JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT CHAIR

ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM ON PUBLIC BUILDING PROJECTS IN THE CASE OF
HAWASSA TOWN

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Jimma University Institute of

Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Construction Engineering and
Management.

By:

Meaza Messele Taye

March, 202
Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

DECLARATION
I declare that this research entitled “Assessment of Construction Material
Management System on Public Building Construction Projects in the Case of
Hawassa town” is my original work and has not been submitted as requirement for the
award of any degree in Jimma University or elsewhere.

Meaza Messele Taye ___________ ______________

Candidate Signature Date

As research Adviser, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis paper
prepared under my guidance, by Meaza Messele Taye entitled “Assessment of
Construction Material Management System on Public Building construction
Projects in the Case of Hawassa town” and recommend and would be accepted as a
fulfilling requirement for the Degree Master of Science in Construction Engineering and
Management.

Dr. Getachew Kebede ____________ __________

Main-Advisor Signature Date
Engr. Abebe Eshetu ___________ __________

Co-Advisor Signature Date

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page i

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am gratefully thanks to the almighty GOD for empowering and giving internal courage
and strength to accomplish my educational career one step further. I would like to convey
also my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Getachew Kebede and my co-advisor Eng.
Abebe Eshetu (MSc.) for their constructive comments to accomplish this research
successfully. Also, I would like to thanks Mr. Mandefrot Dubale (Phd scholar IIT
Guwahati) for his support from the beginning up to the end of this research.

Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to all my family members for their unlimited support
through in my life and all participants from beginning up to the end of this research.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page ii

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

ABSTRACT
Material management can be defined as a process that coordinates planning, assessing
the requirement, sourcing, purchasing, transporting, storing and controlling of materials,
minimizing the wastage and optimizing the profitability by reducing cost of material.
In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the
material, equipment, manpower, subcontractor and overhead cost.
The aim of this research was to assess the construction material management system in
public building projects in the Hawassa town.
This Research has employed descriptive research method and the data for the study were
collected using structured questionnaires, interview and observation. The data was
analyzed by RII using descriptive statistics in the form of Percent, averages, pie chart,
histogram and tabular form.

The researcher concludes that the construction material management system of the
contractor personnel have lack of technical professionals, lack of waste control
management systems and lack of training system for laborers in construction site.
Even though the construction material management process were practiced, there were
ineffective communication, designer’s unfamiliarity with products, unclear specification,
purchasing non waste efficient materials, improper construction material delivery,
damage of materials, improper stocking and insufficient storage of materials, lack of
security, poor training system related to wastage and negligence practice of workers.
And the improper implementation of the construction material management process
affects the overall budget, accomplishment time, quality and productivity of the
construction project.
The researcher recommends that for effective construction material management the
contractor personnel should provide specific material department and establish a system
to provide appropriate training for workers under the contractor on how to handle the
construction materials and the mechanisms for minimization of wastage of materials.

Keywords - Material management, process of material management and waste

minimization method

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page iii

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................ iii
LIST OF FIGURE ...................................................................................................................... viii
ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Objectives of research ...................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 General objective ..................................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 Specific objective ..................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope of the Research ...................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Significance of study........................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Construction material management ................................................................................. 4
2.3 Objectives of material managements ............................................................................... 5
2.4 Construction material management goals ........................................................................ 5
2.5 Functions of materials management ................................................................................ 6
2.5.1 Primary Functions .................................................................................................... 6
2.5.2 Secondary Functions ................................................................................................ 6
2.6 Material management processes ...................................................................................... 6
2.6.1 Planning ................................................................................................................... 7
2.6.2 Procurement ............................................................................................................. 8
2.6.3 Logistics ................................................................................................................... 9
2.6.4 Handling................................................................................................................... 9
2.6.5 Stock and Waste Control........................................................................................ 10
2.7 Factors related with construction material management ................................................ 10

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page iv

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

2.8 Material management problems ..................................................................................... 12

2.9 Advantage of construction material management .......................................................... 13
2.10 Material storage and storage facilities ........................................................................... 14
2.11 Construction Material Waste management .................................................................... 14
2.11.1 Causes of construction material wastage ............................................................... 15
2.12 Construction materials wastage minimization strategies ............................................... 17
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 18
3.1 Study area....................................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Research design ............................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Research structures ........................................................................................................ 19
3.4 Study variable ................................................................................................................ 20
3.6 Sample size and sampling techniques ............................................................................ 21
3.7 Sources of data ............................................................................................................... 22
3.8 Data collection procedure .............................................................................................. 22
3.9 Validity and reliability ................................................................................................... 23
3.10 Data presentation and analysis ....................................................................................... 24
3.11 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................ 26
RESULT AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 26
4.1 Response rate ................................................................................................................. 26
4.2 General information about company and respondents ................................................... 26
4.2.1 Company description ............................................................................................. 26
4.2.2 Establishment of the company and Work experience ............................................ 27
4.2.3 Work experience of the respondents ...................................................................... 27
4.3 Construction material management ............................................................................... 28
4.4 System of construction material management ............................................................... 30
4.5 The practices of material management processes or functions ...................................... 32
4.5.1 Planning ................................................................................................................. 32
4.5.2 Procurement ........................................................................................................... 34
4.5.3 Delivery system of materials.................................................................................. 34
4.5.4 Storage and storage facility .................................................................................... 37
4.5.5 Handling................................................................................................................. 39

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page v

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

4.6 The practice of wastage minimization of construction material management on public

building projects ........................................................................................................................ 40
4.7 The effect of the construction material managements on public building project ......... 42
4.8 Site observation.............................................................................................................. 44
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................... 46
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 46
4.1 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 46
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 47
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................. 48
APPENDIXES .............................................................................................................................. 51

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page vi

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Cronbach’s alpha test ........................................................................................ 24
Table 4. 1 Work experience and establishment of the company ...................................... 27
Table 4. 2 Work experience of respondents..................................................................... 28
Table 4. 3 Current performance of construction material management ........................... 28
Table 4. 4 Availability of storage of materials ................................................................. 29
Table 4. 5 Problems of delivery of materials .................................................................... 29
Table 4. 6 System of construction material management ................................................. 31
Table 4. 7 Procurement of materials ................................................................................. 34
Table 4. 8 Delivery of materials ....................................................................................... 36
Table 4. 9 Handling of materials....................................................................................... 40
Table 4. 10 Wastage minimization of materials ............................................................... 41
Table 4. 11 Material management effects on public building project .............................. 43

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page vii

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2 1 Construction Material Management process ..................................................... 7
Figure 3 1 Map of Hawassa town ..................................................................................... 18
Figure 3 2 Schematic representation of the research structure ......................................... 20
Figure 3 3 Sample size of the study .................................................................................. 21
Figure 4. 1 Response rate by Percentage .......................................................................... 26
Figure 4. 2 Company description by Percentage ............................................................. 27
Figure 4. 3 Specific departments by percentage ............................................................... 29
Figure 4. 4 Problems of delivery of materials................................................................... 30
Figure 4 5 Construction material management system ..................................................... 32
Figure 4. 6 Planning of material ....................................................................................... 33
Figure 4 7 Delivery system of materials ........................................................................... 37
Figure 4. 8 Storage of materials ........................................................................................ 39
Figure 4 9 Wastage minimization of materials ................................................................. 42

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page viii

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

ABBREVIATIONS

MRP Material Requirement Planning

JIT Just In Time
RII Relative Importance Index
BC Building contractor
GC General Contractor
HCB Hollow Concrete Block
SC Specialized Contractor
No. Number
Ave. Average

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page ix

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Material management is the process that coordinates planning, assessing the requirement,
sourcing, purchasing, transporting, storing and controlling of materials, minimizing the wastage
and optimizing the profitability by reducing cost of material. (Ayegba.C, 2013)
Materials management is an important function for improving productivity in construction
projects. The management of materials should be considered at all the phases of the construction
process and throughout the construction and production periods. This is because poor materials
management can often affect the overall construction time, quality and budget. (N.B, 2008)
Building materials account for 60 to 70 percent of direct cost of a project or a facility, the
remaining 30 to 40 percent being the labor cost (Patel K.V, 2011)
According to (Abdu, 2015) In Ethiopia, in building projects the construction materials constitute
57 percent of the total budget allocated for construction work. Since material cost of the project
covers large portion of the project cost
Construction materials are important to consider effective materials management in the
construction project management process. So in order to achieve successful building projects
which fulfill all the parameters (cost, quality and time) it needs to have the appropriate and
effective material management system. (Eshetie A. E., 2019)
Materials management involves the logistics of the materials components of a supply chain
which involves the process of planning, implementing and controlling of the movement and
storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to
point-of consumption. The management of materials should be considered from the phases of the
construction process and throughout the construction period. Generally, construction materials
are bulky, expensive and are supplied in large amounts to construction sites (N.B, 2008).
Materials management is an important element in project management. Materials represent a
major expense in construction, poor materials management can result in increased costs during
construction. Effective management of materials can result in substantial savings in project costs
and it is one of the major factors for any construction project to become successful. (Eshetie A.
E., 2019).

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 1

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

1.2 Problem statement

The management of materials should be considered at all the phases of the construction process
and throughout the construction and production periods (Kasim N.B, 2005). The result of
improper handling and managing materials on site during construction process will influence the
total project cost, time and quality. There is a need for efficient materials management in
construction projects. (Stephen C. W. K, 2004)
According to (Madhayi. T P, 2013). In construction project operation, often there is a project
cost variance in terms of the material, equipment, manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and
general condition.

In Ethiopia Poor construction material management is one of the debatable issues between the
parties which involved in the construction industry (Abdu, 2015). Because of poor construction
material management in the construction project has different problems occurred such as cost
overrun, delay, and material wastage, dispute between stakeholders, storing and handling
material problems etc.

Therefore, the researcher was interested on this research area to assess the practices of material
management system and its processes, the causes for poor construction of material management,
wastage minimization mechanisms and the impact of construction material management system
on the public projects.

