Introduction

EE328 Power Electronics

Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE
Ege University, Dept. of E&E

Recommended Course Books

“Power Electronics”  “Power Electronics Circuits,

Daniel W. Hart Devices and Applications”,
McGraw-Hill Muhammed H. Rashid
Prentice Hall

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

1
 Course content
 Introduction to power electronics concept, electronic switches,
circuit simulation
EE328 POWER ELECTRONICS
 Power computations, energy recovery, effective (RMS) value,
power computations for non-sinusoidal waveforms
 AC/DC converters (Rectifiers)
– Uncontrolled rectifiers with diodes, half&full wave, 1 and 3 phase
– Controlled rectifiers with SCR, half&full wave, 1 and 3 phase
– Power factor correction (PFC) circuits
 DC/DC converters
– Buck, Boost, Buck-boost, Cuk, Flyback, Forward, Half&Full Bridge
 DC/AC converters (Inverters)
– Single and three phase full bridge PWM inverters, multilevel
inverters
 AC/AC converters
– Single and three phase AC voltage controllers, cycloconverter.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Course web page

 Announcements, lecture notes, design
projects etc. are all included in the
course web page in the University Portal
of EGEDERS https://egeders.ege.edu.tr/

 University licence for MATLAB

For more information: http://matlab.ege.edu.tr/

 Free software: LTSpice SPICE circuit

simulator, Analog Devices

 Install these softwares into your computer.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

2
 All laboratory works are postponed to
LABORATORY April. In lab hours, there will be lectures.

 Simulation experiments in
PSIM environment
 Read the laboratory manual
carefully before doing an
experiment.
 Each student should
prepare a preliminary design
report before coming to
laboratory.
 Each group should submit
an experiment report.
 More information will be
given by the laboratory
assistant: Ar. Gör. Seçkin
Şola

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Design project of 2023

15V/2A adjustable power supply.
Objective: The objective of this project is to design, simulate and realize an
15V/2A adjustable power supply
General specifications:
 Input: 16Vdc to 30Vdc
 Output : 1.5V to 15Vdc voltage @ 0-2A adj. current.
 Protections: Short circuit (SCP), over-current (OCP),
over-voltage (OVP) and over-temperature (OTP) protections
 Displaying of Vout & Iout
 Proposal:
 Project team: 5 students
 The team leader makes all communications
for proposal, report etc. on behalf of the team.
A commercial
 Each team will submit a project proposal
product
 Proposal due date: 02.04.2022
 More information will be given in Egeders course website.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

3
 Design Project of Previous Years
 2022: USB car charger
 2021: Offline power supply design 12Vdc (PSIM)
 2020: Digital power converter which boosts 12V voltage to 48V (PSIM)
 2019: Fully digital, adjustable 0-15V / 2 A DC power supply
 2018: LED stroboscobe Sample project video
 2017: USB mobile charger Sample Project video
 2016: Power conditioner design for wind power generator
 2015: A speed controller for 12V brushed DC motor

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Grading policy
 Success in laboratory activity is obligatory to pass the course.
 Repeat takers must repeat all the activities of the course; that means
both laboratory section and design project must be repeated.
 Students have to attend at least 70% of classes. Repeat takers are
not liable if they have fulfilled this condition before.
 All reports and assignments must be submitted before due date. Late
submissions will not be accepted!
 Assessment of the course
Midterm exam 30% Quiz score on the lecture
Design Project 15% about sustainable energy
review will be added to
Lab. score 15%
midterm exam as a bonus
Final exam 40% 5%.

Course score 100%

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

4
 What is power electronics?
 Power electronics is a branch of engineering that combines the
generation, transformation and distribution of electric energy through
electronic means. (Kevin Bai)
 Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the
control and conversion of electric power. (Wikipedia)
 In broad terms, the task of power electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents
in the form that is optimally suited for user loads. (Mohan et.al.)
 Power electronics combine power, electronics and control.
(M.Rashid)
 Power electronics is the application of static converters to process
and control the electric energy. (Hacı Bodur)
 Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one form to
another using electronic devices. Conversion is done using
electronic switches, capacitors, magnetics, and control systems
(Daniel Hart)
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Interdisciplinary nature of power electronics

