NATIONAL

SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

GEOGRAPHY P1

NOVEMBER 2022

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 20 pages.

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Geography/P1 2 DBE/November 2022
NSC

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This question paper consists of TWO SECTIONS.

SECTION A
QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER (60)
QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY (60)

SECTION B
QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES (30)

2. Answer ALL THREE questions.

3. All diagrams are included in the QUESTION PAPER.

4. Leave a line between the subsections of questions answered.

5. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page.

6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK.

8. Draw fully labelled diagrams when instructed to do so.

9. Answer in FULL SENTENCES, except when you have to state, name, identify
or list.

10. Units of measurement MUST be indicated in your final answer, e.g. 1 020 hPa,
14 °C and 45 m.

11. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

12. You may use a magnifying glass.

13. Write neatly and legibly.

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR SECTION B

14. A 1 : 50 000 topographic map 2930CA MERRIVALE and a 1 : 10 000

orthophoto map 2930 CA 5 MERRIVALE are provided.

15. The area demarcated in RED/BLACK on the topographic map represents the
area covered by the orthophoto map.

16. Marks will be allocated for steps in calculations.

17. You must hand in the topographic and orthophoto map to the invigilator at the
end of this examination session.

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NSC

SECTION A: CLIMATE AND WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER

1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.9 D.

1.1.1 Lines that join places of equal atmospheric pressure on a synoptic

weather map are known as …

A isolines.
B isotherms.
C isohyets.
D isobars.

1.1.2 The wind direction represented by the station model below is …

A north-west.
B south-west.
C south-east.
D north-east.

1.1.3 Which ONE of the station models below shows drizzle as a form of
precipitation?

A B

C D

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NSC

Refer to the sketch below to answer QUESTIONS 1.1.4 to 1.1.6.

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

1.1.4 The atmospheric pressure reading at A is … hPa.

A 1004
B 1008
C 1012
D 1016

1.1.5 Feature B is known as a …

A ridge.
B trough.
C wedge.
D saddle.

1.1.6 The low-pressure cell over the interior has caused north-westerly
winds because of … circulation and overcast conditions due to … of
air.

(i) clockwise
(ii) anticlockwise
(iii) descending
(iv) ascending

A (i) and (iii)

B (ii) and (iv)
C (i) and (iv)
D (ii) and (iii)

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Refer to the sketch below to answer QUESTIONS 1.1.7 and 1.1.8.

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

1.1.7 The low-pressure cell in the sketch is a …

A mid-latitude cyclone.
B tropical depression.
C coastal low.
D thermal low.

1.1.8 The interior of South Africa experiences … conditions with a greater

temperature variation due to … climatic conditions.

(i) unstable
(ii) stable
(iii) continental
(iv) maritime

A (i) and (iii)

B (ii) and (iv)
C (i) and (iv)
D (ii) and (iii) (8 x 1) (8)

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1.2 Complete the statements in COLUMN A with the options in COLUMN B. Write
down only Y or Z next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.7) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.8 Y.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Increased absorption of heat in Y natural
urban areas is due to … surfaces. Z artificial
1.2.2 The intensity of multiple reflections Y vertical
of heat is increased due to the … Z horizontal
dimension of buildings.
1.2.3 The air pressure will generally be Y lower
… in urban areas than in rural Z higher
areas.
1.2.4 The wind speed in urban areas is Y faster
… than in rural areas. Z slower
1.2.5 The relative humidity over urban Y more
areas is lower than over rural areas Z less
due to … evaporation.
1.2.6 Urban areas have a higher Y hygroscopic particles
frequency of precipitation than rural Z building structures
areas due to …
1.2.7 Temperature graph … represents Y
the change in temperature from the
urban areas (S) to the rural areas
(T).

(7 x 1) (7)

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1.3 Refer to the sketches below on a mid-latitude cyclone.

PLAN VIEW CROSS-SECTIONS

Y
N

Warm sector

Z
Cold sector

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

1.3.1 Name the wind belt that causes the easterly movement of the
mid-latitude cyclone. (1 x 1) (1)

Refer to the plan view.