1.3 Research questions

1. What are the practices of construction material management processes in Hawassa town?

2. What are the practices of the construction material wastage minimization method?

3. What are the effects of the construction material management system on building
projects?

1.4 Objectives of research

1.4.1 General objective
 The main objective of this study is to assess the construction material management
system in Hawassa town.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 2

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

1.4.2 Specific objective

 To identify the practices of construction material management processes in public
building projects.
 To determine the construction material wastage minimization method during the
construction material process.
 To determine the effect of construction material management system in public building
projects.

1.5 Scope of the Research

The research scope was assessing the construction materials management system in public
building projects in Hawassa town from side of contractor. The study was only focused on site
management system of construction materials, the current practice of management process and
the material management impacts on the project from point of contractors view.
1.6 Significance of study
The study is significant for different contractors to be considering carefully the material
management system and to use effectively their construction materials by creating awareness and
to give direction to sort out the current practice and the gap of the construction material
management and its impact on the project.
Additionally, it is significant for different researchers who are working related with construction
material management system.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 3

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Construction projects are complex, with many organizations involved such as clients or owners,
architects, engineers, contractors, suppliers and vendors. This includes the heterogeneous and
often complex process of producing unique, large and immovable products with a supply of the
many resources which are money, equipment, material, and labor.
Construction projects can be accomplished utilizing management processes. These processes
include planning, organizing, executing, monitoring, and controlling. During any construction
project the three inter-related factors of time, money, and quality need to be controlled and
managed. Successful completion of projects requires all resources to be effectively managed.

The management of materials in construction projects is an important function that significantly

contributes to the success of a project. As projects grow in scale and complexity, materials
management becomes more difficult, often requiring the use of appropriate tools and techniques
to ensure, amongst other things, that materials are delivered on time, stock levels are well
managed, the construction schedule is not compromised, and that wastage is minimized.
Materials management is especially problematic for large and complex projects, where
sophisticated tools and techniques are necessary (Kasim N.B, 2005).
2.2 Construction material management
Material management is a tool to optimize performance in meeting customer service
requirements at the same time adding to profitability by minimizing costs and making the best
use of available resources. The basic objective of Materials Management as explained by is to
ensure that the right item is bought and made available to the manufacturing operations at the
right time, at the right place and at the lowest possible cost (Banjoko, 2014).
Material management can be defined as a process that coordinates planning, assessing the
requirement, sourcing, purchasing, transporting, storing and controlling of materials, minimizing
the wastage and optimizing the profitability by reducing cost of material. Building materials
account for 60 to 70 percent of direct cost of a project or a facility, the remaining 30 to 40
percent being the labour cost (Patel K.V, 2011). Construction material management is clearly
important to manage all material processes from the design stage to the construction stage.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 4

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Material management is a management system that integrates purchasing, shipping and material
control from suppliers. Based on those definitions, generally materials management can be
defined as a process of planning, executing, and controlling the right source of materials with the
exact quality, at the right time and place suitable for minimum cost of construction process.
Selection of personnel for marketing, purchasing, inventory control, stores management and
materials handling and their training and placement is also to be seen by the materials
management department. The material management department is very essential to have a
materials management department in any organization to support the management in the
production activities. (Nayak .R, 2016)
(Kasim N.B, 2005)To improve the effective material management the contractor should make
provisions for training and retraining of management and site personnel in order to improve their
efficiency for effective material management (Ayegba.C, 2013).

2.3 Objectives of material managements

According to (Pali. S . S, 2016). The objectives of Material Management are to efficient material
planning, buying or purchasing, procuring and receiving, storing and inventory control, stock and
waste control, supply and distribution of material, quality assurance, good supplier and customer
relationship, improved departmental efficiency, reduce the cost of project, time saving and
achieve economy in project.
To fulfill all these objectives, it is necessary to establish harmony and good co-ordination
between all the employees of material management department and this department should have
good co-ordination with the other departments of the organization to serve all production centers.
Researchers (Pali. S . S, 2016) Identifies the responsibility of Material management department
for the flow of material from the time the material is ordered, received, and stored until they are
used is the basic responsibility of material management.
2.4 Construction material management goals
The goal is to ensure that the right quality and quantity of materials and equipment are procured
in an effective manner, obtained at a reasonable cost, and available when needed. The
implementation of a comprehensive materials management program contributes to more-
predictable project outcomes, reduced costs, improved productivity and quality, and a safer
working environment.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 5

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Also, to ensure that the materials are available at their point of use when needed hence, efficient
procurement of material represents a key role in the successful completion of the work. It is
important for the contractor to consider that there may be significant difference in the date that
the material was requested or date when the purchase order was made, and the time at which the
material will be delivered, thus material management is a key of project management.

2.5 Functions of materials management

In order to fulfill the objectives of materials management as stated above to meet the basic
objectives and goals, the functions of the materials management are also categorized as primary
and secondary functions. (Patel K.V, 2011) States that the functions of materials management are
discussed below:
2.5.1 Primary Functions
To meet the primary objectives, the primary functions of the materials management are given as
follows:
 Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)
 Purchasing
 Inventory Planning and Control
 Ascertaining and Maintaining the Flow and Supply of materials
 Quality Control of Materials
 Departmental Efficiency
2.5.2 Secondary Functions
 Standardization and Simplification
 Make and Buy Decisions
 Coding and Classification of Materials
 Forecasting and Planning
2.6 Material management processes
According to Patil & Pataskar, 2013. Material management process begins from need generated
from site followed by this information conveyed to store department and material is ordered in
the store, indent is generated. Usually, vender selection is to be carried out for the least value and
best items. Materials are received at store departments and inspection is carried out. Below figure
shows the flow chart of material management.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 6

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Figure 2 1 Construction Material Management process

Material management process involves planning, procurement, handling, stock and waste
control, and logistics surrounding materials on construction projects. A good materials
management environment enables proper materials handling on construction sites. In order to
better understand materials management are the following processes are discussed: planning,
procurement, logistics, handling, stock and waste control (N.B, 2008).
2.6.1 Planning
The materials planning process covers setting up and maintaining the records of each part used in
each plant to determine target inventory levels, and delivery frequency. As a result, an excellent
management of the materials record will help the flow of materials at the site in order to avoid
several problems such as materials out of stock and materials that have not been delivered.
Material planning would provide guides to all the subsequent activities and that this could have a
great impact on the project plan. The materials planning process covers the set up and
maintenance of records and determines the target inventory levels, and delivery frequency
(Payne, et al., 1996).

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 7

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Planning of access and routing of materials within a construction site has an important
implication for the development of an effective materials management strategy particularly in
terms of increasing productivity and profit, and facilitating the timely completion of construction
projects. The requirement for efficient materials planning is, to increase productivity and profit
of the company, and facilitate the completion of construction projects. Thus, better planning of
raw materials on site can help to eliminate project delays and reduces activity times, resulting in
better service (Wong. E. T. T, 1997).

2.6.2 Procurement
Procurement of materials begins with defining the requirements of the project, followed by the
selection of suppliers or subcontractors, and ends with the delivery of materials at the destination
(Patel K.V, 2011).

(Kasim N.B, 2005) Purchasing materials from the best source, at the right price and with timely
delivery are challenges of many construction companies. Therefore, a control strategy is needed
during materials procurement to achieve the targeted objectives. All requests for quotations and
purchases must be initiated through a properly authorized requisitioning procedure normally
controlled by the Project Manager. The Project Manager must ensure that the purchasing of
materials follows the standard requirement, time and quality. Waste efficient procurement
requires accurate material takeoff and ordering of materials based on accurately prepared design
documents (Ajayi, et al., 2018)
The objective of procurement in materials management is to provide quality materials at the right
time and place, and at an agreed budget. Procurement is about organizing the purchasing of
materials and issuing delivery schedules to suppliers and following-up, to make sure that
suppliers deliver on time. A failure in the purchasing process or in overseeing and organizing the
buying functions as listed by could result in:

 Over-ordering of materials (wastage problems)

 Over-payments for materials (inadequate administration procedures)
 Loss of benefits (lack of skilled negotiating procedures) and
 Lack of knowledge (when and where the best service/source might be available at any
particular time).

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 8

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

2.6.3 Logistics
Logistics is a concept that emphasizes movement and it encompasses planning, implementing,
and controlling the flow and storage of all goods from raw materials to the finished product to
meet customer requirements (Stukhart, 1995). Raw materials for construction are usually varied,
bulky and heavy and required proper handling in the supplying process. Consequently, the
construction industry requires active movement of materials from the suppliers to the production
area in both the factory and the worksite (Pheng L.S, 2001). The primary focus of the logistics
concept in construction projects is to improve coordination and communication between project
participations during the design and construction phases, particularly in the materials flow
control process. They also mentioned that problems arise in the materials flow control process
which includes delays of materials supply, due to some materials purchased just before they are
required and waste of materials during storage, handling and transporting when procured in large
quantities without complying with the production needs on site. The previous research suggested
that, the routing of materials is one of the main causes which affect cost and time during
construction projects (Varghese and O'Connor, 1995). Hence, the factors that should be taken
into consideration during the logistics process for effective materials management include:

 Optimum forecasting of materials movement and

 Planning of access and routing of material within a construction site

2.6.4 Handling
According to (Tompkins, 1984.) The effective material handling as using the right method in
providing the right amount of the right material, at the right place, time, sequence, position,
condition, and cost. This involves handling, storing, and controlling of the construction
materials. Therefore, materials handling provides movement to ensure that materials are located
and that a systematic approach is required in designing the system. Handling of materials is the
flow component that provides for their movement and placement. The importance of appropriate
handling of materials is highlighted by the fact that they are expensive and engage critical
decisions. Due to the frequency of handling materials, there are quality considerations when
designing a material handling system. The selection of the material handling equipment is an
important function as it can enhance the production process, provide effective utilization of
manpower, increase production and improve system flexibility (Chan. Z . L, 2002).

