ORGANIC CHEMISTRY /
LAB REPORT
Student name :- Kosar Sdiq Tofiq Group: D - Subgroup: 8 Date: 17/4/2022
Partners : 1- Sarwar Abdullah 2- Fenk Jamil 3- Shoxan Jalil .
Exp. Name:-- {Fractional Distillation}.
Aim: to purify chemicals and to separate mixtures to obtain their
componentsm.
Introduction: Fractional distillation is a process by which components in a
chemical mixture are separated into different parts (called fractions) according to
their different boiling points. Fractional distillation is used to purify chemicals and
to separate mixtures to obtain their components.The technique is used in labs and
in industry, where the process has vast commercial significance. The chemical and
petroleum industry rely on fractional distillation. Vapors from a boiling solution
are passed along a tall column, called a fractionating column. The column is
packed with plastic or glass beads to improve the separation by providing more
surface area for condensation and evaporation. The temperature of the column
gradually decreases along its length. Components with a higher boiling point
condense on the column and return to the solution; components with a lower
boiling point (more volatile) pass through the column and are collected near the
top.
Theoretically, having more beads or plates improves the separation, but adding
plates also increases the time and energy required to complete a distillation.
1|Page
Synopsis and Notes on experimental Procedure and Results
{Proceduers, Variances, and Observations} .
-- At first we Adjustment the apparatus then we add 30mL of each
cyclohexane and toluenein the distilling flask, then we start to flow
water through the condenser. Next start heating the mixture slowly to
boiling by heater and we saw a ring of condensate that rise slowly
through the column. We record the first temperature by thermometer
when we collect first drop of distillate, then after each 2mL we record
and colect the data.
After we have record data and we distillate 50ml we remove the heat
and allow pot to cool after some minute we turn off the water to tee
condenser. Finllay we clean our glassware.
2|Page
Results :
Quantity Tempe-
Distilled(ml) ratureC⁰
0 24
Plot the boiling point against the volume of distillate for
the distillation of the hexane-toluene mixture.? Notes:
1 68
Some groups use 5 ml-intervals and others use 2-mL
2 72
interval for taking temperature (both are normals and
4 75 plot the graph accordingly).
6 75.5
8 76.2
10 76.5
12 77
14 77.2
16 77.2
18 78
20 79.2
22 80.2
24 80.5
26 80.8
28 82.5
30 83.5
32 85
34 87
36 89
38 91.2
40 91.5
42 97.5
44 100.5
46 100
48 102
50 102
3|Page
Conclusion:-
The purpose of this distillation lab was to separate two liquids, which were
cyclohexane and toluene. Experimental boiling points for each of the liquids were
derived. Understanding the difference between simple and fractional distillation
was very useful when analyzing the data. The results collected from the
experiment showed that fractional distillation is the most efficient method for
separating. A few errors were encountered during this lab. Stabilizing the drop
rate was difficult. Because of that, the graph appears inconsistent. The difference
between the literature and experimental values were also quite large. Overall, the
experiment did accomplish what it was set out to do.
Post lab. Question:
Explain why flooding in the fractionation column can lead to a poor
separation of Distilling Components.?
Causing liquid to be entrained in the vapour up the column. The increased pressure from
excessive vapour also backs up the liquid in the downcomer, causing an increase in liquid
holdup on the plate above. Depending on the degree of flooding, the maximum capacity of the
column may be severely reduced. Flooding is detected by sharp increases in column differential
pressure and significant decrease in separation efficiency.
Referances:
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-fractional-distillation-604421
https://www.rccostello.com/distil/distilop.htm
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation
https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/university-of-houston/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-
laboratory/separating-cyclohexane-and-toluene-by-distillation-lab/17939982
4|Page
