Question 1: Isometric & Orthographic Drawing (25 marks)

Isometric Drawing:

Concept and Purpose: Explanation of isometric drawing as a method for

representing 3D objects on a 2D surface, using 30-degree angles.

Isometric Grid Use: Guidance on using isometric grids for accuracy.

Steps for Drawing: Detailed steps to create isometric cubes and more complex
shapes, highlighting key points like maintaining consistent angles and alignment.

Applications: Common uses in engineering and design, demonstrating how

isometric drawings help visualize how objects will look from various perspectives.

Examples: Step-by-step illustrations of basic to intermediate shapes, including

cubes, pyramids, and combined structures.

Orthographic Drawing:

Concept and Purpose: Explanation of orthographic projection, showing how

different views (top, front, side) represent object dimensions accurately.

1st Angle Orthographic Projection: Introduction to the 1st angle method, including
symbols and layout.

Rules for Drawing: Techniques for maintaining proportions and placing views in the
correct orientation.

Comparison with Isometric Drawing: Differences and when each type is preferred
in technical drawing.
Examples: Step-by-step examples of simple objects, like a rectangular box, then
progressing to more complex shapes.

---

Question 2: Polygons Drawing (25 marks)

Polygons:

Definitions and Classification: Explanation of polygons based on sides (e.g.,

triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons), and terminology like "regular" vs.
"irregular" polygons.

Properties of Polygons: Description of properties like interior/exterior angles, side

lengths, and symmetry.

Practical Tips: Tips on using compasses and rulers to create accurate shapes.

Real-World Applications: Examples of polygons in architecture, design, and natural

structures, illustrating their significance.

Examples: Illustrated examples for drawing each type of polygon, with step-by-step
instructions on constructing accurate shapes.
---

Question 3: Term 1+2 Structures and Impact of Technology (25 marks)

Frame Structures and Roof Truss:

Definitions: Introduction to frame structures and the principles behind distributing

loads through beams and trusses.

Types of Frame Structures: Descriptions of common frame structures like roof

trusses, bridges, and towers.

Materials: Overview of materials used in frame structures (e.g., steel, wood,

reinforced concrete) and why they’re chosen for strength and durability.

Load-Bearing and Stability: Explanation of concepts like tension and compression

and how trusses distribute forces.

Examples: Diagrams of common truss types, such as King Post, Queen Post, and
Howe trusses, with annotated descriptions.
Technological Advancements and the Impact of Technology

Technological advancement refers to the development and improvement of

technology over time. This evolution includes both new inventions and
improvements to existing technology, which shape how people live, work, and
interact with the world. From transportation and communication to healthcare and
education, technology has transformed nearly every aspect of modern society. Here
is a deeper look into some major areas where technology has advanced and the
impact of these changes.

---

1. Communication Technology

Advancements:

Telephones and Mobile Phones: Telephones revolutionized communication by

allowing people to speak to each other across long distances. Mobile phones have
made communication portable and more accessible.

Internet and Social Media: The Internet has connected people worldwide, enabling
instant communication and access to information. Social media platforms allow
individuals to share ideas, collaborate, and stay connected with friends and family
across the globe.

Video Conferencing: Platforms like Zoom and Skype make it possible for people to
hold meetings and conferences remotely, reducing the need for travel.

Impact:

Faster Communication: People can communicate instantly, which helps

businesses operate more efficiently and connects families separated by distance.

Increased Accessibility to Information: The internet provides vast resources for

learning and knowledge-sharing.

Social Changes: Social media has transformed how people interact, build
communities, and influence each other, both positively and negatively.

---

2. Medical and Healthcare Technology

Advancements:

Medical Imaging and Diagnostics: Technologies like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans
allow for non-invasive internal imaging, helping doctors diagnose conditions
accurately.
Telemedicine: Patients can consult with doctors online, which improves access to
healthcare, especially for people in remote areas.

Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: Advancements in biotechnology have led to

the development of life-saving drugs, vaccines, and treatments for diseases like
cancer and diabetes.

Impact:

Improved Health Outcomes: Early diagnosis and advanced treatments help save
lives and extend lifespans.

Increased Accessibility: Telemedicine allows people who live far from medical
facilities to receive quality healthcare.

Quality of Life: With medical advancements, people live healthier and more
comfortable lives, even with chronic illnesses.

---

3. Education Technology

Advancements:

Online Learning Platforms: Websites and applications like Khan Academy,

Coursera, and Zoom make it possible for people to learn remotely.

Interactive Learning Tools: Tools such as virtual labs, simulations, and educational
games make learning more engaging and accessible.

AI in Education: Artificial intelligence (AI) tailors learning experiences to individual

students, providing personalized support and assessments.