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 9

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Handling with safety during movement of materials at site, which reduce the percentage of
materials wastage and finally foster significant improvement can often the total system
productivity (N.B, 2008)

2.6.5 Stock and Waste Control

Stock control can categorize as a technique planned to be the cover and to ensure all materials or
equipment are available when needed. Stock control include raw materials, processed materials,
assembly components, consumable stores, general stores, maintenance materials and spares,
work in progress and finished products. It is very important as the construction materials were
delivery as requested and with the progression by the proper management of stock control. At the
same time, construction activities will generate big amount of the waste and it will cause
difficulty to the construction industry. However, with the planning of the material management
which is effective will help to reduce the waste of material and increase the profit of the
companies. (Ekanayake, et al., 2000) findings showed that inadequate stacking and insufficient
storage on-site leads the material to wastage. The researcher (P.V, 2015) confirms that the
improper material schedule for materials deterioration during storage or get stolen and delays
and extra expenses may be incurred.

According to Shen (2002) defined building material wastages as the difference between the value
of materials delivered and accepted on site. Moreover, material waste has been recognized as a
major problem in the construction industry and it can also implicate inefficiency in project
delivery. Adopting a proper stock control will help to increase the productivity and also can be
one of the ways to improve waste control in the construction site. By introducing minimizing
strategies to reuse materials in both design and construction phase can be a mean to reduce waste
(Brooke, 2004).

2.7 Factors related with construction material management

According to (M. Zakeri., 1996) suggested that factors such as waste, transport difficulties,
improper handling on site, misuse of the specifications, lack of proper work plan, inappropriate
material delivery and excessive paperwork all adversely effect on material management.
Phu and Cho, (2014) suggest the Factors related with material management in construction
projects as follows.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 10

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

1. Planning and Scheduling

2. Monitoring and Controlling
3. Organization and Personnel
4. Procurement
5. Delivery
6. Storage and Storage facilities
7. Usage
8. Surplus and Waste control
A. Planning and Scheduling
Planning is a fundamental, important process for every project. Material planning, which is a key
function of material management, is closely linked with project planning and control set-up.
Scheduling the entire material program is essential to meeting the project timetable. Indeed,
planning and scheduling are significant in terms of increasing productivity, profit and facilitating
the timely completion of construction projects.
B. Monitoring and Controlling
Monitoring and Controlling of all construction activities in material management are conducted
to ensure the right source of materials with the exact quality, at the right time and place suitable
for minimum cost construction process. It is a process in which facilities, personnel, resources
and capital are monitored and controlled to a significant impact on the operations of construction
projects.
C. Organization and Personnel
Material management structure is organized in such a way that it allows for integral planning and
coordination of the flow of materials, in order to use the resources in an optimal way and to
minimize costs. The organization must be structured to provide for the timely performance of the
work, with material personnel located at appropriate level of project management and influence
the decision-making process.
D. Procurement
Preliminary investigations for developing sources for procurement of materials are made by
floating enquiry indents. It is processed by the material procurement responsible personnel for
inviting quotations with samples of materials where applicable.
E. Delivery

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 11

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Delivery in terms of organizing the movement of vehicles, people and materials ensures the
efficient use of workforce and production or process in construction projects. The routing of
materials is one of the main causes which affect cost and time during construction.
F. Storage and Storage facilities
Material storage can be defined as the provision of adequate space, protection and control of
building materials and components held on site during the construction process. A good and
systematic storage of materials provides better management of materials in construction.
G. Usage
Usage of materials is the flow component that provides for their movement and placement.
Material usage can be defined as the provision of proper handling techniques either manually or
mechanically for the components held on site during construction process.
H. Surplus and Waste Control
All projects can expect a certain amount of surplus and waste of materials after construction.
Surplus and waste materials arise at any stage of construction process from inception, right
through design, construction and operation of the building facility. Hence, control of surplus and
waste materials is important to successful material management.
2.8 Material management problems
Different researchers have conducted studies to find out the problems of material management in
constructions projects. Among the studies the some of them are followings.

(M. Zakeri., 1996) suggested that transport difficulties, waste, improper handling on site, misuse
of specification, lack of proper work plan, inappropriate materials delivery and excessive
paperwork all have an immense effect on materials management.
According to (N.B, 2008)The major problems that were discovered are material management
activities related to constraints site storage, site logistics with regards to material handling and
distribution and also ordering and delivery of materials to the construction site. The identified
problems for material management system are; Late delivery, Site storage problems, logistics
problems, incorrect delivery, inadequate loading area, site access problem, regulation
consideration, congestion time, incomplete delivery, constraints storage compound, material
damages, lack of materials, improper handling, tower crane distribution problem, supply chain
challenge, project size challenge, and project location challenge.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 12

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

According to Sohrab Donyavi, (2009) the common problems in material management are as
follows:

 Failure to order on time which may cause delay in the projects;

 Delivery at the wrong time which may interrupt the work schedule;
 Over ordering;
 Wrong materials or wrong in direction of materials requiring re-work;
 Theft of materials from delivery into production;
 Double handling of materials because of inadequate material
Researcher Dey, (2001) states that the common problems of material management are as follows:
 Receiving materials before they are required which may increase inventory cost and may
increase the chance of deterioration in quality;
 Not receiving materials during the time of requirement causing to decrease motivation as
well as productivity
 Incorrect materials take-off from design and drawing documents;
 Constant design changes
 Theft or loss of item
 Choice of type of contract for specific material procurement
 Vendor evaluation criteria
 Piling up of inventory and controlling of the same
 Management of surplus material.
2.9 Advantage of construction material management
There are so many advantages for a company of an effective construction material management
with in the projects.

According to Maharashtra, et al., (2017) the advantage of construction material managements are
stated as follows.
 Systematic operations
 Reduction in cost of material handling
 Reduction in overall cost of the project
 Increase in productivity of the labors
 Time management

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 13

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

 Quality control
 Better relations with suppliers
 Better relations with customers
 Reduces seasonal problems arising with materials
2.10 Material storage and storage facilities
Material storage can be defined as the provision of adequate space, protection and control of
building materials and components held on site during the construction process.

(Patel K.V, 2011) States the types of physical storage system on site vary according to the space
availability and company practices. Industrial guidelines are also taken into consideration for the
storage of particular materials. Materials are most often classified as per the comfort level of
working of the workers. Basic categories followed are civil, electrical, plumbing, finishes,
construction chemicals, miscellaneous. The materials are also often stacked as per the
specification of the vendor or manufacturer.
According to Liwan S.R., (2015) there are four categories workflow of material storage
management namely planning and arrangement, implementation and handling, control and
monitoring and supervision. Planning matters involving the determination of material
requirements for carrying out production and other related work processes such as determining
the types of materials to be used in construction works, quantities, and specifications to carry out
construction work.
Material managers should play a role in determining storage locations, layouts and all necessary
equipment including coding and cataloging, material acceptance, material inspection, building
materials storage safety, material production, cost data preparation, stock records and disposing
of bad building materials or cannot be used (Brutus. I, 2015).
According to (J.E, 1981)improper storage and handling of materials on building projects, which
could result to waste can be caused by inadequate supervision and careless attitudes, together
with misplaced incentives.

2.11 Construction Material Waste management

Construction material wastes refer to materials from construction sites that are unusable for the
purpose of construction and have to be discarded for whatever reason. Construction material
waste is defined as any material apart from earth materials, which needs to be transported

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 14

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

elsewhere from the construction site or used on the site itself other than the intended specific
purpose of the project due to damage, excess or non-use or which cannot be used due to non-
compliance with the specifications, or which is a by-product of the construction process (K.
Aygerum, 2012)
According to Shen (2002)the wastages of building materials can be divided into two types. One
is direct waste and the other is an indirect waste. Direct waste is the loss of those materials,
which were damaged and could not be repaired and subsequently used, or which were lost during
the building process; indirect waste was distinguished from direct waste because it normally
represented only a financial loss and the materials were not lost physically. Such losses are
principally from the substitution of materials, from the use of materials in excess of quantities
allowable under the contract and form errors. The failure to recognize and record waste from
these causes makes accounting for materials meaningless. Therefore, a simple measure of waste
on-site would be the difference between that used as specified and the quantity of material
delivered to the site as a percentage of such deliveries.

Material wastage has become a serious problem, which needs urgent attention in the construction
industry and it has affects the delivery of many projects reduces the productivity, efficiency,
worth, and profitability of construction activities (O. T. Adewuyi, 2014). Additionally,
Construction waste can have a significant impact on cost, time, quality and sustainability, and
also on the success of projects (Nagapan, Abdul-Rahaman, & A., 2012)

2.11.1 Causes of construction material wastage

According to (Ekanayake. L. L, 2000). The causes of construction material wastages are
categorized into four such as at design, procurement, handing of materials and operational stage
of construction materials.

Most causes of materials wastage occur during construction phase of building projects. Project
executing or construction stage is the critical phase which comprises lots of activities and it
needs high level materials management. However, in all phases the wastage of construction
materials should be considered. (Eshetie A. E., 2019)

i. During planning stage

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 15

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Ekanayake, et.al. (2009) found the main causes that related to design are Lack of attention paid
to dimensional coordination of products, Changes made to the design while construction is in
progress, Lack of attention paid to detail in the drawings, Lack of information in the drawings,
Errors in contract documents, incomplete contract documents at commencement of the project,
Selection of low-quality products.

ii. During procurement stage

Materials wastage can also occur during procurement phase of a project. Lack of trade’s skill
with, ordering errors (e.g., ordering significantly more or less, and lack of possibilities to order
small quantities are the major causes of construction materials wastage during procurement.
Unfriendly attitudes of project team and labourers, inappropriate storage leading to damage or
deterioration, and damage of materials due to deficient stockpiling and handling of materials, are
the major causes of construction materials wastage during materials handling. (Eshetie A. E.,
2019).

iii. During storage stage

Storage is sometimes not properly prepared and dangerous it causes waste of material.(Lu, et.al.,
2011) suggested that Poor Materials Storage Material that exposes to wet conditions and
unsuitable places can lead to injury material deteriorate. This may raise the proportion of loss
between the actual material and waste as a result of the injury material. Other waste preventive
measures identified in the literature include the Just-in-Time (JIT) mode of materials delivery,
reduction in materials packaging (Dainty, et.al., 2004)

iv. During handling stage

According to Ayegba.C, (2013) the causes of material wastage on building construction sites are
damage by mishandling and re-work due to poor workmanship, inadequate storage facilities on
site, delay in material supply, inadequate supervision, poor site security, weather and other
natural occurrence, alteration of de signs, over ordering of construction materials, theft and
vandalism. The building industry uses a considerable amount of resources most of which are
wasted because of poor material control on building sites. (Formoso, 2002)

