PCB Lab Manual

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING:
TIRUPATI
(AUTONOMOUS)
PCB DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

LABORATORY OBSERVATION
III – I SEMESTER
(Academic Year: 2022-2023)
Roll No: __________________________

Name of the student:_______________________________
Branch: ___________________________
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
B.Tech -V SEM L T P C
1 0 2 2
PCB DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

(ECE)
Course Objectives:
• To know the various component and symbols in basic electronic circuit
• To understand the PCB in detail
• To analyze the PCB design using KICAD tools
UNIT I
Fundamental of basic electronics:
Fundamental of basic electronics: Component identification, Component symbols & their
footprints, basic electronic circuits, understand schematic, Introduction PCB, Difference
between PWB and PCB, Types of PCBs: Single Layer, Multi-Layer, Surface Mount, PCB
Materials, Electronic Component packaging.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this unit, the student will be able to
 Identification basic electronic circuit symbols and their footprints
 Understand the different types of PCB
UNIT II
Making Printed Circuit Boards: Layout Design, Copper Clad Preparation, Etching the PCB,
drilling and soldering the PCB, Introduction to Electronic Design Automation (EDA): History of
EDA, Different EDA Tools, Creating new PCB, Browsing footprints libraries, sets up the PCB
layers, Design rule checking, Track width selection, Component selection, Routing and
completion of the design. Design Issues: Transmission line, Cross talk and Thermal
management.
Learning Outcomes:
 Understand the EDA Tools
 Analyze Design Issues: Transmission line, Cross talk and Thermal management.
UNIT III
Introduction to Development Tools: Introduction to PCB Design using KiCad tools.
PCB Design Process: PCB Design Flow, Placement and routing, Steps involved in layout design,
General design factors for digital and analogue circuits, Layout and Artwork making for Single-
side, double-side and Multilayer Boards, Design for manufacturability, Design-specification
standards.
Learning Outcomes:
 Implement digital and analog circuits using PCB design
 Understand the Artwork making of Single-side, double-side and Multilayer Boards
Practice Exercises: Any Ten experiments are to be done
1. Practice following PCB Design steps
 Schematic Design: Familiarization of the Schematic Editor, Schematic creation,

Annotation, and Net list generation.
 Layout Design: Familiarization of Footprint Editor, Mapping of components, Creation of
PCB layout Schematic.
 Create new schematic components.
 Create new component footprints.
2. Regulator circuit using 7805
3. Inverting amplifier using op-amp
4. Full-wave rectifier
5. Astable multivibrator using IC555
6. RC phase shift oscillator using BJT
7. Full adder circuit
8. RS flip flop with logic circuit
9. Four-bit comparator
10. LED Flashing / Blinking Circuit using 555 Timer IC
11. Automatic street light controller using LDR & Transistor
12. Two way traffic light controller using 555 timers

References:
1. Jon Varteresian, Fabricating Printed Circuit Boards, Newnes, 2002
2. R. Tummala, Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging, McGraw-Hill 2001
3. C. Robertson. PCB Designer´s Reference. Prentice Hall, 2003
4. Open-source EDA Tool KiCad Tutorial: http://kicad-pcb.org/help/tutorials
http://www.wikihow.com/Create-Printed-Circuit-Boards
http://www.siongboon.com/projects/2005-09-07_home_pcb_fabrication/
http://reprap.org/wiki/MakePCBInstructions#Making_PCBs_yourself
5. Open-source EDA Tool Eagle Tutorial: https://en.freedownloadmanager.org/users
choice/Eagle_Pcb_Design_For_32bit_Windows_7.html
5. Open-source EDA Tool proteus Tutorial: https://softfamous.com/proteus
Course Outcomes:
 Learn how to design schematic and layout using PCB.
 Design and implement experiments using PCB.
 Test and analyze the working of PCB.
 Identify different components required in PCB Design.
 Aware of PCB Making Process.
 Able to design different circuits using design tools.
INDEX
S.No Name of the Experiment Grade /Marks Signature

PCB DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY
EXP-1: PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION

