UNIT 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the Unit, the students must have
1. examined the social and culture effects of globalization, including the spread of ideas,
values, and culture products across borders;
2. evaluate the environmental impact of globalization, including the effect of increased
consumption, transportation, and resource depletion on the planet;
3. promoted cultural exchange and understanding among different nations through
increased travel and communication; and
4. explored the role of education for sustainable development in promoting a more
equitable and environmentally sustainable form of globalization
OVERVIEW
https://englishpluspodcast.com/
Globalization is a complex process that involves interaction and interdependence of
individuals, governments, companies, and countries, with the aim of building strong alliances
that mutually benefit each other. It is facilitated through technology, international trades, and
investments. Globalization impacts various aspects of societies, including economic
development, political systems, and cultural and environmental changes.
The origin of globalization can be traced back to the post – World War II era, when many
governments adopted free-market economic systems and removed trade barriers, taxes, and
tariffs. This enabled countries to explore foreign markets and establish international
headquarters and businesses, leading to the expansion of industrial and financial structures.
Technology plays a crucial role in the current wave of globalization, providing tools for studying
economic trends, facilitating assets transfer and trade, and enabling global collaboration.
There are several positive aspects of globalization, such as the development of
struggling economies through free trade, the creation of a more interconnected world, the
exchange and appreciation of diverse cultures, and the opportunity for prosperous nations to
assists those in need. However, there are also negative consequence, including the potential
oppression of weaker economies, job loss due to outsourcing, exploitation by multinational
corporation by multinational corporations, and the use of tax havens to avoid taxation.
To fully understand the concept of globalization, it is important to consider its historical
context, theories, and the ongoing debates surrounding its impact on various aspects of
society.
LESSON 1.1: DEFINITION AND METAPHORS
Introduction
This module is designed to unfold the intricate layers of globalization, a phenomenon
that has transformed our world into an interconnected web. We will start by defining
globalization, exploring its various dimensions including economic, cultural, and political
aspects. Furthermore, we will delve into the fascinating world of metaphors that are often used
to explain this complex concept. These metaphors, ranging from ‘global village’ to ‘melting
pot’, not only make the understanding of globalization more relatable but also highlights its
diverse impacts.
Activity
Article Analysis
Choose a published research article on any of the following topics: impact of
globalization on climate change, natural resources depletion, and environmental
degradation. Explore potential solutions to these problems such as sustainable development
and green technologies. Identify the problem, give the reasons for its occurrences, and
present your solutions using infographics.
Research Title:
What is the problem? Why did this happen? Solution 1:
Solution 2:
Analysis
1. What transformation in the community based on cultural identity, social norms,
economic, political and educational systems will be evident when your ways forward
will be realized?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you be an agent of change in your own locality?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do you improve your community’s quality of life encapsulating your realization?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abstraction
Globalization is a phenomenon that has transformed our world into an interconnected
web, where nations, economies, cultures and individuals are linked and influenced by each
other. It is a process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among people,
organization, and nations worldwide.
Metaphors that are often used to explain globalization include:
1. Global Village
Coined by Marshall McLuhan, the global village metaphor portrays the world as a
closely connected community where distances and barriers are diminished by
communication technologies. It emphasizes how information and communication
technologies and communication technologies have brought people from different
parts of the world closer together, allowing for instant communication and the sharing
of ideas and cultures. This metaphor highlights the sense of interconnectedness and
interdependence among individuals and societies worldwide.
2. Network Society
This metaphor depicts globalization as a network of different societies that interact with
each other, forming connections and relationships across borders.
3. Global Market Place
This metaphor suggests that globalization has led to the creation of large market place
where countries from all over the world participate, facilitating the exchange of goods,
services, and ideas
4. Rainstorm
This metaphor portrays globalization as a rainstorm where everyone gets wet,
emphasizing that the effects of globalization are felt by all individuals and nations,
regardless of their locations or circumstances.
5. Melting Pot
The melting pot metaphor describes the blending and mixing of diverse cultures, ideas,
and identities in a society. It suggests that globalization leads to the fusion of different
cultural elements, resulting in the creation of a new, hybrid culture. This metaphor
emphasizes the idea that globalization encourages cultural exchanges, assimilation,
and the formation of a shared global identity.
Globalization encompasses various dimensions that reflect its multifaceted nature.