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 16

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

The major causes of construction material wastage during construction are workers’ mistakes,
lack of onsite material control, and poor coordination among project participants. The major
causes of wastage frequently occur more during construction phase of a project. (Eshetie A. E.,
2019)

v. During operational stage

According to H. Lingard, et.al. (2000) the dominant causes of waste generation in

the Construction industry is late information, incomplete design, inadequate information, Poor
control of materials on site. Other cause that leads to material wastages described by (Dania,
et.al., 2007) in there study Unnecessary movement of people, Untrained labor, Incomplete work,
Poor technology of equipment, Changes to design, Damages during transport is the most leading
factors. (Ekanayake, et.al., 2000) the other causes of construction waste in the construction
industry sites are Errors by trades persons or laborers, ineffective control of the project progress,
Accidents due to negligence, Damage to work done caused by subsequent trades, Use of
incorrect material, thus requiring replacement, Required quantity unclear due to improper
planning, cutting of uneconomical shape, Delays in the passing of information to the contractor
on types and sizes of products to be used, Use of whatever material which are close to working
place, Unfriendly attitudes of the project team and laborers, Theft, Lack of possibilities to order
small quantities (Tam, 2008).

2.12 Construction materials wastage minimization strategies

Construction material waste can be reduced by using waste management practice on construction
project. The construction project activities are to be planned at every stage by every construction
personnel, who are involved, in minimizing and mitigating the overall waste generation at
project. (P. K. G., 2014).
Reduction and minimization of waste can be done by practicing attitude towards Zero wastage,
proper decisions at design stage, procurement, construction site management, and proper
standardization of construction materials and Codification of the same. (Harikumar, et,al.,2014.)

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 17

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study area
This research was conducted in Hawassa town which is located in southern part of Ethiopia at
distance of about 278 km from the capital town of Ethiopia.

Figure 3 1 Map of Hawassa town

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 18

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

3.2 Research design

For this study the descriptive survey method was adopted. The descriptive research design
method is useful in non-experimental study that to seek to describe reality and significant in
gathering information from target population of study. The data collected qualitatively often
possibly analysed quantitatively using percentages, averages, or other statistical analyses to
determine relationships of phenomenon with this type of research design
3.3 Research structures
The research titled with “Assessment of construction material management system on public
building construction projects”. The research has problem statement which states the magnitude
of the problem and research questions. The literature review describes and explains different
secondary evidences on construction material management system. Research data was collected
from primary and secondary sources through structured questionnaires. Moreover, research has
employed descriptive research method which is flexible in nature and to describe reality and
significant in gathering information from targeted population of study. And then based on
collected data analysis and discussion was made by using relative importance index, frequency,
percentage and rank. Finally, conclusion and recommendation have made for actions to taken by
concerned bodies. The following figure 3.2. Shows the schematic representation of the research
structure.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 19

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Title selection

Establishment of statement of problems and objectives

Litreture review

Preparation of
questionnaires

Data collection

Data analysis and

discussion

Conclusion and
recommendation

Figure 3 2 Schematic representation of the research structure

3.4 Study variable

 Dependent variable
 Construction Material management system
 Independent variable
 Process of construction materials
 Waste minimization
 Effects of material management

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 20

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

3.5 Target population of the study

The population of the study was contractors involved in public building projects in Hawassa
town. According to Hawassa construction bureau data, there are 17 public projects under
construction. However, 14 out of 17 public projects are active when a researcher has been
collecting data for the purpose of this study. Therefore 14 contractors were participated in this
study.

3.6 Sample size and sampling techniques

The samples of this study were selected by using non probability sampling technique which is
the purposive sampling method. The samples are general and building contractors involved in
public building construction projects. For each contractor averagely 5 questionnaires were
distributed for site worker, Project Manager, Site Engineer and Office Engineer. Totally 70
questionnaires were distributed for 14 construction sites. The following figure has shown the
sample size of the research.

14 Public Building
Construction Sites

5 GC 9 BC

Ave. 5 Questionnaires
distributed for each
contractors for site worker
Project Manager, Site
Engineer, Office Engineer,
Purchaser and Store Keeper

Total 70 questionnaires
were distributed

Figure 3 3 Sample size of the study

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 21

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

3.7 Sources of data

This research were used both primary and secondary data. The primary sources of data are more
credible as evidence and provide raw information. The primary sources of data were conducted
through the structured questionnaires, observation of the site and interview. The primary sources
of this study were project manager, site engineer, office engineer, store keeper and Forman.

The secondary data sources were used in this research are: academic journals, related books,
articles of different authors and information from different web site which are related and
relevant to the study.

3.8 Data collection procedure

The questionnaire was prepared to have open-ended and close-ended questions. The questions
were prepared based on the research questions. Then the questionnaire was distributed for
respondents and then collected. The interviews were conducted by asking the respondents. A
field observation through site visits was used to collect all the relevant data used to answer the
research questions.

i. The structure of questionnaire

The questionnaires consisted both open and closed ended questions providing both qualitative
and quantitative data. The questionnaires have four parts. The first part of the questionnaires
involves the general information of studied companies and respondents. The second part of the
questionnaires involves the general questions about the construction material management
system of the companies. The third part of questionnaires involves the current practices of the
construction material management the company, the practice of construction material
management processes and waste management system of construction materials. The fourth and
the last part of questionnaires involves construction material management effects on the building
projects.
As per the data collection methods, structured questionnaires were prepared based on the
research questions and objectives then it was distributed to the sampled population by researcher
for the selected companies.
ii. Site observation

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 22

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

The site observation is also another way of data collection too which is this used in these studies.
On-site observation is the process of recognizing and noting people, objects and gets the
information. The main objective of site observation is to visualize the real work system.
iii. Interview
The interview is conduced to clarify the ambiguities if any when respondents filed questionnaires
and to investigate the issue in depth and to discover individuals thinking and feeling and also
interviews were conducted with one of each respondent on the studied construction sites.
3.9 Validity and reliability
Validity of the research instrument has been checked to measure the extent to which research
instrument should represent the variables they are intended to measure. To construct validity,
literature review were conducted and thoroughly examined to make sure that the content of
measuring instrument is relevant to study variables.
Questionnaires were reviewed by advisors. Advisors were requested to identify the internal
validity and to what extent it is suitable to be used as an instrument to realize the research
objective. They ensure that the items covered all relevant issues under investigation. A pilot
study was conducted with a few respondents at two separate times to check reliability of the
instrument. Then the questionnaire is finalized and distributed to the respondents.
To test the internal consistency of the questionnaire result, “Cronbach’s alpha” was used
Cronbach’s alpha calculation

( ) ………………Equation 3.3

Where: - α = alpha

k = number of items (questions/statement)

si = variance of ith item
st = variance of sum of score

From the Cronbach’s alpha calculation, the average result for each part of questionnaires was
0.99. According to George & Mallery (2003) Cronbach’s alpha value which is greater than 0.7.
Therefore, based on the test, the result was excellent. .

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 23

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Table 3. 1 Cronbach’s alpha test

A Range Α Consistency

0.9 0.9 ≤ Cα ≤ 1 1 Excellent

0.8 0.8 ≤ Cα ≤ 0.9 0.9 Good

0.7 0.7 ≤ C α≤ 0.8 0.8 Acceptable

0.6 0.6 ≤ Cα ≤ 0.7 0.7 Questionable

0.5 0.5 ≤ Cα ≤ 0.6 0.6 Poor

0.4 0.4 ≤ Cα ≤ 0.5 0.5 Un Acceptable

3.10 Data presentation and analysis

The data collected through pre-tested structured questionnaire were categorized and analyzed.
The data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using Excel sheet. The five-point scale was
converted to a Relative Importance Index (RII) for each individual factor using the following
formula (Ibrahim and Nabil, 2013).

The data received in the second questionnaire were analyzed by Relative Importance Index (RII)
method.

Relative importance index (RII) = ΣW ÷ (H * N)

Where W is the total weight given to each factor by the respondents, which ranges from 1 to 5
and is calculated by an addition of the various weightings given to a factor by the entire
respondent, H is the highest ranking available (i.e., 5 in this case) and N is the total number of
respondents that have answered the question.

The computation of the Relative Index using this formula were yield the value of RI ranging
from 0.2 to 1.0. The values 0.2 represent the lowest strength and the value 1.0 representing the
maximum strength

3.11 Ethical considerations

The data collection processes were conducted after getting the approval and permission letter
from Jimma University. All respondents were treated polite and respect and avoiding
misunderstanding of respondents and they were informed of the purpose of the study. Each

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 24

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

respondent was politely requested to fill the questionnaires and assured of confidentiality with
regard to any information they gave. The data, results, methods and procedures were truthfully
reported in this study.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 25

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Response rate
The designed questionnaire was distributed for selected contractors who are involved in public
building construction project in Hawassa town. For 14 companies 70 questionnaires were
distributed. Out of 70 questionnaires distributed, 54 were returned. All the returned
questionnaires were used for the study. 54 or 77.1% represent a reliable response rate and
adequate for the analysis. The other 16 or 22.9% of questionnaires were not returned. The
following figure shows the response rate.

22.90% Returned

Not
Returned
77.10%

Figure 4. 1 Response rate by Percentage

4.2 General information about company and respondents

This section discusses the category of the respondent’s, establishment year of the respondents
and the work experience of the company.

