Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 117, Issue 1 (2024) 60-70
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid
Mechanics and Thermal Sciences
Journal homepage:
https://semarakilmu.com.my/journals/index.php/fluid_mechanics_thermal_sciences/index
ISSN: 2289-7879
Thermal Performance Study on Coconut Husk and Kenaf Fibre as Thermal
Insulation Materials
Nik Kechik Mujahidah Nik Abdul Rahman1, Syamimi Saadon1,*, Raja Eizzuddin Shah Raja
Muhammad Azhan Shah1, Abd Rahim Abu Talib1, Ezanee Gires1, Hanim Salleh2, Nasser Abdellatif3
1 Aerodynamics, Heat Transfer and Propulsion (AHTP) Group, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history: Waste heat accounts for 20-50% of industrial energy use, with Southeast Asia processing
Received 2 November 2023 40 million tonnes of oil equivalent. Heat losses especially in engines can reduce efficiency,
Received in revised form 7 April 2024 leading to extensive studies to reduce heat loss and improve thermal performance. Heat
Accepted 18 April 2024 recovery systems are being studied for recovering lower-grade energy, but not many of
Available online 15 May 2024
them are suitable and economically effective for low temperature waste heat. The
objectives of this study are to develop low thermal conductivity agricultural-based
material for thermal insulation and investigate the agricultural-based materials' impact
on heat transfer rate. The agricultural-based materials that were used in this experiment
were coconut husk and kenaf fibre due to their practically low thermal conductivity. The
specimens were prepared using two different methods which were needle felting method
and fibre-resin blending method. The experiment revealed that coconut husk fibre
Keywords: reinforced with resin (CHER) has the lowest thermal conductivity value of 0.0410 W/m.K
Coconut husk; kenaf fibre; thermal and the lowest overall heat transfer rate of 2.85 W, making it an ideal thermal insulation
insulator; waste heat material to be used for low-temperature applications.
1. Introduction
The industrial sector is one of the top three energy consumers in the world. As a result, the
volume of industrial waste heat is likely to be significant. This heat can be recovered and utilised in
other operations on-site, such as preheating furnace loads and incoming water or combustion air, or
being converted into electricity, cold, or another sort of heat. It is estimated that around 20-50% of
total industrial energy use is discharged as waste heat [1].
Heat losses to the environment may reduce the efficiency of a machine that generates energy
from a heat source. This has become a problem in most types of engines that are using combustion.
In regard to this, waste heat recovery is an important technology for strategic energy deployment
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mimisaadon@upm.edu.my
https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.117.1.6070
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Volume 117, Issue 1 (2024) 60-70
since it may efficiently ease energy shortages and minimize pollution emissions. Waste-heat sources
can be loosely divided into three types based on their ability to withstand a wide range of
temperatures: low-grade waste-heat (<230°C), medium-grade waste-heat (230-650°C), and high-
grade waste-heat (>650°C) [2]. Although there are various waste heat recovery systems available,
none are economically effective in the recovery of low temperature waste heat. Although low
temperature waste heat accounts for 63% of all waste heat, it is difficult to recover this energy,
therefore the problem might be overlooked [3].
As a result, heat transfer improvement is an important technique to improve the heat transfer
efficiency of the engine [4]. A significant number of studies have been done in order to decrease heat
loss and improve engine thermal performance by adding extra surface heat transfer area, using
nanofluid etc. [5-8]. In order to improve engine performance, it has become popular to insulate heat
transfer surfaces including the valves, piston, cylinder head, combustion chamber and cylinder wall.
In turn, the engine's cylinder walls can get hotter and produce more energy from exhaust gases
thanks to insulation that prevents heat from escaping to the cooling system [9]. Thermal insulation
is essential for energy management in order to minimise energy waste and increase energy efficiency
because thermal energy is diffusive. The lowering of heat conductivity of suitable materials that can
be engineered into compositions and structures is the foundation of thermal insulation [10,11].
One of possible solutions is by using natural fibre-based materials derived from sustainable raw
material. These types of materials are becoming increasingly popular as thermal insulation materials.