Impact:

Increased Access to Education: Students from various backgrounds and locations

can access education from top institutions worldwide.

Personalized Learning: AI helps teachers cater to each student’s learning pace,

making education more effective.

Engagement: Interactive and digital learning resources can help students

understand and retain complex concepts better.

---
4. Transportation Technology

Advancements:

Electric and Autonomous Vehicles: Electric vehicles (EVs) are eco-friendly

alternatives to traditional cars, and autonomous (self-driving) vehicles are designed
to reduce human error.

High-Speed Rail and Hyperloop: Innovations like bullet trains and the Hyperloop
aim to move people between cities quickly, with minimal environmental impact.

Drones and Delivery Bots: Drones are used for delivering packages, capturing
aerial images, and even assisting in search-and-rescue missions.

Impact:

Environmental Benefits: Electric and eco-friendly vehicles reduce carbon

emissions, helping combat climate change.

Improved Safety: Autonomous vehicles reduce accidents caused by human error,

improving road safety.

Faster Transportation: High-speed transportation shortens travel times, making

cities and countries more accessible.

---

5. Workplace and Industry Technology

Advancements:

Automation and Robotics: Robots perform repetitive or hazardous tasks,

increasing productivity and safety in industries like manufacturing.

Artificial Intelligence: AI is used for data analysis, decision-making, customer

service, and more, streamlining complex tasks.

3D Printing: This technology allows for the creation of parts and prototypes,
reducing the time and cost of production.

Impact:

Increased Efficiency: Automation allows companies to produce goods faster and at

a lower cost, benefiting consumers.

Job Transformation: While some jobs become automated, new roles in tech and
engineering emerge, creating new employment opportunities.

Customization: 3D printing makes it easier to create customized products, which

enhances customer satisfaction.
---

6. Environmental Technology

Advancements:

Renewable Energy Sources: Technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and
hydroelectric dams harness renewable energy sources to generate electricity.

Water Purification: New filtration and desalination technologies make it possible to

provide clean water to regions affected by water scarcity.

Recycling and Waste Management: Innovations in recycling processes and

materials science make it easier to reduce waste and reuse materials.

Impact:

Sustainable Development: Renewable energy reduces dependence on fossil fuels,

which helps protect the environment.

Resource Conservation: Water purification and recycling ensure that vital

resources are preserved for future generations.

Reduced Pollution: Technological improvements in waste management and

renewable energy help lower pollution levels, improving air and water quality.

---

Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology

While technological advancements have greatly improved quality of life, they

also come with challenges. Understanding both sides of the impact helps us
use technology responsibly.

Positive Impacts:

Efficiency and Convenience: Technology simplifies tasks, making life more

efficient and accessible.

Economic Growth: Technological innovation fuels industries, creating jobs and

boosting the economy.

Social Connectivity: Platforms like social media keep people connected across
distances.
Negative Impacts:

Privacy Concerns: With more personal data online, concerns about privacy and
data security have increased.

Job Displacement: Automation can lead to job losses in certain industries as

machines replace human workers.

Environmental Issues: Some technologies, like electronics, contribute to pollution

and electronic waste.

---

Future Trends in Technology and Society

Artificial Intelligence: AI will continue to advance, impacting everything from

healthcare and education to industry.

Sustainable Technology: There will be a greater focus on eco-friendly innovations

to combat climate change.

Smart Cities: Cities will use technology to manage resources more effectively,
improve transportation, and provide safer environments for citizens.

In summary, technology has reshaped the world in countless ways. By

understanding both the benefits and challenges of technological advancements,
we can harness these tools to improve society, foster sustainability, and create a
positive impact on future generations.

---

Question 4: Term 3+4 Mechanical and Electrical Systems

Levers:

Types of Levers: Detailed explanations of first, second, and third-class levers, with
real-life examples (e.g., seesaws, wheelbarrows, tongs).

Mechanical Advantage: How levers reduce effort by distributing force, including

calculations for mechanical advantage.

Single Levers: Focus on single-lever systems and examples in daily tools and
machines.

Examples: Diagrams of different levers, labeling key parts (effort, load, fulcrum).
Recycling of Paper and Paper-Making Process:

Importance of Recycling: Environmental impact of recycling and conserving

resources.

Paper-Making Process: Step-by-step breakdown of the paper-making process from

raw materials to finished product.

Types of Recycled Paper: Examples of how recycled paper is used, including eco-
friendly packaging and sustainable products.
Examples: Flowchart of the paper-making and recycling processes, illustrating each
stage.
Circuits and Components Overview

A circuit is a closed path through which electric current flows. In a basic circuit,
electricity flows from a power source (like a battery) through various
components, each serving a specific function, and returns to the power source.
Here’s a breakdown of essential components and types of circuits:

---

1. Basic Components of a Circuit

a. Power Source

Battery: A device that stores electrical energy and provides a consistent power
supply in circuits. Batteries have positive (anode) and negative (cathode) terminals,
which establish the direction of current flow.

Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides AC or DC power, depending on the circuit's

needs. Used in larger systems or electronic devices.

b. Conductors (Wires)

Conductors, typically made of copper, are used to connect different components in a

circuit, allowing electricity to flow freely between them.

Wires are insulated to prevent short circuits and ensure that the current flows along a
designated path.

c. Resistors

Function: Resistors limit or control the flow of current to protect sensitive

components from high current levels.

Types: Fixed resistors have a set resistance value, while variable resistors (like
potentiometers) allow the resistance to be adjusted.

Measurement: Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω), and resistors are color-coded

to indicate their resistance values.
d. Capacitors

Function: Capacitors store and release electrical energy in circuits. They are
commonly used to smooth out voltage fluctuations, filter signals, and temporarily
store energy.

Types: Electrolytic capacitors (for high capacity) and ceramic capacitors (for smaller
applications).

Measurement: Capacitance is measured in farads (F), with microfarads (μF) and

picofarads (pF) commonly used.

e. Switches

Function: Switches open or close circuits, controlling the flow of current. When a
switch is closed, the circuit is complete, allowing current to flow. When open, it stops
the current.

Types: Toggle switches, push-button switches, and slide switches are commonly
used in different circuits for manual control.

f. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Function: LEDs emit light when current flows through them, often used as indicators
in circuits. LEDs require very little power and only allow current to flow in one
direction.

Note: LEDs have polarity, meaning they must be connected in the correct direction
for the current to flow through them (positive to positive, negative to negative).

g. Diodes

Function: Diodes control the direction of current, allowing it to flow in only one
direction and blocking it in the opposite direction.

Application: Used to prevent current backflow that could damage components or

cause malfunction.

h. Transistors

Function: Transistors act as amplifiers and switches within circuits. They can control
larger currents or voltages based on smaller input signals.

Types: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) are
the most common types, with applications in digital circuits, amplifiers, and switches.

---
2. Types of Circuits

a. Series Circuit

In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end in a single path. The

current flows through each component one after another.

Characteristics: If one component fails, the entire circuit breaks, as there is no

alternate path for current.

Current and Voltage: The same current flows through all components, but the
voltage is divided among them.
b. Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit, components are connected on separate branches. Each

component has its path to the power source, allowing current to flow independently
through each path.

Characteristics: If one component fails, the others continue to function because

each component has a separate path.

Current and Voltage: The voltage remains the same across each branch, while the
total current is the sum of the currents through each branch.
c. Series-Parallel Circuit

A combination of series and parallel circuits, where some components are

connected in series while others are in parallel.

Characteristics: Offers more flexibility in controlling voltage and current across

different parts of the circuit.

Applications: Used in more complex devices and systems to distribute current and
voltage efficiently.
---

3. Additional Components and Circuit Concepts

a. Fuse

Function: A safety device that protects the circuit from overcurrent. Fuses have a
metal wire that melts when excessive current flows through it, breaking the circuit.

Use: Common in household circuits, automotive systems, and electronic devices to

prevent damage from short circuits or overloads.

b. Relay

Function: An electrically operated switch that opens or closes circuits. Relays are
used to control circuits with a low-power signal or allow one circuit to control another.

Types: Mechanical relays use a physical switch, while solid-state relays use
semiconductor components.

c. Inductor

Function: Stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it. Inductors
are used in filters, transformers, and to block high-frequency signals.

Measurement: Inductance is measured in henries (H).

---
4. Circuit Symbols and Diagrams

Circuit symbols are standardized icons used to represent different components in a

schematic diagram, making it easier to understand the circuit’s structure. Some basic
symbols include:

Battery: Two lines of unequal length (positive and negative).

Resistor: A zigzag or rectangular symbol.

Capacitor: Two parallel lines (with a gap for non-polarized and a curve for
polarized).

Switch: A break in a line with a lever or push button.

LED: A diode symbol with arrows pointing out, indicating light emission.

Diagrams use these symbols to illustrate how components are connected. Practicing
reading and drawing circuit diagrams can help build skills for designing and
troubleshooting circuits.

---

Understanding Gear Systems

A gear system is a mechanism consisting of two or more gears that work together to
transmit motion and force. Gears are used in many machines and devices, from
bicycles to clocks and car engines, to control speed, direction, and torque (the force
that causes rotation).

How Gears Work:

Gears are wheels with teeth that interlock with other gears.

When one gear turns, it causes the other connected gear to turn in the opposite
direction.