4.2.1 Company description

In this study, grade one general and building construction contracting companies were involved
by filling the questionnaire, ready for interview and providing their site for observation. The
percentage of respondents with in a company level is 35.71% from general contractors and
64.29% of building contractors. The following chart shows the analysis result of the rate of
respondent.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 26

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

35.71 Building
General

64.29

Figure 4. 2 Company description by Percentage

4.2.2 Establishment of the company and Work experience

Companies with wide-ranging categories of work experience and year of establishment ranging
from 1-15 and ≤ 5 - 20 respectively. Work experience of a companies varied due to that some
companies have both public and none public project experience. In this paper a researcher
included companies experience solely focused on public projects. The table 4.1 shows the
summarized establishment and work experiences of the company.

Table 4. 1 Work experience and establishment of the company

Work experience of the company Establishment of the company

Year No. of respondents Percentage No. of respondents Percentage

<5 years 6 42.86 1 7.14%

6-10 years 5 35.71 2 14.29%

11-15 years 1 7.14 3 21.43%

16-20 years 2 14.29 5 35.71%

>20 years 3 21.43%

Total 14 100.00% 14 100.00%

4.2.3 Work experience of the respondents

Respondents with wide-ranging categories of work experience were ranging from 1-10 years.
Work experience of a respondents varied due to that some respondents have both public and
none public project experience. The table 4.1 shows the summarized work experiences of the
respondents.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 27

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Table 4. 2 Work experience of respondents

Work Experience No. of respondents Percentage

<5 years 29 53.70%

5-10 years 14 25.93%

>1o years 11 20.37%

Total 54 100.00%
4.3 Construction material management
I. The current performance of the construction material management in public
projects

According to the collected data the current practices of construction material management in
public projects is fair which shows 35.19%.

Table 4. 3 Current performance of construction material management

Tools No. of respondents Percentage

Excellent 8 14.81%
Very good 9 16.67%
Good 12 22.22%
Fair 19 35.19%
Poor 6 11.11%

II. Specific department for construction material management

According to the survey data 53.7 % of the companies were involved in this study have their own
specific department for construction material management and 46.3% of the companies have not
specific department for construction material management. Forman, site engineer, office
engineer, and store keeper are responsible for construction material management for those 46.3%
of the companies.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 28

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

46.3% yes
53.7% No

Figure 4. 3 Specific departments by percentage

iii. Storage of construction materials

All the construction companies involved in this study have an appropriate storage for the
construction materials.

Table 4. 4 Availability of storage of materials

No. of respondents Percentage

Yes 54 100%

No 0 0%

iv. Problems of delivery of material

The survey data result indicated in table 4.4 shows 44.44% of the respondents have problems for
delivery of materials and 55.56%of respondents have not problems for delivering of materials.
The problems for delivering of materials are 23.33% have unplanned delivery date of the
construction materials, 36.67% have improper construction material delivery and 40 % have
damage of construction materials as shown in figure 4.4.

Table 4. 5 Problems of delivery of materials

Tools No. of respondents Percentage

Yes 24 44.44%
No 30 55.56%

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 29

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

40.00%
36.67%
Unplanned Delivery Date
23.33% Improper material delivery
Damage of material

Delivery Problems

Figure 4. 4 Problems of delivery of materials

4.4 System of construction material management

The table 4.5 gives the response to the list of the system of construction material management.
According to the data the effective control of the progress of the construction material is very
good practiced, follow professional practice of material management, effective planning and
scheduling of the construction material and proper distribution of labors are good in practice and
they are ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively.

According figure 4.5, availability of technical professionals within the contractor has 0.41 RII.
This implies that there is very high shortage of technical professionals within the contractor. As a
result of this, a researcher identified that shortages of professionals within the contractors have
strongly affects the effective material management system. According to the above result the
provision of the technical professionals inside the contractors is the main problems and the
proper waste control management systems and adequate training system for laborers are
problems for the construction of material management.

Proper waste control management system has a value of 0.51 RII. This implies that there is an
ineffective waste control system in the project which also affects the effective material
management system.
According to the finding, training system in place for laborers have a value of 0.54 RII, which
implies that there is an insufficient training system for laborers to improve efficient and effective
utilization of construction materials. Therefore, insufficient training provided for laborers and
limited training system in place have strongly affects the effective construction material
management system, particularly public projects in a Hawassa town.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 30

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Table 4. 6 System of construction material management

No Construction material management system RII Rank

Effective control of the progress of construction

1 0.73 1
materials
Follow professionals’ practice of material
2 0.66 2
management
Effective planning and scheduling of the
3 0.64 3
construction material
4 Proper distribution of labours 0.63 4
Proper provision of information to project
5 0.61 5
participants

Availability of clear policies related to material

6 0.61 5
management

7 Adequate of training system for labourer 0.54 7

8 Proper waste control management system 0.51 8

Provision of technical professionals inside the

9 0.41 9
contractor

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 31

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Construction material management system

RII Rank

8 9
7

0.54
0.51 Rank
0.41
Adequate of training RII
system for labourer Proper waste control
management system Provision of technical
professionals inside the
contractor

Figure 4 5 Construction material management system

4.5 The practices of material management processes or functions

4.5.1 Planning
The figure 4.6 gives the response to the list of the practices of planning of construction material.
From the result the relative importance index for all the list practices of planning of construction
material management were greater than 0.5 which indicates that all respondents are in good
manner in the practice of planning of construction material.
According to the result listed below similarity of material plans and specification, determining
what and when materials are needed and selection of quality products having higher relative
importance index 0.75 and they ranked 1st. this implies that similarity of material plans and
specification, determining what and when materials are needed and selection of quality products
are extremely practiced at planning phase.

Designer’s familiarity with alternative products is ranked last which have 0.53 RII. This
indicates that the designers were not familiar with alternative products in the market and it also
results in a poor construction material management.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 32

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

The effective communication ranked 8th having 0.54 RII. This indicates that there is a weak
communication at the planning stage. The effective communication is needed throughout the
project life cycle for the effective accomplishment of the project and construction materials
management.

Clear specification has the value of 0.55 RII, which implies that there is an unclear specification
within the public projects. This also results in an ineffective construction material management.
At the planning phase, each and every material should be clearly specified to avoid ambiguity.
Unless it results in an extra time to correct the specification of materials and improper material
delivery. Therefore, unclear specification is the cause for poor construction material management
and negatively affects the project as a whole.

Planning of material
RII Rank
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
0.75 1 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.53

Similarity of Determining Selection of Awareness of Designer's Accurate Clear Effective Designer's

material plans what and when quality materials experience materials specification communication familiarity with
and materials are products available on scheduling alternative
specification needed the market products

Figure 4. 6 Planning of material

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 33

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

4.5.2 Procurement
The following table 4.7 gives the response to the list about the procurement of construction
material.
Purchasing quality and suitable materials having 0.67 result is higher relative importance index
and which is ranked 1st. This implies that purchasing quality and suitable materials and they
purchase materials with the specification.
Purchasing of waste efficient materials has 0.48 RII. This implies that there is lack of purchasing
of waste efficient materials which can result the material wastage. For proper management of
construction materials by considering procurement of waste efficient materials this means by
preventing over ordering of materials and ordering the materials based on the accurate
specification unless lack of purchasing waste efficient materials leads to construction material
wastage.

Proper schedule to procurement of the materials have 0.56. This implies there is improper
schedule to the procurement of materials within the company which means early or late
procurement of materials this causes for the materials wastage and it’s also the result of poor
material management.
Table 4. 7 Procurement of materials

Related with procurement

RII Rank
1 Purchasing quality and suitable materials 0.67 1
2 Correct material purchase as per the plan 0.57 2

3 Proper schedule to procurement of the materials 0.56 3

4 Purchase reusable and durable materials 0.56 3

5 Purchasing of waste efficient materials 0.48 5

4.5.3 Delivery system of materials

According table 4.5 the proper site access for delivery vehicle having higher relative importance
index 0.73 and which is ranked 1st. This implies the proper site access for delivery vehicle
properly adequate for the delivery of construction materials to the site.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 34

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Proper planning for good delivery system onsite, follow JIT (Just-In-Time) delivery system and
adequate and efficient delivery schedule having 0.69 RII and which having ranked 2nd. This
implies proper planning for good delivery system onsite, follow JIT (Just-In-Time) delivery
system and adequate and efficient delivery schedule are much practiced.

Proper construction material deliveries have 0.42 RII. This implies that improper construction
material delivery is the main problem in construction site. The construction materials are
damaged when they are improperly delivering to the site and the construction materials should
delivered at the right time and right quantity. Unless it leads the project to delay and affects the
effective material management

Lacks of knowledge (when and where the best service/source might be available at any particular
time) have 0.49 RII. This is also related to the technical professionals, as I have mentioned above
the respondents were lack of technical professionals with in the company. Therefore, this is the
causes for lack of knowledge when and where the services available.

Damage of construction material has 0.53 RII. This implies that there is wastage of materials on
the company due to damage of construction material on the site. It affects the overall cost of
project. The site observation is strongly agreed with damage of construction materials on the site
materials

Over-ordering of materials has 0.54 RII. This implies that there is over-ordering of materials
applied in the construction projects. This is also cause for wastage of materials and it affects the
cost of projects.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 35

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Table 4. 8 Delivery of materials

No. Delivery system of materials RII Rank

1 Proper site access for delivery vehicle 0.73 1

2 Proper planning for good delivery system onsite 0.69 2

3 Follow JIT(Just-In-Time) delivery system 0.67 3

4 Adequate and efficient delivery schedule 0.66 4

Sufficient protection of materials during
5 0.64 5
loading/unloading
6 Over-ordering of materials 0.55 6
7 Planned delivery date 0.54 7
8 Damage construction material 0.53 8
Lack of knowledge (when and where the best
9 service/source might be available at any 0.49 9
particular time).
10 Proper construction material delivery 0.42 10

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 36

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Delivery system of materials

RII Rank

11
10
9

0.53 0.49 0.42

Damage construction Lack of knowledge (when Proper construction

material and where the best material delivery
service/source might be
available at any particular
time).