Some of the key dimensions of globalization include:
1. Economic Globalization
This dimension refers to the integration of national economies into the global economy
through the flow of goods, services, capital, and investment across borders. It involves
the liberalization of trade, the expansion of multinational corporations, and the
establishment of global supply chains.
2. Political Globalization
Political globalization involves the increasing interdependence and cooperation
among nations in political matters. It includes the formation of international
organization, such as the United Nations, regional alliances, and the development of
global governance mechanism to address global challenges.
3. Cultural Globalization
Cultural globalization refers to the spread and exchange of cultural ideas, values,
practices, and products across nations. It includes the influence of global media, the
diffusion of popular culture, the exchange of languages, and the blending of cultural
traditions.
4. Technological Globalization
Technological globalization relates the rapid advancements in communication,
information technology, and transportation that have facilitated global connectivity
and the exchange of information. It includes the internet, social media, mobile
technologies, and the digitalization of various industries.
5. Environmental Globalization
Environmental globalization recognizes the interconnectedness of environmental
challenges and the need for global cooperation to address issues such as climate
change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion. It involves international regulations,
and collaborative efforts to promote sustainability.
Application
Data Mining
Read research articles on how education can be utilized to enhance awareness and
knowledge of the interconnection of social, economic and environmental issues from a
variety of sources, including academic journals, books, internet databases, and reliable
websites. Create an outline of at least 3 key points about the research article. Propose
suggestions for improving the use of education to raise awareness and understanding of
social, economic, educational, and environmental issues. Narrate your reflection on the
implication of the research in your field of specialization.
Key Points Proposed Suggestions
Reflection
LESSON 1.2: ORIGINS AND HISTORY
Introduction
In this module, we will embark on a journey through time to uncover the roots of
globalization and trace its historical development. From ancient trade routes that connected
distant civilization to the rise of colonialism and the Industrial Revolution, we will explore the
key events and factors that have shaped the global landscape. By examining the interplay of
economic, technological, and societal forces, we will gain a deeper understanding of how
globalization has evolved over centuries.
Activity
Video Analysis
Watch the World Economic Forum on how to prepare for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
available at How to Prepare for the Fourth Industrial Revolution through this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwIQLLbD7SI.
Key Points Implications
Reflection
Analysis
1. What community project could you propose based on the identified implications?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do you advertise your community project?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abstraction
The origin and history of globalization can be traced back to ancient times, but its
modern form began to take shape in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here is an outline
of the origin and history of globalization:
1. Ancient and Medieval Periods
Globalization can be seen in the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture along ancient
trade routes such as the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade network. The spread of
religions, such as Buddhism and Islam, also contributed to cultural globalization during
this period.
2. Age of Exploration
The 15th to 17th centuries marked as significant shift in globalization with the Age of
Exploration. European explorers, such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama,
discovered new lands, established trade routes, and initiated the colonization of distant
territories. This period led to the integration of different regions and the exchange of
goods, people, and ideas.
3. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries brought advancement in
transportation, communication, and production technologies. These developments
facilitated the expansion of global trade, the growth of multinational corporation, and
the movement of people across borders.
4. Post-World War II Era
The aftermath of World War II saw the establishment of international organization like
the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.
These institutions aimed to promote global cooperation, economic stability, and free
trade, further accelerating the process of globalization.
5. Technological Advancement
The late 20th century witnessed rapid advancement in communication and information
technologies, such as the internet, which revolutionized global connectivity,
communication, and the exchange of information. This digital revolution has greatly
facilitated globalization in the modern era.
Application:
Comparative Analysis
Choose two studies on the impact of globalization, one study published during the pre-
pandemic between 2009 to 2019 and another study published during the post-pandemic from
2020 to the present. Highlight the significant findings in each study, point out the commonalities
of both studies and proposed a policy on innovation aligned to your field of specialization.
Write the references in APA format.
Findings (Study 1) Findings (Study 2)
Commonality
Policy on Innovation
LESSON 1.3: THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Introduction
In this module we will delve into the diverse range of theories that seek to explain the
complex phenomenon of globalization. From the classical theories of Adam Smith and David
Ricardo to the contemporary perspectives of scholars like Anthony Giddens and Manuel
Castells, we will explore the various lenses through which globalization is analyzed. We will
examine economic, political, cultural, and social theories that shed light on the drivers,
impacts, and consequences of globalization. By critically engaging with these theories, we will
develop a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of globalization.