1.3.2 Identify front A. (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 Which ONE of fronts A or B is moving faster? (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.3. (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.5 Give evidence from the sketch that the mid-latitude cyclone is found
in the Southern Hemisphere. (1 x 2) (2)

Refer to the cold front occlusion C and the cross-sections.

1.3.6 (a) Which ONE of the cross-sections Y or Z represents the cold

front occlusion at C? (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Give evidence that C is a cold front occlusion. (1 x 2) (2)

(c) Explain how the cold front occlusion developed. (2 x 2) (4)

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1.4 Refer to the infographic below on Tropical Cyclone Batsirai.

Satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Path of Tropical Cyclone Batsiria

Batsiria

[Adapted from [Link] [Source: Examiner's own sketch]

Tropical Cyclone Batsirai – Wind speed associated with Tropical
February 2022 Cyclone Batsirai

Tropical Cyclone Batsirai intensified and

moved westward across the South Indian
Ocean. The forward movement was
approximately 19 kilometres per hour (km/h).
Batsirai made landfall on Saturday night.
Tropical Cyclone Batsirai’s wind and rains
caused considerable damage to roads and
transport links, leaving some of the hardest-
hit areas inaccessible. In addition, Tropical
Cyclone Batsirai caused storm surges.
[Adapted from [Link]
000160-mdg]
[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

1.4.1 Give the date on which Tropical Cyclone Batsirai reached the
mature stage. (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 According to the infographic, Tropical Cyclone Batsirai moved

westward across the South Indian Ocean. Give ONE reason for this
movement. (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.3 Suggest TWO reasons for the large decrease in wind speed
between 20 and 25 February 2022. (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4 How could storm surges negatively impact the physical environment
on the east coast of Madagascar? (4)
(2 x 2)

1.4.5 Explain the importance of monitoring tropical cyclones like Batsirai

for Madagascar. (2 x 2) (4)

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1.5 Refer to the sketches below showing the changes in the position of the
inversion layer over South Africa.

A Weak descending air

B
Strong descending air

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

Refer to sketch A.

1.5.1 Identify the season illustrated in sketch A. (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.5.1. (1 x 2) (2)

Refer to sketch B.

1.5.3 Identify TWO factors, visible in the sketch, which influence the
climate of South Africa. (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.4 Explain the role played by descending air in the development of the
inversion layer. (1 x 2) (2)

Refer to sketches A and B.

1.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe how the

position of the inversion layer in sketches A and B influences the
amount of rainfall in the interior of South Africa. (4 x 2) (8)
[60]

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NSC

QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY

2.1 Refer to drainage basins A and B below which have different drainage
densities. Match the descriptions in QUESTIONS 2.1.1 to 2.1.8 with A and B.
Write down only A or B next to the question numbers (2.1.1 to 2.1.8) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.1.9 A.

[Source: [Link] basins]

2.1.1 Higher drainage density

2.1.2 Lower infiltration rate

2.1.3 Denser vegetation

2.1.4 Higher soil moisture content

2.1.5 Developed on the least resistant (soft) rock

2.1.6 Lower degree of permeability

2.1.7 Higher stream order

2.1.8 The graph below represents this drainage basin.

(8 x 1) (8)
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2.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
numbers (2.2.1 to 2.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.2.8. D.

Refer to the sketch below to answer QUESTIONS 2.2.1 to 2.2.3.

BEFORE RIVER CAPTURE

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

2.2.1 … erosion at A is responsible for the lengthening of the river.

A Vertical
B Lateral
C Sheet
D Headward

2.2.2 The landform caused by the type of erosion in QUESTION 2.2.1 is

a…

A spur.
B rapid.
C gorge.
D meander.

2.2.3 River C will eventually capture river B because it flows on a …

gradient and over … rock.

(i) gentler
(ii) steeper
(iii) softer
(iv) harder

A (i) and (iii)

B (i) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv)

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Refer to the sketch below to answer QUESTIONS 2.2.4 to 2.2.7.

AFTER RIVER CAPTURE

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

2.2.4 River C is known as the … stream.

A captive
B captor
C captured
D misfit

2.2.5 Feature D is referred to as …

A a waterfall.
B river gravel.
C a wind gap.
D an elbow of capture.