Figure 4 7 Delivery system of materials

4.5.4 Storage and storage facility

A good and systematic storage of materials provides better management of materials in
construction. Improper storage and handling of materials on building projects could result to
waste can be caused by inadequate supervision and careless attitudes, together with misplaced
incentives.
The figure 4.8 gives the response to the list about the storage of construction material. From the
result the relative importance index for all the list practices of storage of construction material
are greater than 0.5 which indicates that all respondents are in a good manner having an
appropriate storage of construction material.
Sufficient storage and stacking are ranked as 1st having with 0.69 relative importance index
value. This implies that they give sufficient instruction to the store keeper how to store and stack
the construction materials in the storage. Availability of storage of materials near to construction
site and appropriate store of materials having 0.67 RII and which are ranked 2nd. This implies the
respondents have storage for materials and the storage is near to the site which eliminates the
materials from damage due to loading and unloading of materials.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 37

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Damages due to placement of material have 0.52 RII. This implies that there were damages of
materials due to improper placement of materials which leads the construction materials to
wastage. The construction materials should place in properly constructed sheds which must be
stored in cool dry and well ventilated and confines, ensuring its storage without deterioration,
contact to ground and structural members, without exposure to moisture and heat, and away from
direct sun.

Adequate proper material storage and stacking on site having 0.51 RII. This implies that there is
inadequate stacking and insufficient material storage with in the construction site. Construction
materials should be properly stored at site based up on their individual characteristics and type,
they shall be atmospheric action to avoid deterioration. But in this case the materials were placed
inappropriate place this leads materials to deteriorate, damage and wastage of materials. The site
observation result was strongly related to this result. As my observation there were insufficient
or very narrow spaces for material storage.

Figure 4.8 indicates that there is poor security within the company due to theft having 0.44 RII
value. This leads the project for additional cost of construction material, affects the construction
material management and impact on the construction projects

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 38

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Storage of materials
RII Rank

5
4
3
2
1

0.69
0.67
0.52
0.51 Rank
Sufficient
0.44
storage and Availability of
Damages due to RII
stacking storage of
materials near to placement of Adequate
material stacking and Theft
construction site
sufficient storage
on site

Figure 4. 8 Storage of materials

4.5.5 Handling
Poor handling of material management affects the overall performance of construction projects
in terms of time, budget (cost), quality and productivity. The wastage of material should also be
minimized during construction in order to avoid loss of profit for construction companies.
The table 4.9 gives the response to the list about the handling of construction material. From the
result the relative importance index for all the list practices of handling of construction material
were greater than 0.5 which indicates that all respondents are in a good manner an having a
proper handling of construction materials.
Proper material handling techniques having higher relative importance index 0.70 and which is
ranked 1st. This implies proper handling techniques of material is highly applied in the
construction site. There is properly practiced handling techniques including loading/unloading
time and other stages of material usages
The Proper handling of construction materials having 0.67 result of relative importance index
which ranked 2nd. This implies that they practiced a good proper handling of material provide

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 39

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

sufficient instructions about how to handle materials properly and materials are supplied in
movable form to the construction site.

Materials supplied in loose form have 0.51 RII which is ranked the last. This implies that there is
supplying materials in wet form to the site this may lead the materials to easily breakage and out
of use. Therefore, this is the result of poor material management and it causes for material
wastage.

Table 4. 9 Handling of materials

During Material Handling stages Weight RII Rank

1 Proper material handling techniques 188 0.70 1

2 Proper handling of materials 182 0.67 2

3 Sufficient instructions about handling 151 0.56 3

4 Materials supplied in loose form 138 0.51 4

4.6 The practice of wastage minimization method of construction material management

on public building projects
The table 4.10 shows the list of the wastage minimization of materials. From the result the
relative importance index of the practices of wastage minimization of materials are greater than
0.5 and less than 0.5. However, less than 0.5 indicates that the respondents are not in a good
manner to minimizing of material wastage.
During working hours, laborers follow a professional practice to minimize wastages of material
has higher relative importance with a value of 0.71 and ranked 1st. This implies that the
companies follow a professional way to minimize wastage of materials on the construction site.

Implementation of waste control practice and reduction of material wastage at each stage of the
project ranked 2nd having 0.69 relative importance index. This implies that the majority of
companies are practiced reduction of material wastage and waste control method at the each
stage of construction materials management.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 40

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

According to the result, insufficient training system to raise awareness to their workers about
wastage minimization of construction materials and negligence practices of the workers are the
main problems of the material wastage.
Training system related to material wastages for the worker is 0.40 RII which implies there are
gaps on training system in place to train workers. In the company majority of the workers are
unskilled and it needs capacity building training to improve the skill on how to minimize
wastage and handle the construction material at the working time. Thereby insufficient training
system in place for workers is the main causes for the wastage of construction materials in a
public project. Most of the workers are unskilled so they need training to enhance their skills

Workers mistake having a value of 0.48 RII which implies that it is the main problem and cause
for the construction material wastage. Workers are made mistake to their work due to insufficient
training system within the company, lack of knowledge and lack of regular supervision.
Therefore, this is also another main cause for wastage of materials which affects the public
building project.

Table 4. 10 Wastage minimization of materials

Related to wastage RII Rank

During working time follow professional practice to
1 0.71 1
minimize wastages of material

2 Implement waste control practice 0.69 2

Reduction of material wastages at each stage of the

3 0.60 3
project
4 Clear policies related to material wastages 0.59 4

5 Workers mistake 0.48 5

Training system related to material wastages for the
6 0.40 6
worker

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 41

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Wastage minimization of materials

Workers mistake

0.4
0.48 Training system related to
material wastages for the
worker

Figure 4 9 Wastage minimization of materials

4.7 The effect of the construction material managements on public building project
According to the respondents proper planning of construction materials have positive effect on
the building projects such as control wastage of materials, on time accomplishment of the
projects, control improper material delivery, helps to know when and where the materials are
needed, to purchase on the budget and to proceed the project as per the schedule. The improper
planning of the construction materials managements were effects on the projects by increasing
the cost of materials and the delay of the project

According to the respondents, the proper delivery of construction materials have positive effect
on the projects such as prevent materials from damage, accelerate project progresses, increase
productivity and minimize wastage. And the negative effects of improper delivery of materials
are increasing the damage of materials, increase the cost of materials, idleness of the projects and
wastage of the materials.

According to the finding the properly providing of the storage and storage facility for
construction materials have positive effects on the project such as protect materials from theft
and weather, increase productivity, reduce time, prevent damage of materials and minimize

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 42

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

wastage of the materials. And the negative effects on the projects are deterioration of materials,
reduction of quality, accident, wastage of materials and expose the project for additional cost.

Table 4. 11 Material management effects on public building project

Material management process effects on the construction projects

Positive effects Negative effects

Planning Control wastage Increase cost of materials

On time accomplishment of projects Delay of projects

Control improper delivery of materials

Helps to know when and where materials are

needed

To purchase on the planned cost

To proceed as per the schedule

Delivery Prevent damage of materials Increase overhead and labor cost

To accelerate project progresses Idleness of activities

Increase productivity Damage of materials

Minimize wastage Wastage

Storage and Protect from theft and weather Deterioration of materials

handling
Increase productivity Wastage

Reduce time reduce wastage Damage of materials

Reduce damage Accident

Exposes for additional costs of materials

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 43

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

4.8 Site observation

Site observation is another way of collecting data for this research. The researcher observed the
implementation of construction material management systems in the construction site and the
effect on the construction projects.

The figure 4.5 inappropriate storing of aggregate which causes to limit the strength of concrete
work on the building project, affect the durability and structural performance of the building,
segregation of aggregate, contamination of materials by deleterious substances, undesirable
moisture content.

Figure 4.5 Picture of storage of aggregates

The figure 4.6 has shown us the wastage of hollow concrete blocks due to transportation, poor
handling and improper cutting of blocks which are the main causes to the damage and wastage
for materials. If proper transportation, handling and cutting of blocks as per the design and by
paying great attention they will minimize the wastage of materials. To avoid wastage of blocks
on construction site, it’s advisable to take consideration into its appropriate storage and handling.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 44

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Figure 4.6 Picture of wastage of HCB

The figure 4.7 wastage of reinforcement bar due to poor handling and inappropriate storage
which are causes to wastage and affects the strength of concrete.

Figure 4.7 Storing and wastage of reinforcement bar

According to the collected data and site observation all respondents have storage of construction
materials but there were inappropriate storage and improper handling of material, improper
cutting of materials, damage of materials and wastage of materials and negligence practices of
workers using construction materials.

A researcher observed that majority of companies have improper handling and material wastage
management in the construction sites which have been negatively impacting the project by
increasing the overall cost, it will limit the strength of materials, creating crowded place,
uncomfortable working area and unsafe condition for workers.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 45

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 CONCLUSION
A researcher has assessed the construction material management system on public building
projects in Hawassa town. The findings and summary of the study are concluded as follows.
The construction material management system of the contractor personnel has lack of technical
professionals, lack of waste control management systems and training system to train laborers in
a construction site.
Even though the construction material management process were practiced, there were
ineffective communication, designer’s unfamiliarity with products, unclear specification,
purchasing non waste efficient materials, improper construction material delivery, damage of
materials, improper stacking and insufficient storage of materials, lack of security, poor training
system related to wastage and negligence practice of workers.
The construction material management processes were not properly implemented, which affects
the overall budget, time and quality of the project and also affects successfully accomplishment
of the projects.
The practice of wastage minimization process has lack of training system related to material
wastages for the worker and workers’ mistake. In the construction industry majority of the
workers are unskilled and it needs capacity building training to improve the skill on how to
work, handle and minimize wastage the construction material at the working time. Thereby
insufficient training system in place for workers is the main causes for the wastage of
construction materials in a public project.
Ineffective communication, lack of training system, lack of security and insufficient instructions
about handling were mainly affects the productivity of the workers. Therefore, the workers were
not productive they will affect the productivity of the projects.
Lacks of professional and skilled laborer within the company were the major problems that affect
the cost, completion time and the productivity of the project.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 46

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
 For effective construction material management, a contractor personnel should establish a
system to train workers under the contractor to improve the handling of construction
material and to minimize of wastage of materials.
 Contractors should provide a construction material department with in the project for
effective management of materials from the planning to the handling stage of
construction materials and to the wastage minimization of materials. And also, to control
all the types of materials for its quality, quantity and cost.
 Contractor should assign qualified staff, proper storage facility for materials, provide
storage near to the site and assign security personnel to protect from theft in the
construction site.
 Contractors should improve working procedures and prepare good handling and storing
of materials on the construction site, provide waste reduction training to the workers to
maintain the effective material management and to reduce the wastage of materials in a
construction project.
 Contractors should improve the impact of poor construction material management on the
entire projects through hiring professionals, providing clear specification and developing
standard of materials, clear specification on quality, quantity, delivery time, method and
packaging, applying material optimization to avoid over-ordering, under ordering and
excess waste allowance, purchasing waste efficient materials, minimizing wastage and
preparing waste management plan.
5.2.1 Recommendations for Further Research
 Further research can consider the construction material management on building
construction from view of other stakeholders in detail to sort out the gap for ineffective
implementation and poor construction material management.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 47

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

REFERENCES
A. A.Dania, O. K. (2017). A Study of Construction Material Waste Management Practices by
Construction firms in Nigeria. Proceeding of the 3rd Scottish Conference for
Postgraduate Reserachers of the Built and Natural Environment , (pp. 121-129).
Glasgow.