Activity
Personal Recollection Narrative
Recall your significant personal experience during the pre-during-post pandemic
concerning globalization. Cite the changes you observe in your community and the world.
Narrate your reflection and perspective on the impact of globalization. Check after the
discussion on which theory of globalization your narrative describes.
Changes in the Community and the World Impact of Theory of
Globalization Globalization
During
Pre-Pandemic Post-Pandemic
Pandemic
Reflection
Analysis
1. What actions can be proposed based on the impact of globalization to become a
globally competitive citizen?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How likely do your actions transform you to become a globally competent individual?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Abstraction
Theories of Globalization
https://www.collidu.com/
These are several theories that seek to explain and analyze the phenomenon of
globalization. Here are some of the prominent theories of globalization:
1. Postmodernism
Postmodernist theories view globalization as a complex and fragmented process that
challenges traditional notions of identity, culture, and power. It emphasizes the role of
media, technology, and consumptions and identities.
2. Feminism
Feminist theorist of globalization examine how gender inequalities and power dynamics
are reproduced and transformed in the global context. They highlight the ways in which
globalization affects women’s rights, labor, and social justice issues.
3. Transformationalism
Transformationalist theories argue that globalization is a transformative force that
reshapes societies, economies, and politics. They emphasize the dynamic and
unpredictable nature of globalization, suggesting that it leads to both positive and
negative changes.
4. Eclecticism
Eclectic theories of globalization draw on multiple perspective and theories to
understand the complexities of globalization. They combine elements of different
theories to provide a comprehensive analysis of global processes.
5. Liberalism
Liberal theories emphasize the role of economic liberalism, free trade, and market forces
in driving globalization. They argue that increased economic interdependence leads to
peace, prosperity, and the spread of democratic values.
6. Political Realism
Realist theories focus on the power dynamics and competition among nation-states in
the global arena. They highlight the important of state interests, security concerns, and
the balance of power in shaping global politics.
7. Marxism
Marxism theories analyze globalization through the lens of class struggle, capitalism, and
imperialism. They argue that globalization perpetuates global inequalities and
exploitation, with multinational corporations and capitalist systems benefitting at the
expense of the working class.
8. Constructivism
Constructivist theories emphasize the role of ideas, norms, and social constructions in
shaping global processes. They argue that globalization is influenced by shared beliefs,
identities, and social practices that shape interactions among individuals and states.
Application
Video Analysis
Watch the World Economic Forum: Xi Jinping: We Must Face Up to the Problems of
Globalization through this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys6skqxQKMk Analyze this
video using the problem-solving method.
Stage 1: Problem definition (Define the issue)
Stage 2: Problem analysis (Explore intervention strategies)
Stage 3: Intervention planning (Develop intervention plan anchored on a theory of
globalization)
Stage 4: Presentation (Present the key points on how to evaluate the plan)
REFERENCES
Baylis J. et. al. (2017). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations.
Oxford University Press.
Globalization (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (2023, January 9).
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/
Gudykunst W.B. & KimY.Y. (2003). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural
communication. McGraw-Hill
Held, D. et. al. (1999). Global transformations: Politics, economics and culture. Stanford University
Press.
Hermann, Z. (2022, January 5). Metaphors for globalization - Zsolt Hermann - Medium. Medium.
https://samechphoto.medium.com/metaphors-for-globalization-e8d228ac0e64
Mananay, J.A et. al. (2024). The contemporary world. Lorimar Publishing Inc.
McLuhan M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. Routledge.
METHAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION/Explaining globalization using metaphors. (n.d.). YouTube.
https://youtube.com/watch?v=1ym9sXKxi30
O’Rourke K.H. & Williamson J. G. (1999). Globalization and history: The evolution of a nineteenth-
century Atlantic economy. MIT Press.
Steger M. B. (2017). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Team, C. (2023, December 11). Globalization. Corporate Finance Institute.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/globalization/
Waters M. (2011). Globalization. Routledge
World Economic Forum. (2017a, January 17). Xi Jinping: We must face up to the problems of
globalisation [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys6skqxQKMk
World Economic Forum. (2017, January 19). How to prepare for the Fourth Industrial
Revolution [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwIQLLbD7SI