2.2.6 The resultant fluvial landform of river capture at E is a/an …

A meander.
B waterfall.
C misfit stream.
D oxbow lake.

2.2.7 The characteristics of river F are that it flows in a … valley and the
volume of water …

(i) wide
(ii) narrow
(iii) increases
(iv) decreases

A (i) and (iii)

B (ii) and (iv)
C (i) and (iv)
D (ii) and (iii) (7 x 1) (7)

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2.3 Refer to the drainage basin below.

[Adapted from [Link]

2.3.1 The river illustrated in the sketch is (permanent/periodic). (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.2 State TWO characteristics of the river system evident in the sketch.
(2 x 1) (2)

2.3.3 Give evidence from the sketch that the surface run-off is greater at A
than at B. (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.4 Refer to C.

(a) Which ONE of the cross-sections Y or Z represents the river

at point C? (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.3.4(a). (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.5 How will a decrease in precipitation affect the following:

(a) Water table (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Type of river (1 x 2) (2)

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NSC

2.4 Refer to the sketch on fluvial landforms below.

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

2.4.1 The fluvial landforms, illustrated in the sketch, are mainly found in
the (middle/lower) course. (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.2 Identify fluvial landform A on the sketch. (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.3 (a) Draw a rough cross-section from B to C. (2 x 1) (2)

(b) Will erosion take place at B or C? (1 x 1) (1)

(c) Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.4.3(b). (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe the

processes that resulted in the change of fluvial landform A to an
ox-bow lake at D. (4 x 2) (8)

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2.5 Refer to the case study below on catchment and river management.

MOOI RIVER CATCHMENT AREA

Westonaria
Carletonville

The Mooi River has two major tributaries, namely Wonderfonteinspruit and
Loopspruit. The Donaldson Dam in the upper Wonderfonteinspruit receives water
from various sources, such as sewage facilities, mining areas and informal
settlements, that has a negative impact on the quality of water.
The Mooi River flows south, through agricultural land, from where it eventually
joins the Vaal River. The main types of land use in the Mooi River catchment area
are crop farming and grazing.
According to the Department of Water Affairs (DWA), irrigation and farming are
the two major activities polluting the waters of the Mooi River drainage basin,
following the removal of natural vegetation. Some small-scale diamond diggings
also occur along the Mooi River, destroying the flood plain and riparian (wetlands
next to river banks) habitats.
[Adapted from a case study by S Barnard, A Venter and CE van Ginkel]

2.5.1 What does the abbreviation DWA in the extract stand for? (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.2 Refer to the case study and identify TWO sources that negatively impact
the quality of water of the Donaldson Dam. (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3 Why are the water sampling points (testing points) important? (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 How do agricultural practices in the Mooi River catchment area cause
water pollution of the river system? (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.5 Suggest THREE sustainable strategies that can be implemented in order

to maintain the quality of water in the Mooi River catchment area. (3 x 2) (6)
[60]

TOTAL SECTION A: 120

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NSC

SECTION B

QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

GENERAL INFORMATION ON MERRIVALE

Coordinates: 29°31'S; 30°14'E

Merrivale is a town in the Umgungundlovu District Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal. It is

145 km north-west of Durban and 5 km south-east of Howick.

Merrivale experiences warm wet summers and dry winter seasons. The temperatures
between winter and summer range from 5 °C to 32 °C. The topography within the
surroundings of Merrivale varies in elevation from 1 018 metres to 2 308,8 metres
above sea level.
[Adapted from [Link]

The following English terms and their Afrikaans translations are shown on the
topographic map:

ENGLISH AFRIKAANS
Diggings Delwery
Mooi River Mooirivier
Sewerage Works Rioolwerke
Nature Reserve Natuurreservaat

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3.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS

3.1.1 Study the information below. The orthophoto index map sheet west
of 2930 CA 5 is …

A 2930 CB 1.
B 2930 CA 4.
C 2930 CB 6.
D 2930 CA 9. (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.2 The scale of 1 : 50 000 shows a … area and … detail as it is a

smaller scale than 1 : 10 000.

(i) larger
(ii) smaller
(iii) less
(iv) more

A (i) and (iii)

B (i) and (iv)
C (ii) and (iii)
D (ii) and (iv) (1 x 1) (1)

Refer to the orthophoto map.