Fourier series
Embedded
coding

Circuit Signal
theory processings
Simulation and
computing Solid-state
physics

Control Power
theory Renewable
Electronic energy
s
Power
Electronics systems

Electric
machines

Electromagnetics

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

5
 Scope of power electronics
 Applications of power electronics range from low power battery
operated equipments to high power utility equipments.
Power Level Example System
<1 kW Battery operated equipment, cordless screwdrivers,
cell phone chargers, Satellite power systems, Offline flyback
miliWatt

power supply, Notebook chargers, Computer power supply,

Blender, sound systems, solar micro-inverters
1-100 kW Electronic welding machine, Electric car, Eddy current
braking, Heating and lighting control, induction heating,
LED lamps, Motor driver, washing machine, dishwascher,
induction stoves, refrigerator,EV chargers, UPS, Solar string
GigaWatt

inverter
>100 kW Magnetic aircraft lunch, Big locomotives, Power distribution
Power plant, Energy storage, solar central inverter, wind
turbine, High Voltage DC Transmission (Giga Watt!)

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Worlds smallest power converter, Murata Inc.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

6
 PC ATX power supply

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Microprocessor voltage regulator

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

7
 Induction heating

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Induction stoves

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

8
 Maglev Train
Maglev train video

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Electric cars and its chargers

TESLA MODEL S

VESTEL 22 KW AC CHARGER INSTALLED IN

EGE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

9
 Wireless charging of EVs
 Project Title: Design and Optimization
of a Contactless Charging System
for Electric Vehicles
 Supported by Tübitak
 Nominal power: 2 kW

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Renewable energy

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

10
 Phovoltaic Home Energy System
Battery charger
& DC-AC
Energy monitoring inverter

PV modules

Wall outlet

Battery

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Smart grid
 Electricity grid involves more and more power electronics.
 Penetration rate of non-stable renewable power sources into future
grid can be increased only with smart control strategies by using
suitable power electronics equipments.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

11
 Conversion clasification
According to power conversion type:

AC input DC output DC input AC output

(rectifier) (inverter)

Half wave, full wave Inverters, UPS, Electric Vehicle

rectifiers, PFC circuits motor drives, Solar inverters

DC input DC output AC input AC output

(converter)
(converter) (cycloconverter)

Voltage regulator, power

supplies, battery chargers Dimmer, induction
machine starter

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Conversion clasification
According to the power flow direction

• Uni-directional • Bi-directional

Generally power flows Power can flow in both ways

from source to the load

Power flow Forward

direction direction

Reverse
direction

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

12
 Example: AC-DC bidirectional converter
 The instantaneous power flow through the converter can be forward
or backward direction at any instant of time.
Rectifier operation: The power
flows from AC source to the DC
source in forward direction.

AC DC
source source

Inverter operation: The power

flows from DC source to the AC
source in backward direction.
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Multistep conversion
 Power conversion can be a multistep process involving more than
one type of converter.
 For example, an AC-DC-AC conversion can be used to modify an
AC source by first converting it to direct current and then converting
the dc signal to an ac signal that has an amplitude and frequency
different from those of the original ac source
DC

AC AC

AC-DC DC-AC

AC-AC converter
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

13
 Power Electronics Applications in Energy

Source: "Power Electronics – Quo Vadis",

Frede Blaabjerg, presentation
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Power conversion concept (1/3)

 The ultimate goal is to supply 3 V to a resistive load.
 Method #1: Voltage divider

 Problem 1 (regulation): Load voltage vary if

X
the value of the load resistance changes.

 Problem 2 : Low efficiency (33.3%).

 Method #2: Pass transistor

 The pass transistor behaves as a variable
resistor and solves the regulation problem
using a control system
 This type of regulator is known as Linear
Regulators (e.g. 7805, 7815, 7915 etc.)
 But the problem 2 is still exist. Efficiency is as
low as method #1.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

14
 Power conversion concept (2/3)
 Method #3: Chopper
 An electronic switch is used instead of pass transistor, which is on/off
periodically.
 This type of operation is known as chopping.
 If the switch is closed for one-third of the period, the average value of
vx(t) is one-third of the source voltage.
Serious problem: The output
voltage is not pure DC!

Switch is
fully ON
or
fully OFF

Power absorbed by the

ideal switch is zero!
Efficiency is 100%!!

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Power conversion concept (3/3)

 Method #4: Chopper + Low pass filter
 A low-pass filter removes the switching harmonics and 3 Vdc output
voltage with small ripple is obtained.
 This method is known as
"Switching power
conversion" Fourier
series of
vx(t)

3V DC

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

15
 Switching Power Converters
Practical Losses: Loss
Loss
 The filter have some losses and
absorbs some power.
 The electronic switch is not perfect
and have losses.
 However, the efficiency is still quite
high (usually >90%).