This includes natural fibres from agricultural products such as coconut husk, palm fibre and many
more. They have very strong sound and heat insulation capabilities, typically better and more
beneficial than synthetic fibres, due to their low mass density and cell structure. A significant benefit
of natural fibre insulation is not just its low heat conductivity but also the natural quality of the input
fibres. Another advantage is that it is a renewable substance that has no harmful impact to the
environment. For example, when compared to mineral wool, natural fibre insulation offers
equivalent, if not superior, thermal technical properties [12]. According to Dhivar and Patil [13],
thermal insulation products made of mineral wool, fibreglass, or polyurethane foams can be harmful
to the environment and human health while having low heat conductivity, good moisture protection,
and fire resistance. Therefore, natural agricultural insulators are a preferable option to synthetic
thermal insulation made of mineral fibres and foam-plastic materials when it comes to
environmental concerns. Since they are created entirely of natural materials without the use of
chemical binders, these environmentally friendly natural thermal insulators may be able to rival more
traditional insulating materials.
Moreover, agricultural by-products have been proven as effective thermal insulators. The greater
the heat conductivity, the lower the thermal insulation. The agricultural by-products studied by
Dhivar and Patil [13] have excellent thermal insulation capabilities since their thermal conductivity is
far lower than that of artificial insulators. All of the specimens examined have low heat conductivity,
indicating excellent thermal insulation qualities. Rice husk has the highest thermal conductivity of
0.077 W/mK while sunflower stalk has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0378 W/mK. Palm fibre,
hemp, banana fibre, bagasse, and coconut fibre are the remaining items in increasing order of heat
conductivity.
Another recent study by Nadir et al., [14] investigated the energy efficiency of a solar collector
with thermal insulation made of date palm wood and glass wool experimentally. The influence of
vegetable materials on the solar collector's air design was examined, and the results showed that a
petiole with gypsum can effectively serve as a thermal insulating material for the solar air collector.
Compared to the glass wool insulated collector, the thermal efficiency of the Petiole + gypsum
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insulated collector was found to be 37.7% higher, making it a more effective choice for thermal
insulation in the solar air collector.
This paper will eventually concentrate on agricultural by-products such as thermal insulation
materials to reduce heat losses which generally occurs in industrial process. The usage of these
materials will not only produce a novel agricultural-based product but is also less polluting and
environmentally friendly. The effectiveness of these materials will be then evaluated by applying
these materials to the outer layer of a cylindrical-wall engine. To the authors’ knowledge, there is
very little work being done regarding fabrication of this insulation material in a cylindrical pipe form
that can represent hydraulic pipes in engines. This is done in fulfilling the primary goals of limiting
heat losses to the surrounding environment and, most crucially, in analyzing the heat transfer
performance.
2. Methodology
2.1 Data Collection
The materials that were selected for this testing were coconut husk and kenaf fibre, and samples
were prepared with two methods which were needle felting method and fibre-resin blending. Sensor
calibration was done on the thermocouple and heat flux sensor by applying heat to the system
without the specimen until the sensors give consistent readings or the readings do not fluctuate. The
system is then heated consistently, and temperature data is collected and logged at regular intervals.
Then the different samples were analyzed, and the best insulator based on the thermal conductivity
value and heat transfer rate were identified.
Data analysis includes calculating temperature differences and plotting graphs to visualize trends.
If the thermal conductivity of the specimens fails to meet the criterion of being below 0.07 W/m.K,
then it is necessary to suggest a new material with improved thermal insulation properties. This is
because materials with thermal conductivity values equal to or below 0.07 W/m.K are considered
the most suitable for thermal insulation applications [13]. The data logger that was used in this
experiment was the AGILENT 34970A®. The data logger AGILENT 34970A® allows for precise
measurement of a variety of parameters. To provide a more precise and detailed analysis, data is
gathered every 10 seconds.
2.2 Materials Preparation
A stainless-steel cylinder pipe was used to represent the hot section or the walls of the heat
recovery systems which absorbs heat. The stainless-steel cylinder pipe which measures around one
foot was purchased from a hardware store. It is then cut into three, using a circular saw with 10 cm
length each. The diameter of the stainless-steel cylinder is 5 cm.