3.1.3 Calculate the straight-line distance in metres (m) that the power line
covers from 6 in block B3 to 7 in block C5.

Formula: Actual Distance = Map distance x Map scale (2 x 1) (2)

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NSC

Refer to the topographic map.

3.1.4 Draw a freehand cross-section from the recreation facility at point F

in block D2 to point G in block D3. Indicate F and G on your
cross-section. (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.5 Is the recreation facility at F in block D2 intervisible from point G in

block D3? (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.6 Calculate the magnetic declination for 2022. The difference in years
is 6 years and the annual change is 9' westwards. (3 x 1) (3)

3.2 MAP INTERPRETATION

3.2.1 The wind that blows during the night in block C2 on the orthophoto
map is a/an ... wind.

A anabatic
B valley
C katabatic
D slope (1 x 1) (1)

Refer to block D4 on the orthophoto map.

3.2.2 (a) Which time of the day (morning/afternoon) was the photograph
taken? (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 3.2.2(a). (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3 Give a climatological reason for the large number of perennial water
sources (dams) and furrows found on the topographic map. (1 x 2) (2)

Refer to river H in block B1 on the topographic map.

3.2.4 (a) River H in block B1 generally flows in a north-easterly (1 x 1)

direction. Give map evidence to support this statement. (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Give evidence why the type of flow of river H is associated with
laminar flow. (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.5 The drainage pattern I encircled in blocks C3 and D3 on the

topographic map is …

A trellis.
B dendritic.
C radial.
D rectangular. (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.6 Describe the underlying rock structure that is responsible for the
drainage pattern (answer to QUESTION 3.2.5). (1 x 2) (2)

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3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

Refer to the photograph below that shows an environmental issue in block C2

on the topographic map.

[Source :[Link]

3.3.1 Which symbol represents the environmental issue depicted in the

photograph?

A B

C D

(1 x 1) (1)

3.3.2 Classify the photograph as either primary or secondary data. (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.3 Give a reason for the high resolution of the photograph. (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.4 How would the high resolution of the photograph assist a GIS
specialist to find a solution to the environmental issue depicted
(answer to QUESTION 3.3.1)? (1 x 2) (2)

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Refer to the sketch below of the infrastructure data layer in block C3 on the
orthophoto map.

Infrastructure data layer

KEY

Other road

3.3.5 Identify the missing infrastructure data layer, excluded

(not indicated) on the sketch above. (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.6 Using the correct reference symbol, redraw the sketch and insert the
infrastructure data layer identified in QUESTION 3.3.5. (2 x 1) (2)

TOTAL SECTION B: 30
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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 NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

GEOGRAPHY P1

NOVEMBER 2022

MARKING GUIDELINES

MARKS: 150

These marking guidelines consist of 13 pages.

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Geography/P1 2 DBE/November 2022
NSC – Marking Guidelines

MARKING PRINCIPLES FOR GEOGRAPHY- NSC NOVEMBER 2022 AND NSC/SC

JUNE 2023

The following marking principles have been developed to standardise marking in all
provinces.

MARKING
 ALL questions MUST be marked, irrespective of whether it is correct or incorrect
 Where the maximum marks have been allocated for a particular question, place an
over the remainder of the text to indicate the maximum marks have been achieved.
 A clear, neat tick must be used: 
o If ONE mark is allocated, ONE tick must be used: 
o If TWO marks are allocated, TWO ticks must be used: 
o The tick must be placed at the FACT that a mark is being allocated for
o Ticks must be kept SMALL, as various layers of moderation may take place
 Incorrect answers must be marked with a clear, neat cross: 
o Use MORE than one cross across a paragraph/discussion style questions to
indicate that all facts have been considered
o Do NOT draw a line through an incorrect answer
o Do NOT underline the incorrect facts

For the following action words, ONE word answers are acceptable: list, name, state,
identify
For the following action words, a FULL sentence must be written: describe, explain,
evaluate, analyse, suggest, differentiate, distinguish, define, discuss, why, how
The following action words need to be read within its context to determine whether a
ONE- word answer or FULL sentence is required: provide, what, tabulate and give