Output voltage regulation:

 Converter output voltage is
measured and switch ON time is
adjusted accordingly by the control
system to maintain the desired
output voltage.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Practical switches
IGBT is
IGBTs are faster than
abbreviation for
thyristors, but slower Isolated Gate
than MOSFETs. It is Bipolar
preferred in medium to Transistor.
high power converters

GTO: Gate
MOSFET: Turn Off
Metal Oxide thyristor.
Semiconductor
Field Effect GTO and thyristors
Transistor can only be
preferred at very
MOSFETS high voltage and
are the very high current
fastest applications
switches
Today, MOSFETs and IGBTs are mostly used in power electronics.
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

16
 Switch selection in power electronics
 The selection of a power SWITCH PROVIDE CONTROL PROVIDE CONTROL
device depends on; TYPE OF TURN-ON OF TURN-OFF
– voltage & current levels, MOSFET  
– switching speeds, IGBT  
– power losses,
– cost etc.
GTO  
SCR  
DIODE  

 The IGBT is a minority carrier device and have storage delays.

 The MOSFET is a majority carrier device that does not have storage delays
 Therefore, MOSFET has advantage in switching speeds. Generally has lower
switching losses.

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Wide Band-gap Materials:

Galium-Nitride (GaN) and Silicon-Carbide (SiC)

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

17
 History of power electronics

First
Invention of SiC diode
Invention of
Power MOSFET and
Invention of IGBT
Power BJT Wide-bandgap devices
Thyristor
SiC Diode
Mercury arc SiC MOSFETs, JFETs, BJTs
rectifier Power MOSFET IGBT GaN power devices
Vacuum-tube Power diode Power BJT Power MOSFET Intelligent Power Modules
rectifier Thyristor GTO, Thyristor Thyristor (IPMs)
Thyratron (P control) (DSP control) (DSP & FPGA control)

1900 1957 Mid 1970s Late 1980s Early 2000s

Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase 4th phase

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Intelligent Power Modules (IPMs)

600V, 30A PFC module

27 mm

44mm

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

18
 Cooling requirements
 The power converters have not 100% efficient due to the power
losses arised in power semiconductors and in other components.
 The power loss is converted into heat, and raises the device
temperature. If the heat is not removed from the device properly, the
temperature can exceed the limit (~150°C) and the device can be
damaged.
 Therefore, the heat must be removed
from the device by using heat transfer
methods, and the temperature
must be kept below the limit.
 A heatsink can be used for power
dissipation into ambient by convection.
 The heat dissipation capacity can be
increased by increasing the volume
which reduces the thermal resistance
between the power device and ambient.
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Force cooling
 The heat dissipation capacity of
heatsinks under natural convection 1.5°C/W
are limited due to volume of heatsink for infinite heatsink
increases excessively.
 In this situation, the forced
convection cooling can be an option
that increases thermal conductivity
remarkably.

Below 0.5°C/W
with airflow

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

19
 PC mainboard cooling
Heat pipe contains
heat transfer liquid
circulating naturally

Heatsink

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Notebook mainboard cooling

 Limited space for cooling.
 Heat pipe is essential technology to obtain low profile and low
volume.

Heatsink
With fan

Heatpipe

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

20
 Water cooling
Suitable for high power applications;
such as electric cars
hollow

Water
inlet
Water
outlet

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

Be careful in calculations!
 Use at least 3 significant figures for all calculations in engineering.
10 mV
----------- = 3  = 3.3  = 3.33 
3 mA Unbelievable! Wrong! Correct

 An example to emphasize the importance of S.F..

A student calculation in exam It should be
12 12
Duty  1   0.6 1S.F. !!! Duty  1   0.666 3S.F. !!!
36 36
D (1  D ) 2 R D (1  D ) 2 R
L L
2f 2f
0.6(1  0.6) 210 0.666(1  0.666) 210
 Error 29.4% 
2.100000 2.100000
 4.8uH  Terribly wrong!  3.71uH  Correct
EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

21
 Be careful in calculations!
A student calculation in exam (2018-2019 Fall semester, EES 433)

 Wrong 2 SF!!

 30 
8.15  8.63  I S  e1.848  1
 
 I S  4.276 x108 Error 46%

It should be

 Correct 3 SF!!
 30.7

8.15  8.63  I S  e 1.848
 1
 
 I S  2.928 x108

EE328 Power Electronics, Prof.Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, Spring 2023

22