The way gears interact can increase or decrease speed and force, depending on
their size and the number of teeth.

---

Key Terms in Gear Systems

Driver Gear: The gear that receives the initial input force (often connected to a
motor or source of movement).

Driven Gear: The gear that is moved by the driver gear.

Gear Ratio: A calculation of how much the driver gear's rotation speed is altered
when passed to the driven gear. This ratio affects the speed and torque of the
system.

Formula for Gear Ratio:

Gear Ratio = Number of Teeth on Driven Gear

Number of Teeth on Driver Gear

---

Types of Gears and Their Applications

1. Spur Gears

Description: Spur gears have straight teeth and are the most common type of gear.
They are usually mounted on parallel shafts.

Function: These gears are efficient for transferring motion and power between
parallel shafts.

Applications: Used in clocks, washing machines, and basic mechanical systems.

Advantages: Simple to design and manufacture, highly efficient in energy transfer.

Disadvantages: Can be noisy at high speeds due to straight teeth.

2. Helical Gears

Description: Helical gears have teeth that are cut at an angle to the gear face,
creating a diagonal pattern.

Function: The angled teeth make helical gears operate more smoothly and quietly
than spur gears, as teeth gradually come into contact.

Applications: Used in automotive transmissions, conveyor systems, and high-speed

applications.

Advantages: Reduced noise and vibration, suitable for high-speed applications.

Disadvantages: More complex to manufacture, higher friction than spur gears.

3. Bevel Gears

Description: Bevel gears have conically shaped teeth that intersect at an angle,
allowing power transfer between shafts that are not parallel (often at a 90° angle).

Function: Used to change the direction of force, making them ideal for right-angle
drives.
Applications: Common in hand drills, car differentials, and right-angle gearboxes.

Advantages: Ideal for changing shaft direction; efficient power transfer.

Disadvantages: Complex to design, more challenging to manufacture.

4. Worm Gears

Description: Consists of a worm (a gear in the form of a screw) that meshes with a
worm wheel.

Function: Worm gears are used to transmit motion between non-parallel, non-
intersecting shafts and have a unique property where the worm can drive the wheel,
but the wheel cannot drive the worm (self-locking).

Applications: Elevators, conveyor systems, tuning mechanisms in musical

instruments.

Advantages: High reduction ratios, self-locking (won't back-drive).

Disadvantages: Generates a lot of heat due to friction; less efficient for high-power
applications.

5. Rack and Pinion

Description: The pinion is a round gear that meshes with a flat, toothed component
called a rack.

Function: Converts rotational motion of the pinion into linear (straight-line) motion of
the rack.

Applications: Used in car steering systems, railways, and lifting mechanisms.

Advantages: Simple method to convert rotation into linear movement.

Disadvantages: Requires precise alignment for smooth operation.

---
Applications of Gear Systems

Gears are essential in devices where speed and force need to be controlled. Some
common applications include:

Bicycles: Changing gears helps riders adjust the speed and effort needed
depending on the terrain.

Cars: Gears in transmissions adjust torque and speed based on the vehicle’s needs.

Clocks: Gears control the precise movement of clock hands, allowing for accurate
timekeeping.

Machinery: Used in manufacturing equipment to increase efficiency and control

power output for various processes.

---

Understanding Torque and Speed in Gear Systems

Torque: The rotational force in a system. Larger gears increase torque while
reducing speed.

Speed: The rate at which the gears rotate. Smaller gears increase speed but reduce
torque.

Example of Torque and Speed in Gears:

If you need a system that moves slowly but requires a lot of force (like lifting a heavy
weight), you would use a higher gear ratio with a larger driven gear and a smaller
driver gear.

For fast movement with less force (like a fan), you’d use a lower gear ratio with a
smaller driven gear and a larger driver gear.

---

Sample Calculations for Gear Ratios and Effects on Speed and Torque

1. Gear Ratio Calculation:

Example: Driver gear has 10 teeth, and the driven gear has 30 teeth.

Gear Ratio = 30 / 10 = 3:1.

Explanation: The driven gear will rotate one-third as fast as the driver gear but with
three times the torque.
2. Impact on Speed and Torque:

High Gear Ratios (e.g., 4:1): Increase torque and decrease speed, making the
system suitable for heavy lifting or applications needing more power.

Low Gear Ratios (e.g., 1:2): Decrease torque but increase speed, ideal for
applications needing quick movements.

---

Practical Example of Gear Use in Bicycles

In a bicycle, the rider shifts gears to control speed and effort:

Low Gear: Provides high torque for going uphill (larger rear gear/smaller front gear).

High Gear: Provides higher speed with less force needed for flat or downhill terrain
(smaller rear gear/larger front gear).