method.
Field Report - it aims to analyze behavior patterns
manifested by the subject based on specific theories. It
is descriptive in nature as it provides a detailed
account of what the researcher has observed among
the subjects (e.g., people, events, places, etc.) and his
or her analysis of the situation.
Purposes of Business Writing
1. To incite action
2. To elicit responses
Common Writings in Business
Memorandum is a form of written communication in a
corporate setting. Its main purpose is to inform or
convey messages to concerned people or
departments. It may also be used to solve problems in
the business.
Résumé is a type of business text that is crucial in
getting the job that you want. This is a short document
that shows a person’s educational and professional
background.
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Common Writings in Business
Letter of request it aims to convince a person in
authority or in charge to grant permission for an action
to be done or accomplished.
Humanities is a collective term for the arts, languages,
and philosophies. It also involves literature, music, film,
and history.
Common Writings in the Humanities
Critique contains a writer’s opinion of the quality of
any piece of writing or work of art. They are often
written by subject-matter experts also known as critics
of the relevant field.
Review assess a particular work, such as a movie,
book, or music.

Citation is quoting a passage, book, or author as evidence

for or justification of an argument or statement.
Citation guides refer to carefully crafted formats that are
used to acknowledge sources of information.
The American Psychological Association (APA) is
commonly used in social sciences, while the Modern
Language Association (MLA) is commonly used in
humanities.
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The APA, MLA, and other formats you might encounter
will typically contain the following elements:
Author’s name
Title of work (book, article, etc.)
Year of publication
Page number(s)
Volume or issue number(s) or edition(s)
A narration relates an incident or a series of events.
A description tells what someone or something is like. It
has concrete and specific details.
A definition paragraph explains a concept, term, or
subject.
A paragraph using exemplification shows, proves, or
explains a general idea or point. The main idea is
explained by examples.
A paragraph using classification sorts or arranges
subjects into groups or categories. The groups or
categories are based on the common or shared
characteristics of the subjects.
The comparison and contrast pattern of development
shows how things are similar or dissimilar. It can be used
both in the development of a text or paragraph depending
on your purpose.
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The cause-and-effect pattern explains how an event or
action leads to another. There are three ways to use the
cause-and-effect pattern in writing: (1) cause to effect; (2)
effect to cause; and (3) consecutive cause and effect.
The problem-solution pattern is used in writing to deal
with topics that pose problems and present solutions in a
logical manner. It has three variations: (1) problem-solution
pattern; (2) problem-cause-solution pattern; and (3)
problem-process-solution pattern.
The process analysis pattern discusses the steps
required in a process. It can be instructional or informative.

A paragraph is a group of sentences. A good paragraph

has the following: (1) a single main idea, (2) topic
sentence, and (3) supporting details that further explain or
elaborate the main idea.
The main idea is the main point or central idea in the
paragraph. It is stated in the topic sentence, which can be
found in the beginning, middle, or end of the paragraph.
Then, the main idea is elaborated, supported, or explained
by supporting details or supporting ideas in the
paragraph.
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Cohesion refers to the unity of ideas in a paragraph.
Every supporting detail in a paragraph supports the main
idea (the topic sentence).
Coherence is the quality of being logical and well-
organized. The details of a coherent paragraph follow a
certain logical order; the connections between the ideas
are reinforced by transitional devices.

The typical structure of a text is composed of the

introduction, body, and conclusion.
Aside from having the three basic parts, cohesion and
coherence make a well-written text. With such qualities,
the structure of an entire text becomes clear.

good luck!