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

 If the numbering is incorrect or left out, as long as the sequence of answers to

questions is followed candidates can be credited
 Spelling errors if recognisable, award the marks provided the meaning is correct.
 Be sensitive to the sense of an answer, which may be stated in a different way
 In questions where a letter is the accepted response, but the learner writes the actual
answer- award marks.
 There will be additional guidelines for the marking of certain questions. (*)

TOTALLING AND TRANSFERRING OF MARKS

 Each sub-question must be totalled

o Questions in Section A has five sub-sections, therefore five sub-totals per question
required. Section B has three sub-sections and three sub-totals.
o Sub-section totals to be written in the right-hand margin at the end of the sub-
section and underlined
o Sub-totals must be written legibly
o Leave room to write in moderated marks on different levels
 Total sub-totals and transfer total to top left-hand margin next to question number
 Transfer total to cover of answer book

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Geography/P1 3 DBE/November 2022
NSC – Marking Guidelines

QUESTION 1

1.1.1 A (South Atlantic High) (1) 

1.1.2 B (Kalahari High) (1) 
1.1.3 B (South Indian) (1)  2

1.2.1 Melting snow 

1.2.2 Mouth 
1.2.3 Third order  2

1.3.1 Katabatic 
1.3.2 1 occurs during the day while 2 occurs at night 
1.3.3 Cold air rolls down
into the valley and forms an inversion


Air flows downslope

1.4.1 Shape of front concave 

Steep gradient of front 

1.4.2 Warm air undercuts the cold air 

 
1.4.3 Air behind the cold front is colder than the air in front. Cold air moves faster than
warm air ahead of it. Cold front catches up with 
the warm front. 7

1.5.1 (a) A river that only flows all year round 

(b) The river channel is wide 

 
(c) Regularity of rainfall and the soil type over which the streams flow.

1.5.2

Gauteng and the Eastern Cape


1.5.3 The cost of food production will increase at it is costly to buy purified water. Farmers
will have to buy more chemicalsto purify water. Chemicals cost a lot and this will
increase production costs. It will be costly to purify water for use in electricity
generation. These costs will be included in electricity prices. Costs will increase the
price of electricity during production. There will be less clean water to generate
hydro- electricity.
13

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Geography/P1 4 DBE/November 2022
NSC – Marking Guidelines

SECTION A: CLIMATE AND WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER

1.1 1.1.1 D (1)

1.1.2 B (1)

1.1.3 A (1)

1.1.4 B (1)

1.1.5 D (1)

1.1.6 C (1)

1.1.7 C (1)

1.1.8 D (1) (8 x 1) (8)

1.2 1.2.1 Z (1)

1.2.2 Y (1)

1.2.3 Y (1)

1.2.4 Z (1)

1.2.5 Z (1)

1.2.6 Y (1)

1.2.7 Z (1) (7 x 1) (7)

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NSC – Marking Guidelines

1.3 1.3.1 Westerlies (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 Cold front (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.4 The windspeed behind the cold front is faster (30 knots) (2)
GIVE A
REASON FOR
YOUR ANSWER
The windspeed behind the warm front is slower (10 knots) (2)
TO QUESTION
1.3.3.
Ahead of the cold front the air is warmer/less dense/lighter (2)
Ahead of the warm front the air is colder/denser/heavier (2)
Warm front use energy to move forward and rise (2)
The pressure gradient associated with the cold front is steeper (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.5 Clockwise circulation of air (2)

GIVE
EVIDENCE
FROM THE
Position of the low pressure is south of the system (2)
SKETCH
THAT THE
Warm sector / Cold front is to the north (2)
MID-
LATITUDE Cold sector / Warm front is to the south (2)
CYCLONE IS
FOUND
THE
IN Backing of the wind occurs (2)
SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE Apex is to the south (2).
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.6 (a) Z (2) (1 x 2) (2)