Previous studies revealed that coconut husk and kenaf fibre have low heat conductivity values
[13]. Therefore, for this study two different agricultural-derived materials were used and made using
two separate procedures. The first process utilized was needle-felting. The needle felting process was
done manually by hand due to the small quantity of fibre utilized. The second method that was used
is blending the powdered fibres with resin and hardener. For simplicity, the rest of this paper will
employ the code below to address the four specimens that will be fabricated and applied in this
experiment
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(a) Coconut husk needle felted (CHN)
(b) Kenaf fibre needle felted (KFN)
(c) Coconut husk powder reinforced epoxy resin (CHER)
(d) Kenaf fibre powder reinforced epoxy resin (KFER)
The dimension of the thermal insulator was determined by measuring the dimensions of the
stainless-steel cylinder. This is done to make sure that the cylinder was covered wholly to ensure a
more accurate reading and the heat does not escape from the gaps. The mass was measured using a
weighing scale and determined by the amount of fibre that was needed to cover the cylinder. The
mass of the thermal insulating materials was different for each material as they have different
densities. The dimension and mass of the thermal insulator was also determined by studying previous
experiments and the size of stainless-steel cylinders available in the stores. All four specimens have
dimensions of 10 cm in height, 22 cm in width and 1.5 cm in thickness. Table 1 shows the mass of
every specimen and Figure 1 depicts the illustration of the cylinder with the thermal insulator.
Table 1
Dimension and mass of the specimens
Specimen Mass, g
CHN 20
KFN 19
CHER 37
KFER 34
Fig. 1. Illustration of the cylinder and insulator
Next step, in order to remove any moisture, the coconut fibre and kenaf fibre were cleaned and
dried in the sun for 5 to 6 hours. Following the drying stage, the felting procedure was performed
manually. Figure 2 depicts the final felting outcomes of coconut fibre and kenaf fibre. The fibre is
now in sheet form, making it easy to mould into a cylindrical shape to fit the stainless-steel cylinder
used in the experiment.
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Fig. 2. Coconut husk and kenaf fibre after felting process
For the second part, the coconut husk and kenaf fibres were blended with resin and hardener.
The coconut fibre and kenaf fibre were grounded into powder using a pulveriser. The powder is dried
in the sun for 5 to 6 hours. After drying, the fibre, resin, and hardener were blended in a 1:2:1 ratio
with a mechanical mixer until they were entirely blended. The mixture was then put into a cylindrical
mould 10 cm x 7 cm in size, together with the stainless-steel cylinder. The mixture is then cured for
a day until it hardens. Figure 3 shows the result of the sample that has been fabricated.
Fig. 3. Coconut husk and kenaf fibre after blending with resin
2.3 Experimental Setup
In this experiment, a type-K thermocouple, and a heat flux sensor model 27160 were employed.
The typical Chromel/constant Type K thermocouple has a good operating temperature range and
strong corrosion resistance. When compared to other types that have a higher temperature range,
it is inexpensive and can endure temperatures of up to 1260℃. It has a partial radiation hardness
with a standard accuracy of ±0.75%, a special error limit of ±0.4%, and a typical accuracy of 2.2℃
[15].
In this particular experiment, four thermocouples were utilised and were put in different
positions, as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 depicts the experiment setup for coconut husks with resin
as an insulator. One thermocouple was installed in the combustion chamber to measure the
temperature of the heat leaving the chamber. Another thermocouple was installed at the cylinder's
entrance, one on the insulator material, and the other at the cylinder's end, along with the heat flux
sensor. The thermocouple is positioned as shown in Figure 4 to record the temperature of the
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insulator. This is done to determine the insulator's thermal conductivity and the total heat transfer
coefficient of the system. In the combustion process, wood was chosen as the material. Every test
involved the usage of 1 kg of wood. To heat the system, the wood was burned with butane gas.
Fig. 4. Setup for the experiment
2.4 Thermal Performance Calculation
Then, the thermal conductivity of the material is calculated using the Eq. (1)
𝑇2− −𝑇1
𝑞 = −𝑘 ( ) (1)
𝐿
where 𝑞 is the heat flux, 𝑘 is thermal conductivity, 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are the temperature at the hot and cold
side and 𝐿 is the thickness of the thermal insulation material.