Abdu, D. (2015). Assessment of Performance Measures for Material Management Process on

Building Projects in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa.

Ayegba.C. (2013). An assessement on Material Management on Building construction sites.

Civil and Environmental Research, 3(5), 18-23.

Banjoko, S. (2014). Production and Operation Management. European Journal of Material

sciences, 1(1), 1-10.

Banjoko.S.A. (March 2014). Production and Operation Management. European Journal of

Material Sciences, 1(1), 1-10.

Bell.C, S. (1986). Attributes of management System. Journal of Construction Engineerng and

Management, 112(1), 14-22.

Brooke, A. J. (2004). Towards improved Constructive Waste minimization. A need for Improved
supply chain Integration, 22(1), 20-29.

Brutus. I, C. (2015). assessement of Material Managemet and profiatability of an organization.

j.Policy development study, 9, 153-165.

C.Ayegba. (2013). An assessement of Material Management ON Building construction sites.

Civil and Environmental Research, 3(5), 18-23.

Chan. Z . L, W. (2002). An application of Bar-Code System for Reducing Consruction Wastes.

Autoomation in Construction, 11(5), 521-533.

Ekanayake. L .L, O. (2004). Building Waste Assessement Score:Design-Based tool. Building

and Environment, 39(7), 851-861.

Ekanayake. L. L, G. O. (2000). Construction Material Waste Source Evaluation: Proc. of the 2nd
Southern African Conference on Sustainable Development in the Built Environment:
Strategies for a Sustainable Built Environment. Pretoria.

El Sawalhil N. I, K. M. (2012). A construction Materials Managment System for Gaza Building

Contractors. Gaza: IUG,Palestine.

Eshetie, A. E. (2019). Cuases of material Wastega in Building Construction projects.

International Journal of Scinetfic and Engineering Research, 10(10), 1614-1618.
JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 48
Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Formoso, C. S. (2002). Material Waste in Building Industry:Main Causes and Prevention.

Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 128(4), 316-325.

J.E, J. (1981). Site Control of Material Storage and Protection (1st edition ed.). London:
Butterworth.

K. Aygerum. (2012). Minimizing Materials Wastage at the Construction Stage of a Project

through the Implementation of lean Construction. A Thesis Submitted to the Department
of Buiding Technology, Kwame Nkurumah University of Science and Technology.

Kasim N.B, A. C. (2005). Improving Material Management Practices on Fast Track Moving
Construction Projects:Annual ARCOM Conference. Istambul: ARCOM.

Kulkarni V, S. R. (2017). Factors Affecting Material Management on Construction Site.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 04(01), 471-478.

Lingard H., G. P. (2000). Employee Perceptions of the Solid Waste mangement System
Opertaing in a Large Austrialian Contracting Organiztaion. Construction Management na
dEconomisc, 383-393.

M. Zakeri., P. O. (1996). A Survey of Constraints on Iranian Construction Operatives

Productivity. Construction Management and Economics, 14(5), 417-426.

Madhayi. T P, M. S. (2013). Material Management in Construction a Case Study. International

Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(10), 400-403.

N.B, K. (2008). Improving Materials Management on Construction Projects. A Doctoral Thesis.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of
Philosophy of Loughborough University. Loughborough : Loughborough University.

Nagapan, S., Abdul-Rahaman, A. A., & A., H. (2012). Identifying the Causes of construction
Waste-Case of Central. Iternational Journal of Integrated Engineering, 4(2), 22-28.

Nayak .R, P. M. (2016). Management of Construction Materials on Project Site. . International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 03(12), 487-491.

O. T. Adewuyi, I. G. (2014). Empirical Evaluation of Construction Material Waste Generated on

sites in Nigeria. Civil Engineering Dimension, 16(2), 96-103.

P., J. L. (2004). A framework for a decision Support Model for Supply Chain Management in the
Construction Industry. Pictoria : Institute and state University.

P., K. G. (2014). Material Management in Construction Industry. Indian Journal of Applied

Research, 4(4), 1-3.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 49

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

P.V, G. A. (2015). Management for Construction Materials and Control of Construction Waste in
Construction Industry: . A Review. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 5(4), 59-64.

Pali. S . S, A. H. (2016). Study of material management techniques on construction project. .

Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 13(4), 12-17.

Patel K.V, V. C. (2011). Construction materials management on project sites. National

Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology. Dubia: Engineering and
Technology Insitute.

Pheng L.S, C. C. (2001). Just-in-time Management in Precast Concrete Construction: A Survey

of the Readiness of Main Contractors in Singapore. Integrated Manufacturing Systems.
Journal of Singapore Construction Management system, 12(6), 416-429.

R, L. S. (2018). The Framework of Improving on-Site Materials Tracking for Inventory

Management Process in Construction Projects. Technology Management in Construction,
4(1), 180.

S. C, B. (1982). Attributes of Managment System. Journal of Construction Engineering and

Management, 112(1), 14-22.

Sachim Pali, H. A. (2016). study of material management techiniques on construction project.

Journal of mechanical and civil engineering , 13(4), 12-17.

Stephen C. W. K, H. L. (2004). Enabling in information sharing between E-commerce systems

for construction material procurement. Automation in Construction. Tokyo: Journal of
Automation construction E-commerce.

Tompkins, J. A. ( 1984.). Facilities Planning (2nd Edition ed.). New York.: John Wiley and
Sons,.

W Lu., H. Y. (2011). An empirircal Investigation of Construction Demolotion Waste Generation

rates in Shenzhen city, south chian. waste Management, 31(4), 680-687.

Wong. E. T. T, N. G. (1997). Economic Evaluation of Materials Planning Systems for

Construction. Construction Management and Economics. , 15(1), 39-47.

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 50

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

APPENDIXES

JIMMA UNIVERSITY

School of Graduate Studies

Jimma Institute of Technology

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Construction Engineering and Management Chair

Questionnaire Survey on:

 Assessment of Construction Material Management System on Public Building

Projects in Hawassa town.
Dear Sir/Madam
I kindly request you to involve your company by providing relevant information for my project.
The information that you will provide will kept confidential and it is intended only to serve for
academic purpose.
I would like to thank you in advance for your kindly cooperation and returning them back on
time.

By Meaza Messele

Mobile. +251926305110

Advised by: -

Dr. Getachew Kebede

Eng. Abebe Eshetu (MSc.)

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 51

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Appendix A: Questionnaires for Contractors

Company Description

1.1.Name of the Company:

_________________________________________________
1.2.Category
a) General Contractor c) Building Contractor

b) Specialized Contractor

1.3.Years since establishment:

<5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years

>21years

1.4.Your work experience in construction projects and construction project related

works:
<5 years 5-10 years >10 years

Contact address:

Name (Optional):_______________________________________________________________

E-mail:__________________________________________________

Tel (mob.): ______________________________________________

PART ONE

I. General questions
1. How do you describe the current performance of the construction material management
in in projects?
Excellent Very Good Good Bad Very Bad

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 52

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

If your answer is bad or very bad, what challenges may you have contributed in your
opinion for the poor performance? (Please check all that apply in your point of view)

Related with planning

Problems with delivery system

Storage of materials

Related to wastage

If Other (Please specify)

____________________________________________________________

2. Do you have a specific department, procurement division or others for managing

materials on your projects?
Yes No

If your answer is no who is responsible for coordinating the construction materials in your
project?

____________________________________________________________

3. Has problems happened in the process of delivery of material?

YES NO

If your answer is yes what are the problems?

Unplanned delivery date

Improper material delivery

Damage material

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 53

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Vague

4. Do you have an appropriate storage of construction materials?

YES NO

PART TWO

II. Current practice of construction material management

Please indicate the significance of each factor by ticking the appropriate boxes.

1. Very low 2. Low 3. Acceptable 4. Good 5. Very good

IT Related to construction material management 1 2 3 4 5

NO.