GIVE
EVIDENCE
THAT C IS A
(b) The air behind the cold front is colder (10˚C) than the cool air in front
COLD FRONT
OCCLUSION.
of the warm front (14˚C) (2)
The cold front symbol is at the apex of the mid-latitude cyclone (2)
Cold front touches the surface (2)
Cold front has uplifted the warm front (2)
Cumulonimbus clouds evident (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
EXPLAIN HOW
THE
FRONT
COLD (c) The cold front which is moving faster undercuts/overtakes (√) the
OCCLUSION
DEVELOPED.
warm front (2)
* The warm air is forced to rise (√), resulting in the narrowing of the
warm sector (2)
The cool air (in front of the warm front) (√) is completely uplifted (2)
[ANY TWO – Accept 2 x 1 if not qualified] (2 x 2) (4)
Part marking guideline
Process: 1. undercutting
2. Upliftment
3. Position

1.4 1.4.1 20 February (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 Batsirai is located in the tropical easterly wind belt (2)

GIVE ONE
REASON FOR
THIS
Driven by the easterlies/trade winds (2)
MOVEMENT.
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

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1.4.3 The tropical cyclone reached the land (Madagascar) (2)

SUGGEST TWO
REASONS FOR
THE LARGE
Frictional drag over Madagascar (2)
DECREASE IN
WIND SPEED
Decrease in moisture content (2)
BETWEEN 20
AND 25 Less latent heat available (2)
FEBRUARY
2022. The tropical cyclone entered higher latitudes/cooler waters (2)
Atmospheric pressure increases (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4 Coastal areas would be flooded (2)

HOW COULD
STORM
SURGES
Re-shaping of coastline (accept examples) (2)
NEGATIVELY
IMPACT THE
Increased soil erosion (2)
PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT Possibility of mass movement (accept examples) (2)
ON THE EAST
COAST
MADAGASCAR
OF Destruction of biodiversity (accept examples)(2)
?
Destruction of habitats (accept examples) (2)
Pollution of water sources (2)
Pollution of soil (2)
(Accept) Damage to Infrastructure (accept examples) (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.5 The area is prone to tropical cyclones (2)

EXPLAIN THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
To observe the path of a tropical cyclone (2)
MONITORING
TROPICAL
CYCLONES
To observe the development of a tropical cyclone (2)
LIKE BATSIRAI
FOR Enables advanced weather predictions (2)
MADAGASCAR.
Enables the collection of data on rainfall rates/wind speed (2)
Effective in providing early warning systems (2)
To reduce the level of impact of the system (accept examples) (2)
To be prepared and limit possible damages (accept examples) (2)
To have enough time to evacuate (2)
To plan/prepare emergency procedures (accept examples) (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5 1.5.1 Summer (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2 Weak descending air (2)

GIVE A
REASON FOR
YOUR
The inversion layer is above the escarpment/plateau (2)
ANSWER TO
QUESTION
Moist (onshore) winds will reach the interior (2)
1.5.1.
Wet conditions over the interior (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.3 Plateau (1)

IDENTIFY TWO
FACTORS,
VISIBLE IN THE
Height above sea level (1)
SKETCH,
WHICH
Ocean currents (1)
INFLUENCE
THE CLIMATE Inversion layer (1)
OF SOUTH
AFRICA. Descending air/Kalahari HP (Anticyclonic movement) (1)
Distance from the ocean (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

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1.5.4 As air subsides it compresses and heats up (2)

EXPLAIN
DESCENDING
AIR IN THE
Adiabatic heating due to subsiding air (2)
DEVELOPMENT
OF THE
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
INVERSION
LAYER.

1.5.5 Sketch (A)

IN A
PARAGRAPH
OF
Inversion layer is above the level of the plateau/escarpment (2)
APPROXIMATE
LY EIGHT
Moist air flows into the interior (2)
LINES,
DESCRIBE Unstable conditions cause air to rise (2)
HOW THE
POSITION OF
THE
Condensation occurs and clouds form (2)
INVERSION
LAYER IN Results in more rainfall (2)
SKETCHES A
AND B
INFLUENCES
THE AMOUNT
OF RAINFALL
Sketch (B)
IN THE
INTERIOR OF Inversion layer below the level of the plateau/escarpment (2)
SOUTH
AFRICA. Moist air cannot reach the interior (2)
Stable conditions cause clear skies (2)
Less/No condensation occurs (2)
Results in less/no rainfall (2)
[ANY FOUR – MUST INCLUDE CONDITIONS OF SKETCH A AND
SKETCH B] (4 x 2) (8)
[60]