Eventually, the heat transfer 𝑄 can be calculated using Eq. (2) by dividing the value of heat flux
with the area
𝑄 = 𝑞𝐴 (2)
where 𝐴 is the total surface area.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Temperature
The 𝑇𝑖𝑛 represents the heat that enters the cylinder from the combustion chamber. 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 denotes
the temperature of the insulating materials, whereas 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 denotes the temperature as it departs the
cylinder. According to Figure 5(a), the temperature of the insulator remains constant with very little
variation as the temperature of the combustion chamber rises. The maximum 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 value was 33.4°C.
The temperature difference in Figure 5(a) increases until 𝑇𝑖𝑛 starts decreasing. According to Figure
5(b), 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 increases in sync with the 𝑇𝑖𝑛 . The maximum value of 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 was 38.9°C. The trend for
temperature difference in Figure 5(b) is the same as the trend for 𝑇𝑖𝑛 which shows that the 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑
remains constant.
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(a) (b)
Fig. 5. (a) Temperature in and out and (b) Temperature in and end for coconut husk sheet
Based on Figure 6(a), the kenaf fibre sheet has some weaknesses in terms of thermal insulating
abilities. As the temperature of the heat from the combustion chamber rises, so does the
temperature of the insulator. The kenaf fibre absorbs heat from the cylinder walls, as demonstrated
by the experiment. The maximum 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 value was 36.6°C. The 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 is also slightly higher compared to
the coconut husk sheet as shown in Figure 6(b). The maximum value of 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 was 47.8°C.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. (a) Temperature in and out and (b) Temperature in and end for kenaf fibre sheet
From Figure 7(a), the 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 for the coconut husk with resin insulator shows an increase as the 𝑇𝑖𝑛
reaches maximum. However, the coconut husk with resin insulator shows better thermal insulating
properties than the coconut husk sheet as it maintains low temperature as the temperature increases
more. The maximum 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 value was 34.6°C. Based on Figure 7(b), the 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 also shows steady
increment as the 𝑇𝑖𝑛 increases. The maximum value of 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 was 42.1°C.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. (a) Temperature in and out and (b) Temperature in and end for coconut husk with resin
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According to Figure 8(a), the 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 of the kenaf fibre with resin insulator shows slight increase as
the 𝑇𝑖𝑛 increases. The maximum 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 value was 35.0°C. However, from Figure 8(b), it can be seen
that the 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 remains almost constant with slight variations when the 𝑇𝑖𝑛 increases. The kenaf fibre
with resin exhibits almost similar thermal insulating properties as the kenaf fibre sheet. The
maximum value of 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 was 47.1°C.
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. (a) Temperature in and out and (b) Temperature in and end for kenaf fibre with resin
The temperature difference trend in all the 𝑇𝑖𝑛 and 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 against time graphs is consistent with
the trend for 𝑇𝑖𝑛 , indicating that the thermal insulator effectively maintains a constant temperature
despite variations in 𝑇𝑖𝑛 . Similarly, the temperature difference trend in all the 𝑇𝑖𝑛 and 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑 against
time graphs aligns with the trend for 𝑇𝑖𝑛 , signifying that most of the heat is retained inside the system.
Table 2 shows the temperature and voltage values from the conducted experiment that were used
in the calculation process.
Table 2
Temperature and voltage values for calculation
Specimens Temperature Temperature Temperature Voltage (V)
In, °C Out, °C End, °C
CHN 81.4 31.2 37.4 3.98 x 10-5
KFN 92.2 32.8 47.7 5.82 x 10-5
CHER 85.2 32.1 40.1 3.77 x 10-5
KFER 84.9 32.9 47.0 5.58 x 10-5
3.2 Thermal Conductivity
The maximum temperature was chosen as the data for the calculation because it was considered
that at the highest temperature, the system begins to stabilize before gradually decreasing in
temperature. In addition, all the voltage values have been converted to absolute values in order to
disregard the negative value, which simply indicates the direction of heat movement. The heat flux
sensor's sensitivity value is 0.26 × 10−6 V/W.m2 taken from the manufacturer's descriptions of the
specific model [16].
Table 3 and Figure 9 display thermal conductivity and heat transfer rate for the four specimens.
