EXERCISE 4:
M-PHASE; MITOSIS
Biol22p- Principles of Genetics
(Laboratory)
Kumusta?
Topic Outline
Pre-Lab. Discussion
Group Activity
Individual Laboratory Report
PRE-LAB. DISCUSSION:
CELL DIVISION-MITOSIS
Learning Outcomes
• Describe the components of the cell
• Define a chromosome and identify its parts
• Identify the stages in mitosis and meiosis
• Explain the significance of mitosis
The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• G1 Phase
• S Phase
• G2 Phase
INTERPHASE
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• G1 Phase
• S Phase
• G2 Phase
• M-Phase
M PHASE • P-M-A-T
P-M-A-T
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• G1 Phase
• S Phase
• G2 Phase
• M-Phase
CYTOKINESIS • P-M-A-T
• Cytokinesis
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Interphase
• Majority of the cell
cycle
• Three phases:
• G1 (Gap 1) Phase
• ↑ cell volume,
accumulation of
resources
•S (Synthesis) Phase
• DNA replication
Interphase
• Majority of the cell cycle
• Three phases:
• G1 (Gap 1) Phase
• ↑ cell volume, accumulation of
resources
• S (Synthesis) Phase
• DNA replication (2n)
• Each chromatin fiber is
doubled
• G2 (Gap 2) Phase
• Synthesis of RNA and
proteins for chromosome
synthesis
• Chromatin fiber folds to form
a chromosome
G0 Phase
• Not all cells can be
replicated forever
• Quiescence (dormancy)
• Senescence (deterioration
with or without aging)
• Prevent damaged DNA &
organelles from getting
passed on to daughter
cells
• No more room in a tissue
or organ
Cell at Interphase
• Distinct nucleus,
enclosed by nuclear
membrane
• Nucleolus – dark
round structure inside
the nucleus
• Dark granules -
chromatin
Checkpoints
• Cells “examine”
themselves and decide if
they are “fit” to proceed to
cell division
• 3 Most Important
Checkpoints
• G1 Checkpoint
• Checks cell size, nutrients,
growth factors, DNA damage
• G2 Checkpoint
• DNA damage, Replication
completeness
• Spindle Checkpoint
• Chromosome attachment to
spindle
Cell Cycle Regulators
• Cyclins
• Cyclin-dependent
kinases (Cdks)
• APC/C Enzyme complex
Mitosis
• Occursin somatic cells
• Produces two DIPLOID (2n)
daughter cells with the
same number of
chromosomes as the parent
cell
• For
• Growth & Repair
• Asexual reproduction
• P-M-A-T
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Prophase
• DNA is condensed
• Nuclear membrane is disintegrated
• Spindle fibers are produced
Metaphase
• Spindlefibers attach to the
centromere of sister
chromatids
• Chromosomes align at
metaphase plate
Anaphase
• Centromeres break apart & sister
chromatids separate
• Chromatids move towards the
opposite poles
Telophase
• Chromosomes decondense
• Nuclear membrane forms
around each mass of
daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
• Phragmoplast –
deliver vesicles which
forms the cell plate
EXERCISE 4: M-PHASE; MITOSIS
GROUP ACTIVITY
A.Preparation for Allium cepa Linn. (Root Tips) Temporary Wet
Mounts and Microscopic Examination of Dividing Cells (Mitosis).
1.Prepare an onion bulb by removing the outer skin and dry roots.
2.Place the bulb on a petri dish lined with filter paper. Slightly lift the
bulbs using toothpicks or screen wire so that only the base will be in
contact with water.
3.When about 3mm if roots have emerged (usually after 24 hours), cut
off the roots. Subject them to cold shock treatment by immersing
them in ice cold water for two hours before fixation.
3. Transfer the root tips in Farmer’s solution for at least 24 hours.
4. Replace the Farmer’s solution with 70% ethyl alcohol.
5. Soften the root tips in 1 N HCl for 5-10 minutes before slide
preparations.
6. Prepare temporary mounts using acetocarmine squash technique.
7. Examine the slides and observe the cells under division.
8. Find and take photomicrographs of all the phases in mitosis.
Individual Lab. Report
Procedure
1. Answer the set of questions found in the answer
sheet.
2. Answer(s) of the chosen guide question(s) assigned
by the instructor.
3. The student must present the answer sheet with their
name and selected guide question(s) to the laboratory
instructor for counter signature.
EXERCISE 4:
M-PHASE; MITOSIS
Biol22p- Principles of Genetics
(Laboratory)