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QUESTION 2 - GEOMORPHOLOGY

2.1 2.1.1 B (1)

2.1.2 B (1)

2.1.3 A (1)

2.1.4 B (1)

2.1.5 A (1)
2.1.6 B (1)

2.1.7 B (1)

2.1.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8)

2.2 2.2.1 D (1)

2.2.2 C (1)

2.2.3 C (1)

2.2.4 B (1)

2.2.5 C (1)

2.2.6 B (1)

2.2.7 C (1) (7 x 1) (7)

2.3 2.3.1 Permanent (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.2 Dendritic drainage pattern (1)

STATE TWO
CHARACTERIST
ICS OF THE
Volume of water increases from source to mouth (1)
RIVER SYSTEM
EVIDENT IN
High water table (1)
THE SKETCH
Tributaries are divided by Interfluves (1)
2nd order stream (1)
Low drainage density (Few tributaries) (1)
Permanent / Perennial river (1)
The river intercepts the water table (in wet and dry season) (1)
Gentle gradient (1)
The tributaries are joining the mainstream at an acute angle (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

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2.3.3 Less vegetation at A (2)

GIVE
EVIDENCE
FROM THE
More tributaries feed the channel at A (2)
SKETCH
THAT THE
The channel at A is wider (2)
SURFACE
RUN-OFF IS Higher volume of water at A (The line indicating the river is thicker at A) (2)
GREATER
AT A THAN
AT B.
A is in the middle or lower course (2)
Higher stream order at A (2)
[ANY TWO – MAY ANSWER WITH REFERENCE TO B] (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.4 (a) Z (2) (1 x 2) (2)

(b) The river intercepts the wet and dry water tables (2) (1 x 2) (2)

:
2.3.5 (a) It will lower the water table (2) (1 x 2) (2)
HOW WILL A WATER
DECREASE IN TABLE
PRECIPITATION
AFFECT THE
FOLLOWING

HOW WILL A
DECREASE IN
PRECIPITATION
(b) It changes to a periodic or episodic river (non-perennial) (2)
TYPE
AFFECT
FOLLOWING
THE OF
RIVER
The type of the river remains unchanged (permanent) (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.1 Lower (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.2 Meander (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.3 (a)
DRAW
A
(1) (1)
ROUGH
CROSS
-
SECTIO
N
FROM
B TO C.

Marks to be allocated for the correct shape of the undercut (steep)

and the slip-off slopes (gentler) (2 x 1) (2)

(b) B (1) (1 x 1) (1)

(c) The river flow is faster (at the outer bank) (2)
GIVE A
REASON
FOR
The river has more energy (2)
YOUR
ANSWE
R TO
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
QUESTI
ON
2.4.3(b).

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2.4.4 The outer bank of the river gets eroded (2)

IN A
PARAGRAP
H OF
Deposition takes place on the inner bank (2)
APPROXIMA
TELY EIGHT
Continuous erosion and deposition cause the neck to become narrower (2)
LINES,
DESCRIBE Meander loop develops (2)
THE
PROCESSES
THAT
During flooding, the river cuts through the meander neck (2)
RESULTED
IN THE Deposition occurs at the neck of the meander loop (2)
CHANGE OF
FLUVIAL
LANDFORM
The meander loop is now separated from the main stream forming an
A TO AN OX-
BOW LAKE
oxbow lake (2)
AT D.
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

2.5 2.5.1 Department of Water Affairs (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.2 Sewage facilities (1)

IDENTIFY TWO
SOURCES THAT
NEGATIVELY
Mining areas (1)
IMPACT
QUALITY
THE
OF
WATER OF THE
Informal settlements (1)
DONALDSON
DAM. [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3 Test / monitor the water quality (2) (accept examples)

WHY ARE THE
WATER
SAMPLING
Identify the origin of the water pollution (2)
POINTS
(TESTING
Check the level of water pollution (2)
POINTS)
IMPORTANT? Ensure that the ecosystem remains healthy (2)
Ensure that the ecosystem remains in balance (2)
Preserve the biodiversity (2)
To do ongoing research and predictions (2)
To ensure water is safe for people to use (2)
To assist with proper water management (2)
To avoid people getting (waterborne) diseases (2) (accept examples)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 The pesticides/herbicides end up in the rivers (2) (accept examples)

