HOMEWORK – SESSION 19

Section 1 - Connectors: Read the following sentences. Underline the

connector in each item. If the connector is correct, write C on the box in
front of the sentence. If the connector is wrong, write X on the line. Then
write the correct connector above the sentence. More than one answer
may be possible.

C 1 Today, trash has to travel farther to be dumped in a landfill, so the

.
environment suffers.

C 2 A recent article indicates that researchers have developed a new

. technology that can inject a drug directly into a cancer cell. Similarly,
studies are being conducted to determine the best way to treat cancer.

X 3 It is important to note how old the buildings in Italy are. Nevertheless, the
. Coliseum is thousands of years old.

C 4 Patients should always check to make sure their medical tests are being
. conducted at a reliable laboratory. Accuracy of a test method is monitored
by the laboratory personnel, whose members should be professionals.
However, these professionals should be the ones to conduct the actual lab
test.

C 5 Meteorologists sometimes study historical patterns to help predict the

.
weather. However, there is no record of a storm as powerful as Hurricane
Sandy or Hurricane Katrina ever hitting the United States. Meanwhile,
historical patterns cannot always be used to prepare for storms.

X 6 One could argue that store-bought vitamins are nonessential and should
. not be produced. People should get essential vitamins and minerals from
food in their diets. On the other hand, store-bought vitamins might be a
good idea for people who eat more fast food and have less time to cook
healthy meals.

Section 2 – Vocabulary – Global Problems / Cause - Effect

Write a sentence (your example) with each word or phrase.

S/
Vocabulary Meaning
N

1 carbon dioxide the gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people
(n) [U] or animals breathe out. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse
 gas

 carbon dioxide emissions | level | removal

 emit, release | absorb, capture + carbon dioxide
E.g.: Human energy consumption releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Your example: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a chemical compound with the formula
CO2.

irreparable
2 impossible to repair or make right again
(adj)

 irreparable + damage, harm, loss

E.g.: Unless the oil spill is contained, irreparable damage will be done to the
coastline.

Your example: Always calm or you would make something be irreparable.

disaster (n) [C (an event that results in) great harm, damage, or death,
3
or U] or serious difficulty

 awful, dreadful, major, terrible, worst | imminent, impending | potential |

global, national | natural | man-made | air, ecological, environmental +
disaster
 bring, cause, lead to, spell | avert, avoid, prevent, save sb/sth from, stave
off, ward off | predict | court, invite | be heading for | face | suffer | survive |
end in + disaster
 disaster + happen, occur, strike | befall sb/sth, hit sb/sth, strike sb/sth |
loom, threaten
 disaster + area, zone | relief | victim
 PREP.: in a/the ~
E.g.: This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to befall the area.

Your example: I have moved to other city, there is a disaster coming to my home.

waste gases that come out of a vehicle, an engine or a

4 exhaust (n) [U]
machine

 car, vehicle | diesel, petrol + exhaust

E.g.: Car exhaust is the main reason for the city's pollution.
  exhaust + emission, fumes, gas, pollution, smoke | pipe, system
 from an/the ~
E.g.: pollution from car exhausts.

Your example: I walk to school so the world is reduced a casual exhaust.

the process or fact of making a substance or place dirty

contamination
5 or no longer pure by adding a substance that is
(n) [U]
dangerous or carries disease

 massive, serious, widespread | environmental + contamination

 avoid, prevent | reduce + contamination
 a source of contamination
 Level of contamination
E.g.: There is already a high level of environmental contamination.

Your example: This river in my area is becoming a massive contamination.

the act or process of getting rid of something, especially

6 disposal (n) [U]
by throwing it away

 safe | routine | illegal | ultimate | refuse, rubbish, sewage, waste | land,

landfill + disposal
 disposal + site | method | system, unit | company | cost
E.g.: The manufacturing process is being changed in an effort to reduce waste
disposal costs.

Your example: We need to reduce using plastic because it’s really to be disposal.

fumes (n) smoke, gas, or something similar that smells strongly or

7
[plural] is dangerous to breathe in

 dangerous, noxious, poisonous, toxic | diesel, exhaust, petrol, traffic |

cooking | petrol | carbon monoxide + fumes
 cloud of fumes
E.g.: Clouds of toxic fumes escaped from the chemical plant.
 give off, produce | breathe (in), inhale | escape
E.g.: Sometimes exhaust fumes escape into the vehicle.
 Your example: I want to go back to the contryside. It’s too much exhaust fumes in
the city.

consisting of small pieces of dirt, especially ones

8 particulate (a)
produced by road vehicles, that cause pollution

 particulate matter
 particulate pollution
E.g.: health risks posed by particulate matter.
Particulate pollution is unhealthy at the levels recorded last summer.

Your example: You can’t see particulate matter, you just can feel it defaces you
little by little and you will die painfully gradually, so you must need to protect the
world now.

a person or organization that puts harmful substances or

9 polluter (n) [C] waste into the water, air, etc., causing damage to the
environment

E.g.: The region's third-largest industrial polluter reduced its emissions by about
a third.

Your example: Greedy is a polluter.

bring
10 something to cause something to happen
about (v)

E.g.: Harold’s working to bring about changes in the industry.

Your example: Human brings world about move to the end faster.