1 Adequate of training system for laborer

2 Proper provision of information to project participants

3 Effective control of the progress construction of materials

4 Provision of technical professionals inside the contractor

5 Effective planning and scheduling of the construction material

6 Proper waste control management system

7 Proper distribution of labors

8 Availability of clear policies related to material management

9 Follow professionals’ practice of material management

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 54

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

III. PART THREE

Please tick in the box that best indicates your level of agreement with each of the Statements
below, where:

1. Extremely practical 2. Much practical 3. Practical 4. Somewhat practical 5.

Not practical

No Planning phase 1 2 3 4 5

1. Designer's experience

2. Similarity of material plans and specification

3. Determining what and when materials are needed

4. Awareness of materials available on the market

5. Accurate materials scheduling

6. Designer's familiarity with alternative products

7. Selection of quality products

8. Clear specification

9. Effective communication

Due to delivery system of materials

1. Proper planning for good delivery system onsite

2. Over-ordering of materials

3. Damage during transportation

4. Follow JIT(Just-In-Time) delivery system

5. Proper site access for delivery vehicle

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 55

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

6. Sufficient protection of materials during loading/unloading

7. Adequate and efficient delivery schedule

8. Availability of storage of materials near to construction site

9. Planned delivery date

10. Proper material delivery

11. Damage material

12. Lack of knowledge (when and where the best service/source might
be available at any particular time).

Due to storage

1. Appropriate store of materials

2. Availability of storage of materials near to construction site

3. Sufficient instructions about storage and stacking

4. Accident

5. Adequate stacking and sufficient storage on site

6 Damages due to placement of material

7 Theft

8 Appropriate store of materials

During Material Handling stages

1. Proper handling of materials

2. Sufficient instructions about handling

3. Materials supplied in loose form

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 56

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

4. Proper material handling techniques

Related with procurement

1. Proper schedule to procurement of the materials

2. Purchase of quality and suitable materials

3. Purchased materials with the standard

4. Purchase reusable and durable materials

5. Correct material purchase

6 Purchasing of waste efficient materials

Related to wastage

1. Implement waste control practice

2. Clear policies related to material wastages

3. Reduction of material wastages at each stage of the project

4. During working time Does your company follow professional

practice related to material wastages

5. Training system related to material wastages for the worker

PART FOUR: Effect on the building projects

1. Does the material planning have effects on the building project?

If the effects are positive please specify on the provided space

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 57

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

If the effects are negative please specify on the provided space

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

2. Does the material delivery system have effects on the building project?
If the effects are positive please specify on the provided space

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

If the effects are negative please specify on the provided space

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

3. Does the storage of materials have effects on the building project?

If the effects are positive please specify on the provided space

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

If the effects are negative please specify on the provided space

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Thank you!!!

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 58

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Appendix B: - Observation check list

YES NO

Availability of Storage

Storage near to site

Proper handling

Damage of materials

Attention of workers

Wastage management

Appendix C: Interview Guide line

1. How you are practicing construction material management system in your project?

2. What are the effective means of construction material management?

3. What are the effective ways of minimizing construction materials wastage?

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 59

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Appendix D:- RII calculation

Related to
construction Very Very
No low Acceptable Good Weight RII Rank
material low good
management
Effective control of
the progress
1 5 4 13 11 21 197 0.73 1
construction of
materials
Follow professionals’
2 practice of material 3 6 23 15 7 177 0.66 2
management
Effective planning
3 and scheduling of the 13 25 8 8 174 0.64 3
construction material
Proper distribution of
4 3 12 19 11 9 171 0.63 4
labours
Proper provision of
5 information to project 5 4 29 11 5 165 0.61 5
participants
Availability of clear
6 policies related to 1 11 28 12 2 165 0.61 5
material management
Adequate of training
7 4 18 24 4 4 145 0.54 7
system for labourer
Proper waste control
8 13 9 16 13 4 139 0.51 8
management system
Provision of technical
9 professionals inside 14 21 10 6 3 112 0.41 9
the contractor

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 60

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Somewhat practical
Extremely practical

Much practical

Not practical
Practical

Weight

RII
No Planning phase

Rank

Similarity of material plans and

1 11 20 21 2
specification
202 0.75 1

Determining what and when

2 12 27 3 12
materials are needed
201 0.74 2
3 Selection of quality products 13 13 20 7 1
192 0.71 3

Awareness of materials available

4 5 23 16 6 4
on the market
181 0.67 4
5 Designer's experience 7 10 14 17 6
157 0.58 5

6 Accurate materials scheduling 4 15 12 14 9

153 0.57 6
7 Clear specification 4 14 11 15 10
149 0.55 7
8 Effective communication 3 14 7 25 5
147 0.54 8

Designer's familiarity with

9 7 26 15 6
alternative products
142 0.53 9
Extremely practical

Much practical

Not practical
Somewhat
practical
Practical

Weight

Due to delivery system of

No. RII Rank
materials

Proper site access for delivery

1 10 30 14 198 0.73 1
vehicle

Proper planning for good delivery

2 12 18 6 17 1 185 0.69 2
system onsite

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 61

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Follow JIT(Just-In-Time) delivery

3 7 28 1 13 5 181 0.67 3
system

Adequate and efficient delivery

4 9 10 25 8 2 178 0.66 4
schedule

Sufficient protection of materials

5 5 22 10 13 4 173 0.64 5
during loading/unloading

6 Damage during transportation 4 10 24 11 5 159 0.59 6

7 Over-ordering of materials 6 6 17 19 6 149 0.55 7

8 planned delivery date 4 9 19 10 12 145 0.54 8

9 Damage construction material 3 10 17 14 10 144 0.53 9

Lack of knowledge (when and

where the best service/source
10 2 7 14 21 10 132 0.49 10
might be available at any
particular time).

Proper construction material

11 4 10 27 13 113 0.42 11
delivery
Strongly agree

Disagree

Disagree
Strongly
Neutral

Weight
Agree

Due to storage RII Rank

Sufficient instructions about

1 12 13 18 9 2 186 0.69 1
storage and stacking

2 Appropriate store of materials 9 15 18 10 2 181 0.67 2

Availability of storage of materials

4 10 16 13 10 5 178 0.66 3
near to construction site

5 Accident 2 8 20 17 7 143 0.53 4

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 62

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Damages due to placement of

6 5 6 15 19 9 141 0.52 5
material

Adequate stacking and sufficient

4 9 10 20 11 137 0.51 6
storage on site
8 Theft 2 3 12 25 12 120 0.44 7

Strongly agree

Disagree

Disagree
Strongly
Neutral

Weight
Agree
During Material Handling
RII Rank
stages

Proper material handling

1 10 18 16 8 2 188 0.70 1
techniques

2 Proper handling of materials 14 13 9 15 3 182 0.67 2

Sufficient instructions about

3 5 6 20 19 4 151 0.56 3
handling

4 Materials supplied in loose form 13 10 25 6 138 0.51 4

Strongly agree

Disagree

Disagree
Strongly
Neutral

Weight
Agree

RII
Related with procurement

Rank

Purchase of quality and suitable

1 12 12 17 10 3 182 0.67
materials
1

Purchased materials with the

2 10 10 15 13 6 167 0.62
standard
2
3 Correct material purchase 6 8 20 13 7 155 0.57
3

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 63

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Proper schedule to procurement of

4 4 5 23 19 3 150 0.56
the materials
4

Purchase reusable and durable

5 2 14 15 16 7 150 0.56
materials
4

Purchasing of waste efficient

6 10 15 16 13 130 0.48
materials
6

Strongly agree

Disagree

Disagree
Strongly
Neutral

Weight
Agree

RII
Related to wastage Rank

During working time follow

1 professional practice to minimize 13 17 13 8 3 191 0.71 1
wastages of material

2 Implement waste control practice 6 21 20 6 1 187 0.69 2

Reduction of material wastages at

3 7 15 10 14 8 161 0.60 3
each stage of the project

Clear policies related to material

4 7 11 14 16 6 159 0.59 4
wastages

5 negligence practices of workers 4 19 26 5 130 0.48 5

Training system related to material

6 1 13 25 15 108 0.40
wastages for the worker

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 64

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

Appendix E:- Cronbachs result

Part one

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio
n1

n2

n3

n4

n5

n6

n7

n8

n9
No. Total
1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 44
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 43
6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 43
7 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 41
8 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 38
9 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 36
10 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 35
11 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 35
12 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 35
13 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 35
14 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 35
15 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 35
16 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 33
17 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 32
18 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 32
19 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 32
20 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 31
21 5 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 30
22 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 27
23 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
24 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
25 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
26 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
27 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
28 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
29 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
30 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
31 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
32 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 25

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 65

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

34 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 25
35 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 25
36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 25
37 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 25
38 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 24
39 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 22
40 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 22
41 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 20
42 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 19
43 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 19
44 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 19
45 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 19
46 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
47 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 16
48 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 16
49 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 16
50 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 16
51 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 15
52 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 11
53 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 11
54 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 11
Total 86.18
Variance 1.58 1.00 0.97 1.22 1.28 1.00 0.97 1.41 1.17 10.60
Alpha
0.99
Part two
Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio

Questio
n1

n2

n3

n4

n5

n6

n7

n9

n9

No. Total
1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 44
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 43
6 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 41
7 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 40
8 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 37
9 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 37

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 66

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

10 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 36
11 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 36
12 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 35
13 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 35
14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 34
15 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 34
16 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 32
17 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 31
18 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 31
19 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 31
20 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 31
21 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 31
22 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 30
23 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 29
24 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 29
25 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 29
26 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 29
27 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 29
28 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 27
29 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 27
30 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 27
31 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 27
32 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 27
33 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
34 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
35 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
36 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
37 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 26
38 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 25
39 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 23
40 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 23
41 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 21
42 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 20
43 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 20
44 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 20
45 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 19
46 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 18
47 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 18
48 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 18

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 67

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

49 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
50 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 17
51 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 16
52 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 15
53 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 14
54 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 13
Total 72.95
Variance 0.68 0.97 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.00 0.97 1.41 1.17 9.29
Alpha
0.98

Part Three

Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total
1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 54
2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 54
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 53
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 52
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 50
6 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 48
7 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 47
8 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 43
9 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 43
10 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 42
11 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 42
12 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 41
13 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 41
14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 40
15 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 40
16 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 37
17 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 36
18 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 36
19 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 36
20 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 36
21 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 36
22 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 35
23 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 34
24 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 33
25 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 33

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 68

Assessment of construction material management system on public building construction projects in Hawassa 2021

26 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 33
27 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 33
28 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 31
29 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 31
30 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 31
31 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 31
32 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 31
33 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 30
34 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 30
35 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 30
36 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 30
37 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 30
38 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 29
39 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 27
40 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 27
41 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 25
42 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 24
43 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 24
44 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 22
45 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 21
46 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 20
47 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 20
48 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 20
49 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 19
50 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 19
51 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 18
52 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 17
53 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 16
54 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 15
Total 106.48
Variance 0.68 0.97 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.00 0.97 1.41 1.17 1.07 0.69 11.06
Alpha
1.01

( )

The average of Cronbach’s alpha value for three parts = 0.99

JIT, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Page 69