Aim: To study types of PCB and procedures to generate PCB Layout
Introduction:
PCB, short for printed circuit board, is the supplier of electronic components and
electronic interconnections. The key advantage of PCBs lies in its capability to greatly
reduce the errors of routing and assembly and to increase the degree of automation and
fabrication efficiency. Due to decades' development, PCBs have been constantly
contributing to the improvement and progress of people's modern life.
PCBs can be classified into different categories according to different classification

standards. Based on the number of layers, PCBs can be classified into single-layer PCBs
(also called single-sided PCBs), double- layer PCBs (also called double-sided PCBs) and
multi-layer PCBs. Based on the substrate material, PCBs can be classified into rigid PCBs,
flexible PCBs and flex-rigid PCBs. Based on application fields, PCBs can be divided into
low-frequency PCBs and high-frequency PCBs. With the development of technology and the
advent of new substrate, some special types of PCBs come into being, such as metal core
PCBs, SMT PCBs, high-Tg PCBs, carbon- film PCBs, etc. Each type of PCBs is applied in
different fields owing to their advantages together with consideration of their disadvantages
Single-layer PCBs
As the most fundamental type of PCBs, single-layer PCBs contain only one layer of
substrate or base material whose one side is covered with a thin layer of metal, copper for
most times due to its excellent conductivity. Outside copper is a layer of solder mask that
plays a protective role in PCB and silk screen coat is outermost. The structure of a single-
layer PCB is best shown in the image below.
Advantages of single-sided PCBs include:

• Low cost, especially for volume production;
• Low rate of issues during PCB manufacturing process, accordingly, leadingto
high speed of fabrication;
• Suitable for simple circuits.
For engineers or hobbyists who need single-layer PCBs for simple projects, you can try to
make PCBs at home or in your own laboratory with fundamental tools. However, you should rely
on reliable PCB manufacturers when working on advanced projects or products requiring high
quality and excellent performance. Single-layer PCBs have a relatively wide field of
applications ranging from power supplies, relays, sensors and LEDs to calculators, printers,
coffee makers and electronic toys. However, single-sided PCBs feature some performance
Department of ECE, SVCE, Tirupati. 1
limitations deriving from EMC, EMI, density etc. In terms of complex circuits, it's double-layer
PCBs or multi-layer PCBs that should be depended on.
Double-layer PCBs
Double-layer PCBs, also called double-sided PCBs, can be regarded as the most widely-used
type of PCB, allowing for the routing of traces around each other by jumping between a top and
bottom layer through vias. Different from single-sided PCBs that have only one conductive layer,
double-layer PCBs have two conductive layers that are placed on both sides of substrate and so
are components.
Vias or holes connect both sides of boards through two methods: through-hole technology
and surface mount technology (SMT). Up to now, SMT is more popular as it allows more
circuits to be attached to board with space saved, weight reduced and manufacturing speed
increased. Therefore, advantages of double-layer PCBs can be summarized into the following
aspects:
 More flexibility for designers;
 An increase of circuit density;
 Relatively low cost;
 Reduction of board size.
Owing to its benefits, double-sided PCBs have covered a wide range of applications including
power supplies, industrial control, control relays, converters, UPS system, LED lighting, hard
drives, printers, mobile phone system, power monitoring, test equipment, amplifiers, traffic
systems etc.
Multi-layer PCBs
Multi-layer PCBs further increase the complexity and density of PCB designs by
adding additional layers beyond the top and bottom layers seen in a double-sided
configuration. They can be regarded as expansion of double-layer PCBs. With the availability
of over thirty layers in multilayer PCBs configurations, multi- layer PCBs allow designers to
produce very dense and highly complex designs. Quite often the extra layers in these designs
are used as power planes, which supply the circuit with power also reduce the electromagnetic
interference levels emitted by designs. Lower EMI levels are achieved by placing signal levels
in between power planes. It's also of note that increasing the number of power planes in a PCB
design with increase the level of thermal dissipation a PCB can provide, which is important in
high power designs.
Similar to double-layer PCBs, components on multi-layer PCBs are interconnectedwith each
other through holes or vias as well.