The values were obtained using Eq. (1) and Eq. (2). Based on previous research, the thermal
conductivity value of coconut husk ranges from 0.046 to 0.068 W/m.K [11]. The thermal conductivity
of kenaf fibre ranges from 0.051 to 0.058 W/m.K [17]. Table 3 contains the experimental values of
thermal conductivity of the materials that were calculated based on the data from the experiment.
The table shows that all of the thermal conductivity values are within the range of the reference
values. When compared to the other samples, the coconut husk with resin had the lowest thermal
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conductivity, indicating that it will operate as a good thermal insulator. This is because coconut husk
in general has a higher density and porosity compared to kenaf fibre. Moreover, mixing natural fibres
with epoxy can contribute to a lower thermal conductivity value and produce stronger and longer
lasting thermal insulators. The values at the maximum temperature were used for calculation
because it was considered that at the highest temperature, the system begins to stabilize before
gradually decreasing in temperature.
Table 3
Experimental values of thermal conductivity
Specimens Thermal Heat transfer rate, Overall heat transfer
conductivity, W coefficient, U
W/m.K (W/m2.K)
CHN 0.0485 3.01 3.05
KFN 0.0560 4.40 3.76
CHER 0.0410 2.85 2.73
KFER 0.0619 4.21 4.12
It can be also analyzed that kenaf fibre with resin as thermal insulator has the highest heat
transfer rate of 4.21 W/m2.K, while coconut husk with resin insulator has the lowest value of 2.85
W/m2.K. As a result of this experiment, the coconut husk with resin has been proven to be the most
optimum material to be used as a thermal insulator.
Fig. 9. Heat transfer rate and thermal conductivity for all
the four specimens
3.3 Thermal Insulation Materials Applied to Engine’s Cylindrical-wall
In this last section, in order to prove the viability of using these insulators, the newly developed
thermal insulation materials were applied to an engine’s cylindrical-wall and the performance of the
engine is analyzed in terms of power output. As demonstrated in Figure 10 and Figure 11, a little
increase in engine power output is observed when using natural fibre as a thermal insulation material
to retain heat between the engine’s cylinder wall, particularly at 450 rpm of engine speed and higher.
There might be restrictions on heat transfer between the hot and cold reservoirs at low temperatures
of waste heat, which would result in an incomplete heat transfer cycle. Since it is less expensive and
a greener solution overall, using this environmentally friendly nature-fiber thermal insulation
materials can be a good option to take into consideration.
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Fig. 10. Power output of engine with kenaf fibre (KFER)
acting as a thermal insulator at varying engine speeds
Fig. 11. Power output of engine with coconut husk fibre
(CHER) acting as a thermal insulator at varying engine
speeds
4. Conclusions
An experiment was carried out using two forms of agricultural waste which are coconut husk and
kenaf fibre. The specimens were created utilising two distinct methods: needle felting and resin
blending. This experiment was carried out in order to create a low thermal conductivity agricultural-
based thermal insulator and examine its effects on the total heat transfer rate. It was possible to
select the optimal material to utilize as a thermal insulator. According to the results of the
experiment, coconut husk fibre combined with resin has the lowest thermal conductivity value of
0.0410 W/m.K, whereas kenaf fibre reinforced with resin has the greatest thermal conductivity value
of 0.0619 W/m.K. This eventually indicates that coconut husk reinforced with epoxy resin is the ideal
material to be utilized as a thermal insulator because it has a low thermal conductivity. Eventually,
by applying these insulation materials to the engine’s cylinder-wall, its performance increases for
engine speed starting at 450 rpm and above.
This material could possibly prevent excessive heat absorption from the system and reduce heat
losses to the environment which is a common issue in current waste heat recovery systems.
Additionally, it demonstrates a low overall heat transfer value, indicating a slower heat transfer rate,
which effectively preserves heat inside the system. Thus, by applying this material can significantly
enhance the efficiency and performance of a waste heat recovery system.
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For future approach, it is recommended to explore different variables and parameters of the
insulation materials (thickness, preparation methods, different natural fibres etc.), in order to further
optimize its usage.
Acknowledgement
This research was funded by a matching grant (Matching Grant: UPM-JORDAN/2022/9300487) from
Universiti Putra Malaysia.
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