AC Machine

AC Machine:
An AC Machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.
The output of the AC machine is AC Power or Mechanical Energy.

Types of AC machines:
AC Generators.
AC Motors.

AC Generator:
An AC Generator is a machine which converts mechanical enegy into electrical energy. It is based on the principle of
production of dynamically induced e.m.f.
They are generally known as Synchronous Generator or Alternator

Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday's Law's of
Electromagnetic Induction.

AC Motor:
An AC motor is an electric motor that runs on AC power. In any electric motor, operation is dependent upon simple
electromagnetism. It is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

It works on the fact that a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force which causes it to
rotate with respect to its original position.
Classifications of AC Machine:
AC Generator: kom somoy er jonno backup diye thake . and power khob
a) Single phase Generator (er babohar khob e kom) low hoye thake
b) Three phase generator or Alternator or Synchronous Generator (power plant e use kora hoi)

AC Motor:
According to principle of operation
a) Synchronous motor
b) Asynchronous motor / Induction motors
stator - primary
rotating transformer rotor - secondary
According to type of current fed
a) Single phase
b) Three phase

dc motor / conduction motor

Construction of AC Machine: dc machine er gothon motor and generator er jonno
same. sudhu diff. hoilo ki power supply dilam
dc machine er dui ta part thake . stator and motor
Stator: Stationary part of a machine
slot (2,4,6,8,etc pole)

pole er upr depend

kore rotor er speed

Rotor: Rotating/moving part of a machine

ring . so these are short circuited conductors syncronous speed

slot gulo te
conduction
bar place
kora hoi
no of poles
 Working of Induction motor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivP_8w4FegE
video er figure theke valo bujha jai
Rotating magnetic field:
two pole induction motor

At Position 0 rotating magnetic field produce hoi

For Phase 1, 1=m Sin=0 ( As at position 1, =0 degree)
three phase two pole stator
3
For Phase 2, 2= m Sin( -120)=m Sin(-120)= - m
2
For Phase 3, 3= m Sin( -240)=m Sin(120)= 3 m
2
 Working of Induction motor
rotating magnetic field k oppose korar jonno rotor ta same direction er ghora suru
kore lenz er law onujai. rotating magnetic field er jonno rotor e current generate
Rotating magnetic field: hobe, so okhane voltage asbe and jhetu ota short circuit kora so okhane current o
flow hobe . At position 0
Resultant R= 2+ 3

3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
R  ( ) m  ( ) m  2( m )( m ) cos 60
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 1
R  2 m  2( m )
4 4 2
3 2
R  3 m
4
3
 m
2
rotor diye current flow hobe. karon ota short circuit kora thake
Flemings RIGHT HAND RULE: Flemings LEFT HAND RULE:
This one is used for finding induced current in generator. This one is used for finding induced current in motor

Type equation here.

𝐸 = 𝑙 × (𝑉 × 𝐵)
𝐹Ԧ = (𝐼Ԧ × 𝐵)
 Induction motor working principle:
stator sthir but stator er sapekke rotor anti clockwise ghurtece

rotor conductor Schematic

Slip:
The difference between synchronous speed, Ns and the actual
speed of N of the rotor is known as slip. It is expressed as a
percentage synchronous speed.

Here, Ns – N= Slip speed.

Construction of DC Machine:

YOKE or Magnetic Frame:

• It supports the pole core.

• Act as a Protecting cover to the machine.
• The magnetic frame mainly provides a path to the magnetic flux produced in the poles.

Features: Cast Iron

The materials used for making yoke are
high mechanical strength and high
permeability.
Construction of DC Machine:

Magnetic Pole Cores and Pole Shoes:

• It supports the field coils.

• Pole shoes also spread the magnetic field flux uniformly in the air gap between armature and field.

Features: Cast Iron

In small machines, magnetic pole cores are
made of solid piece of cast iron or cast
steel. In larger machines, the poles cores
are made of laminations of cold rolled steel
Construction of DC Machine:

Field Coil:

• This coil is put into the pole core.

• Forms an electromagnet
• Produces field flux within which the armature conductor of the DC machine rotates, and results in
the effective flux cutting.

•
Construction of DC Machine:
uporer sob gula cilo stator er part
Armature Core: #armature slot er viotor conductor thakle tare armature winding bola hoy

• The rotating part of the DC machine is called the armature.

• Armature core includes the huge number of slots within its edge.
• Armature conductor is located in these slots

slot

teeth
ekhane conduction insert kora hoi (winding)
Construction of DC Machine:

Armature Winding:

• It’s a coil that is placed in the slots of armature edge.

•
Construction of DC Machine: dc generator theke genrate haoar votage hoilo ac.ei ac current ba
ac current to dc current // dc to ac current voltage k dc korte j machine use kora hoi ta hoilo commutator

Commutator: (important part)

• The commutator is fitted on the main shaft of the machine. It collects the alternating armature current and
mechanically rectifies it to DC.
So its basic purpose in DC machine is to convert the AC to DC and DC to AC.

•
Construction of DC Machine:

Carbon Brushes: commutator theke toiri haoa dc current ba voltage collect kore

• Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from commutator and supplies it to exterior load.

rotational

gap er modde thake insulator

Flemings RIGHT HAND RULE: Flemings LEFT HAND RULE:
This one is used for finding induced current in generator. This one is used for finding induced current in motor
dc generator e dui ta magnet er majhe ekta conductor place kore tar majhe ek mechanical
energy daoa hoi fole ta rotate korte thake and continously emf induced hoite thake.

dc motor ek khettre amra

conductor er modde diye
current flow korabo. ekhane
conductor er majhe ekta force
feel korbo

Type equation here.

motion upr er dike hoile

induced current ba voltage er
dik hobe dot

current vitor er dike jacce

direction of motion current ber hoye astece

𝐸 = 𝑙 × (𝑉 × 𝐵) magnetic field
𝐹Ԧ = (𝐼Ԧ × 𝐵)
#induced emf er jonno right hand rule
#force er jonno left hand rule (dc machine)
generator e voltage induced hobe. but motor e force induce hobe
DC Motor Working Principle:
multiple loop use kora hoi coutinous haoar jonno
vertical position e conductor loop
torque zero
force

dot

motor er sathe connected (shaft) .ja cloclwise

cross ghurabe. e jonno induced emf ber korte hobe

lenz law onujai ekhane ekta back emf

paoa jabe.jja current er direction er
force opposite side er hobe (back emf)
maximum
graph ti upr nich hoi muloto dot and cross er jonno. 26.3 er
dc generator fig 26.2 Case I Case II

#rotating body theke energy collect kore slippering

#conductin loop vertically thakle induced emf zero hoi (magnetic field and direction of motion er dik zero degree hoi ) . eke bola
hoi zero degree ba positon one . karon E=BLV sin0
Equivalent circuit of different types of DC Motor:

armature vitore thake

Application of DC Motor:
torque kom hole ta low
power motor
torque besi hole ta high
power motor