Advantages of multi-layer PCBs include:

 Reduction of board size and weight;
 Higher level of density and flexibility;
 Capable of implementing multiple functions;
 Better at dealing with interference.
TERMINOLOGIES IN PCB DESIGNS

Many of us design PCB with the information available on internet but sometimes it
becomes difficult to understand the terms used in PCB designing. In this article I have tried
to explain the common terms which are used while designing PCBs. PCB stands for printed
circuit board. Different types of PCB materials are available in markets. Most commonly
used are FR-1, FR-2, CEM-3, CEM-1 (FR=Flame Retardant and CEM= Composite Epoxy
Material).Common terms used are as follows-
Layers
Everything which you draw is on layer. Each layer has different physical
Properties. For example top layer is used to draw the component layout, bottom layer
or inner layer are used for making connection between components and many more are
also present.
Footprint
Footprint is the collection of pads and outline which make an individual
component. PCB design software comes with a library which contains footprints of
different components but the number of footprints that are available is limited. As we
know today technology is changing and size of components is reducing, so
sometimes we have to make the footprint of the component.
Solder mask
You all have seen the green, red, blue or shiny coating on the PCB. This coating
is known as solder mask. Masking is done to avoid the solder which accidently drops
on PCB and soldering of component also become easy. This also prevents the short
circuit among close track. Being a beginner it may possible we use excess of solder
while soldering which may short the tracks, if solder mask is there it can be easily
removed without melting.
This is on copper side). This can also be used to indicate the name of the company or
manufacturer. This is a non conducting layer of a PCB.

Jumper
Jumper wire forms electrical connections between two points on printed circuit
board. Sometimes it happen while designing PCB that tracks may overlap each other
as we make connections; in that case we used
Jumper wire.
Pads
Pads are used to make connections between component and track with the
help of solder. Pads are small surface of copper available on printed circuit board.
They are basically used to solder the leads of the components on board to make the
mechanical joint strong. Different kinds of pads are used for Surface mount
component and through hole component as shape and size of both the components vary
from one another. a non conducting layer of a PCB
Silkscreen
Silkscreen is done to represent the name or value of components so that user
can easily identify the component during soldering. This is a good practice while
designing the PCB. Silk-screening can be done on both sides of PCB.
Copper traces
You have seen that green, blue or red lines are used to connect pads and vias.
They are known as copper traces. They provide electrical conduction between pads and
vias or between two pads and vias. Width of track varies according to the current flow
through them.

Via
Suppose you are designing multilayer PCB and you want the connection between bottom layer
and top layer then we use via. Via allows the current to pass through the board. This can be
seen in the figure below. In this consider yellow color pads as bottom layer and green color pads
as top layer so the yellow color circle shownare via.
Blind via
In more complex circuit generally in designing integrated circuits where more power
planes (Gnd and Vcc) are used we prefer via. We used vias between top layer and second
layer not in the bottom layer. These vias are called blind vias. Because it easy to directly
connect the power planes that are beneath the chips instead of routing long tracks. Blind vias
are used when connection has to be made from external layer to internal layer with minimum
vias height. You can identify that the vias used are through hole or blind. Just put your PCB on
source of light and see if light is coming from sourcethrough via. If you can see the light, then
the via is through hole otherwise it a blind via. This technique is useful where you don't
have much space for placing the component and routing. If you use through hole via instead
of blind then it would need some extra space by vias on both sides.

Buried Vias
Buried vias are similar to blind vias but they only make connection between the inner
layers. From the figure you can see that yellow and light blue colors’ represent the buried vias.
From figure below you can compare all three vias as follows-
 First one that is red yellow light blue and blue represent through hole via.
 Second one that is red and yellow represent blind via.
 Third one that is yellow and light blue represent buried via.
Main disadvantage of using buried via is it will increase the cost of PCB as compared to
through hole via. But advantage of using buried vias is smaller size. So depending upon the
requirement one can use the type suitable to it.
Gerber
Gerber file is send by user to manufacture to make PCB. Gerber file is important because
many PCB design software are available now a days and it is not necessary that software which
you are using will be available at vendor side. Suppose I make my PCB on Eagle software and
my PCB manufacturer does not have the same, at that time gerber file is useful. So now Gerber
file will help manufacture to know yourproject and manufacturer cannot make changes in Gerber
file. Gerber file contain information about drill size, where to make hole, how tracks are
connected, naming of components etc.
BOM
BOM represent bill of material. It gives you the list of component present on PCB. So that you
can calculate the approximate cost and it becomes easy for you to order the components. With
this you can cross check the components you forgot by mistake.
STEPS INVOLVED PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION PROCESS