HOW DO
AGRICULTURA
L PRACTICES
The cattle droppings/waste is washed into rivers (2)
IN THE MOOI
RIVER
Fertilizers end up in the rivers (2)
CATCHMENT
AREA CAUSE Poor farming methods cause soil erosion (2) (accept examples)
WATER
POLLUTION
OF THE RIVER
Removing of vegetation increases run-off of more polluted material in
SYSTEM?
water (2)
Irrigation/farming pollute the water (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

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2.5.5 Decrease the use of pesticides/herbicides (2)

SUGGEST
THREE
SUSTAINABLE
Buffering of the Mooi River catchment area (2)
STRATEGIES
THAT CAN BE
Practice green agriculture (accept examples) (2)
IMPLEMENTED
IN ORDER TO Close the mines along the banks (2)
MAINTAIN THE
QUALITY OF
WATER IN THE
Manage dumping of industrial waste (accept examples) (2)
MOOI RIVER
CATCHMENT Reduce deforestation (2)
AREA.
Reduce pollution of (ground) water (2)
Implement legislation (accept examples) (2)
Provide incentives (accept examples) (2)
Create awareness (accept examples) (2)
Implement wastewater treatment (2)
Ensure stormwater management (2)
Ensure conservation of wetlands (2)
Proper land use planning (accept examples) (2)
Regular testing (accept examples) (2)
Improve infrastructure in informal settlements (accept examples) (2)
Maintain water purifying plants (2)
Regular environmental impact assessment studies (2)
Afforestation / Recover the flood plain/riparian zone (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)
[60]

TOTAL SECTION A: 120

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SECTION B

QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 3.1.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.2 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.3 Distance = Map distance x Map scale

= 9 (1) cm x 100 (Range 8.9 to 9.1)

= 900 m (1) (Range 890 m to 910 m) (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.4 (1)
DRAW A
FREEHAND
CROSS-
SECTION
FROM THE
RECREATIO
N FACILITY
AT POINT F
IN BLOCK D2
TO POINT G
IN
D3.
BLOCK (1)
INDICATE F
AND G ON
YOUR
[AWARD 1 MARK FOR CORRECT SHAPE WITHOUT LABELS] (2 x 1) (2)
CROSS-
SECTION.

3.1.5 Yes (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.6 Total change: 9' x 6 years = 54' (1)

CALCULATE THE
MAGNETIC
DECLINATION
Magnetic declination for 2022: 24º 42'
FOR 2022. THE
DIFFERENCE IN
YEARS IS 6 YEARS
+(1) 54'
AND THE
ANNUAL
CHANGE IS 9'
24º 96'
WESTWARDS.
25º 36' west of true north (1) (3 x 1) (3)

3.2 3.2.1 C (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.2 (a) morning (1) (1 x 1) (1)

(b) The shadows fall in a south-westerly direction (2) (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3 Rainfall is seasonal (2) (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.4 (a) The river flows towards the dam (1)

RIVER H IN
BLOCK
GENERALLY
B1 The V-shape contour lines point in a south-westerly direction (1)
FLOWS IN A
NORTH-
Height decreases in a northerly direction (1)
EASTERLY
DIRECTION.
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
GIVE MAP
EVIDENCE TO
SUPPORT THIS
STATEMENT.

GIVE EVIDENCE
WHY THE TYPE
OF FLOW OF
(b) Flat/Gently sloping (2)
RIVER H
ASSOCIATED
IS
Widely spaced contour lines (2)
WITH LAMINAR
FLOW [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

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3.2.5 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.6 Uniform/homogenous resistance (2)

Horizontally layered (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3 3.3.1 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.2 primary (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.3 Higher number of pixels was used (1)

The pixels are smaller (1)
Close up view (1)
Better quality camera or lens used (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.4 Features are clearly visible (accept examples) (2) (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.5 Power line (1)

Buildings (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.6 Infrastructure data layer

1 mark for correct reference symbol (relating to QUESTION 3.3.5).

1 mark for redrawing the power line crossing the road /1 mark for the
correct position of the building (2 x 1) (2)

TOTAL SECTION B: 30
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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