Section 3 – Writing Task

What are the causes and effects of air pollution?
Checklist (to be filled out by the teacher)

Items Y/ N/ Other
comments

Is there a topic sentence?

Is there a concluding sentence?

Is the paragraph fully developed?

Are there any unrelated sentences?

Are links between sentences smooth and clear?

Are there choppy sentences?

Are there many grammar, spelling, and punctuation

mistakes?

Is the vocabulary used appropriate and varied?

Section 4 – Great Writing 2 – Unit 10 – Activity 1 – 21

Sample texts written by students in the previous batches:

Sample According to the most recent statistics released by WHO, air

Text 1 pollution contributes to about seven million deaths worldwide each
(Dennis) year. Pollutants put both human and global health in jeopardy when
they are released into the atmosphere. This phenomenon is caused by
human-induced activities, and it has profound effects on the climate
and on people.

There are two major man-made contributors to air pollution. The

burning of fossil fuels is the primary and most evident cause of air
pollution. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gasoline are used to produce
energy for transportation or to generate power. The amount of fossil
fuel burned is indicated by the high levels of carbon monoxide
released. This also releases additional harmful air pollutants. The
second culprit is agricultural activities. The deteriorating air quality is
closely associated with the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers.
 In order to accelerate the growth of crops and plants, many farmers
and companies rely on these chemicals, as they have almost no
regard for the environment. After pesticides have been sprayed, their
odor and effects remain in the air.

The serious consequences of air pollution are the permanent

damage done to the environment and the long-lasting effects it has on
human health for generations to come. First, global warming is one of
the most severe effects of air pollution. The phenomenon is caused by
layers upon layers of carbon dioxide coming from vehicles and
industrial activities, which trap solar heat and heat up the planet. The
immediate changes that the globe is seeing as a result of global
warming are plenty: rising sea levels, melting ice in the polar ice caps,
and the destruction and displacement of many natural habitats, just to
name a few. These changes foreshadow imminent environmental
catastrophes if no immediate action is taken. Concerns about future
generations' health are the second effect of global warming. Air
pollution causes tremendous harm to people of all ages. Premature
delivery, autism, asthma, and spectrum disorders in young children
are all brought on by high amounts of air pollution exposure during
pregnancy. Additionally, it has the potential to harm a child's early
brain development and induce pneumonia, which kills almost a million
children under the age of five every year. In locations where air
pollution is present, adults are more likely to develop respiratory
diseases, and the elderly are more prone to infections, shortened
lifespans and even fatalities.

In essence, there are numerous factors that contribute to air

pollution. However, the burning of fossil fuels and irresponsible
agricultural practices are the most direct contributing factor. If
humans do not stop causing air pollution, global warming will be
perpetuated, and public health will be at risk. Personally, I believe we
should work to clean up the disaster we have created because, if
nature is destroyed, we will probably go extinct. As they have said,
nature doesn't require us, but we do need nature to survive.

Sample Air pollution does not just appear out of nowhere. It is a by-
Text 2 product of human activities, and its effects are catastrophic.
(Mia)

The first cause of air pollution is human activities that involve

burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are used to produce electricity for
household use. In large factories, they are used to generate power to
run engines. To run vehicles, we need fossil fuels. Heavy reliance on
this source of energy can have profound implications for the
environment. The combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts
of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other chemicals, which then
float in the atmosphere, polluting the air.

The second cause of air pollution is factories. Many factories are

built for various industries and mining activities. Those can harm the
environment because industries are the main sources of carbon
monoxide, organic compounds, and chemicals. When factories finish
producing something, they release all the by-products of the process
into the air, degrading its quality. For this reason, we often see smoke
when we drive past factories. The mining industry is also harmful to
the environment. In the mining process, minerals below the earth are
extracted using large pieces of equipment. Dust and chemicals
released during the process pollute the air.

The final factor that causes air pollution is the agriculture industry.
Many farmers often use chemicals on their crops. However,
sometimes those chemicals are released into the air, causing
pollution. Chemicals released by pesticides and fertilizers, for
example, contaminate the atmosphere. While growing crops without
chemicals may benefit the environment and people's health, organic
farming may be costly and result in lower productivity. Thus, farming
activities are expected to perpetuate air pollution for years to come.

Natural disasters and an increased rate of diseases are two main

consequences of air pollution. First, some of the most severe weather
conditions are caused by air pollution. Due to the emissions of
greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the composition of the air.
This can lead to an increase in the temperature of the earth. When the
ice melts, floods happen and cause tremendous damage to people
living in low-lying areas. In fact, many areas around the world are
predicted to be underwater within a few decades. There is also acid
rain, which is also caused by air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels
releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides that can be found in
the air. Water droplets combine them to form acid rain that can
damage humans’ health, animals, and plant life. Diseases are the
second effect of air pollution. Air pollution has resulted in several
respiratory disorders and heart diseases among young and old people.
When the air is polluted, children might get all of the harmful
chemicals. Children living near polluted areas are more prone to
asthma. Many children die each year because of air pollution. Even
old people are vulnerable to chemicals too. They have a higher rate of
suffering severe respiratory diseases because of their weakened
immune system caused by old age.

In conclusion, air pollution is human-induced, and it can cause dire

consequences. Therefore, we should not burn fossil fuels or overuse
chemicals to protect the environment and fight air pollution, which
can help improve humans’ health.