1. Schematic and Simulation.
2. PCB Layout design.
3. Fabrication.
Software’s used:
1. Proutes/ KiCAD - For Schematic and simulation and Layout Design
Other soft ware’s available:

Circuit maker, ExpressPCB, Electronic workbench, Eagle etc.

Schematic and Simulation Procedure :( Proutes/ KiCAD Software)

1. Open the Proutes 8.0 Software i.e. Go to Start--All Programs--Electronic
workbench--- Proutes ---multisim8.0. Click it
2. After launching, it opens Spread sheet, Design toolbox in the main page.
3. Go to Component tool bar (Symbols Shown) , Click and drag all the components and
place them in a spread sheet and make the wire connection as per schematiccircuit.
4. Connect the Measuring instruments (multimeter, CRO, Function generator etc.) at the
output side of the schematic which are located at right side of the main window.
5. Run the Simulation. I.e. Go to Simulate---Run and click it.
6. Observe the result and analyze the schematic for different values of input
parameters.
PCB Layout Design Procedure: (Proutes/ KiCAD Software)

1. Steps Involved in Manual Routing.
2. Open the KiCAD software i.e. Go to Start -> Proutes/ KiCAD ->PCB Layout Editor,
Click on it.
3. After Launching, it opens the Spread sheet in the main window.
4. Prior to draw a layout does the following settings. Sclale-200%, Grid size- 2.54mm
and Change the Component tool bar settings as Bottom Side, Bottom Assy, and
Bottom (2) in the main window since by default shown as TOP side.
5. Go to Place Component and drag all the components (packages) required as per
the schematic circuit into spread sheet.
6. Place the components properly and go to Route Manual click on it and start to
connect the tracks (copper trace) b/w the components without any overlap.
7. After Completion of track design, Select the whole diagram and right click on it, go
to net properties Change Trace width as 1.5mm.
8. Again Select the Whole diagram and right click on pad and then go to pad properties
change Pad width =3mm and pad height=3mm and diameter=0.5mm .
9. Go to Verification Do Check design rules (ERC) for error detection.
10. Save the File in any Folder.
11. Measure the Size of the board by using “Measure” icon on the tool bar. Maintain the
size of PCB Layout design to fit into a Board of standard sizeas 3x4 inches.
PCB Fabrication process Steps:

1. Take a single sided PCB and scrub the copper clad for a while to remove unwanted
particles on it.
2. Take a printed layout photo paper and attach it on copper clad properly using cello
tape.
3. Take metallic iron box and let it charged for around 100degree and transfer the heat
on photo paper which is attached to the PCB board.
4. After transferring heat at about 2 to 3 min, the image (trace) is completely
transferred it on copper clad of the board and then dip into water to remove photo
paper.
5. Etching: Once it is cleaned then next process is to remove unwanted copper and this
called as etching process. In this process we use ferric chloride+ water (1:3ratio)
solution to remove unwanted copper.
6. Once the solution (fecl3+water) is prepared in the tray , then dip the board in the
solution and keep it for 1 hour.(shake the tray to remove copper at faster rate)
7. Take out the board from the tray and check, once copper is get removed except in the
layout area of the board. Pour ACETONE on the board then clean it using waste cloth
which removes ink or toner on the copper trace.


8. After removing ink or toner then clean the copper trace on the board using scrubber
to remove unwanted chemicals.
9. Test the connectivity of the tracks by using multimeter if any short is present in the
design.
10. Once tested ok Place and mount the components on the board according to the
schematic and solder it properly.
11. Check and analyze the result by Power up the circuit.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

EXP-2: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR REGULATOR CIRCUIT

USING 7805
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for Regulator circuit using 7805 with Proutes/ KiCAD
Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
2. Proutes Software version 8.0
3. KiCAD Software version 6.0.7
PROCEDURE:
1. Create a new project: Click File > New Project. Name the project file tutorial1. The project
file will automatically take the extension ".pro". KiCad prompts to create a dedicated directory,
and click Yes to confirm. All your project files will be saved here.
2. Let's begin by creating a schematic. Start the schematic editor Eeschema. It is the first button
from the left.
3. Click on the Page Settings icon on the top toolbar. Set the Page Size as A4 and enter the Title
as Tutorial1. You will see that more information can be entered here if necessary. Click OK.
This information will populate the schematic sheet at the bottom right corner. Use the mouse
wheel to zoom in. Save the whole schematic project: File > Save Schematic Project.
4. We will now place our first component. Click on the Place Component icon in the right
toolbar.
5. Click on the middle of your schematic sheet. A Choose Component window will appear on
the screen. We're going to place a resistor. Search / filter on the R of Resistor. You may notice
the device heading above the Resistor. This device heading is the name of the library where the
component is located, which is quite a generic and useful library.
6. Double click on it. This will close the Choose Component window. Place the component in
the schematic sheet by clicking where you want it to be.
7. Click on the magnifier icon to zoom in on the component. Alternatively, use the mouse wheel
to zoom in and zoom out. Press the wheel (central) mouse button to pan horizontally and
vertically.
8. The Component value window will appear. Replace the current value R with 1 k. Click OK.
9. In case you make a mistake and want to delete a component, right click on the component
and click Delete Component. This will remove the component from the schematic.
Alternatively, you can hover over the component you want to delete and press the "del" key.
10. You can also duplicate a component already on your schematic sheet by hovering over it
and pressing the "c" key. Click where you want to place the new duplicated component.
11. Right click on the second resistor. Select Drag Component. Reposition the component and
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT:

12. Change the grid size. You have probably noticed that on the schematic sheet all components
are snapped onto a large pitch grid. You can easily change the size of the grid by Right-Click >
Grid select. In general, it is recommended to use a grid of 50.0 mils for the schematic sheet.
13. We are going to add a component from a library that isn't configured in the default project.
In the menu, choose Preferences > Component Libraries and click the Add button for
Component library files. Then, you can place power and ground symbols, add pins, make
connections using labels with the similar steps as above until electronic schematics is
completed.
14. To create a Bill Of Materials (BOM), go to the Eeschema schematic editor and click on the
Bill of materials icon on the top toolbar. By default there is no plugin active. You add one, by
clicking on Add Plugin button. Select the *.xsl file you want to use, in this case, we select
bom2csv.xsl. Now press Generate. The file (same name as your project) is located in your
project folder. Open the *.csv file with LibreOffice Calc or Excel. An import window will
appear, press OK
.
Layout Printed Circuit Board
1. From the KiCad project manager, click on the Pcbnew icon. The Pcbnew window will open.
If you get an error message saying that a *.kicad_pcb file does not exist and asks if you want to
create it, just click Yes.
2. Begin by entering some schematic information. Click on the Page settings icon on the top
toolbar. Set paper size as A4 and title as Tutorial1.
3. It is good to start by setting the clearance and the minimum track width to those required by
your PCB manufacturer. Generally, you can set the clearance to 0.25 and the minimum track
width to 0.25. Click on the Design Rules > Design Rules menu. If it does not show already,
click Net Classes Editor tab. Change the Clearance field at the top of the window to 0.25 and
the Track Width field to 0.25 as shown below. Measurements are in mm.
4. Click on the Global Design Rules tab and set Min track width to 0.25'. Click OK to commit
your changes and close the Design Rules Editor window.
5. Now we will import the netlist file. Click on the Read Netlist icon on the top toolbar. Click
on the Browse Netlist Files button, select tutorial.net in the File selection dialogue, and click on
Read Current Netlist. Then click the Close button.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRA

EXP-3: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING

OP-AMP
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for inverting amplifier using OP-AMP
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT:

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT

EXP-4: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for full wave rectifier circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT

EXP-5: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR A STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

USING IC555
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for A stable multivibrator using IC555
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT

EXP-6: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

USING BJT
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for RC phase shift oscillator using BJT
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT

EXP-7: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR FULL ADDER CIRCUIT
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for Full adder circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SIMULATION CIRCUIT:

EXP-8: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR RS FLIP FLOP WITH LOGIC

CIRCUIT
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for Regulator circuit using 7805 with Proutes/
KiCAD Software.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SIMULATION CIRCUIT:

EXP-9: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR FOUR-BIT COMPARATOR
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for Four-Bit Comparator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT
completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

EXP-10: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR FLASHING LED USING 555 TIMER IC
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for Flashing LED Flashing using 555
Timer IC
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

EXP-11: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CONTROLLER USING LDR & TRANSISTOR
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for automatic street light controller using LDR
& transistor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

completed.
appear, press OK
.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

EXP-12: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR TWO WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER
USING 555 TIMERS
AIM: To design the schematic and PCB layout for two way traffic light controller using 555
timers
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Latest computer.
PROCEDURE:
from the left.
toolbar.
vertically.
left click to drop.

PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

12. Change the grid size. You have probably noticed that on the schematic sheet all components are
snapped onto a large pitch grid. You can easily change the size of the grid by Right-Click > Grid
select. In general, it is recommended to use a grid of 50.0 mils for the schematic sheet.
13. We are going to add a component from a library that isn't configured in the default project. In
the menu, choose Preferences > Component Libraries and click the Add button for Component
library files. Then, you can place power and ground symbols, add pins, make connections using
labels with the similar steps as above until electronic schematics is completed.
14. To create a Bill Of Materials (BOM), go to the Eeschema schematic editor and click on the Bill
of materials icon on the top toolbar. By default there is no plugin active. You add one, by clicking
on Add Plugin button. Select the *.xsl file you want to use, in this case, we select bom2csv.xsl.
Now press Generate. The file (same name as your project) is located in your project folder. Open
the *.csv file with LibreOffice Calc or Excel. An import window will appear, press OK
.
1. From the KiCad project manager, click on the Pcbnew icon. The Pcbnew window will open. If
you get an error message saying that a *.kicad_pcb file does not exist and asks if you want to create
it, just click Yes.
3. It is good to start by setting the clearance and the minimum track width to those required by your
PCB manufacturer. Generally, you can set the clearance to 0.25 and the minimum track width to
0.25. Click on the Design Rules > Design Rules menu. If it does not show already, click Net
Classes Editor tab. Change the Clearance field at the top of the window to 0.25 and the Track
Width field to 0.25 as shown below. Measurements are in mm.
4. Click on the Global Design Rules tab and set Min track width to 0.25'. Click OK to commit your
changes and close the Design Rules Editor window.
5. Now we will import the netlist file. Click on the Read Netlist icon on the top toolbar. Click on
the Browse Netlist Files button, select tutorial.net in the File selection dialogue, and click on Read
Current Netlist. Then click the Close button.
RESULT:

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SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING:

PCB DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

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PCB DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

Practice Exercises: Any Ten experiments are to be done

1. Practice following PCB Design steps

 Schematic Design: Familiarization of the Schematic Editor, Schematic creation,

3. Inverting amplifier using op-amp

5. Astable multivibrator using IC555

6. RC phase shift oscillator using BJT

7. Full adder circuit

8. RS flip flop with logic circuit

10. LED Flashing / Blinking Circuit using 555 Timer IC

11. Automatic street light controller using LDR & Transistor

12. Two way traffic light controller using 555 timers

S.No Name of the Experiment Grade /Marks Signature

EXP-1: PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION

PCBs can be classified into different categories according to different classification

Advantages of single-sided PCBs include:

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Advantages of multi-layer PCBs include:

TERMINOLOGIES IN PCB DESIGNS

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STEPS INVOLVED PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION PROCESS

Other soft ware’s available:

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Schematic and Simulation Procedure :( Proutes/ KiCAD Software)

PCB Layout Design Procedure: (Proutes/ KiCAD Software)

PCB Fabrication process Steps:

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EXP-2: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR REGULATOR CIRCUIT

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PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT:

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EXP-3: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING

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PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT:

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EXP-4: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

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PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

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EXP-5: DESIGN PCB LAYOUT FOR A STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT

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