6 Topic- Discussions • What are the effect of computer technology and architecture evolution?
7 What is a Computer?
8 Definitions Computer is an automatic, digital and electronic machine that handles information. – It accepts data – Processes the data – Gives the output in the form of data – Also it stores data, controls the data movement
9 Views of a Computer
Four unique ways:
– User’s View
– Machine/Assembly Language Programmer’s View
– Computer Architect’s View
– Logic Designer's View
10 User’s View The user sees software, speed, storage capacity, and peripheral device functionality.
11 Machine/Assembly Language Programmer’s View
Set of fundamental Expressed as instructions a pattern of the machine 1’s and 0’s can execute
12 Machine/Assembly Language Machine Language It can be directly executed by a computer Compiler Assembly language Is a low-level programming language that requires Assembler software called an assembler to convert it into machine code. High Level language (HLL) The programming language is a set of instructions, in order to make a computer understand to perform a specific task or create an algorithm. Example C, C++, COBOL, Java, Python, Fortran, Ada, and Pascal, etc.
13 Computer Architect’s View Architect is concerned with design & performance
Designs the hardware for best
implementation of the instructions
Uses performance measurement tools, such as
benchmark programs, to see that goals are met
Meets performance goals at lowest cost
14 Logic Designer's View Basic organization of the circuitry of a digital computer.
All digital computers are based on a
two-valued logic system—1/0, on/off, yes/no.
Computers perform calculations using
components called logic gates,
15 Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization Computer Architecture Computer Organization
• Concerned with the way hardware • Concerned with the structure and behavior components are connected together to form of a computer system as seen by the user. a computer system. • Acts as the interface between hardware and • Deals with the components of a connection software. in a system. • Helps us to understand the functionalities of • Tells us how exactly all the units in the a system. system are arranged and interconnected. • Deals with high-level design issues. • Deals with low-level design issues. • Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, • Organization involves Physical Components Addressing modes, Data types, Cache (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals) optimization) 16 17 Example A chef prepares a certain recipe, then serves it to the customers.
Chef knows how to prepare the food item whereas customer cares
only about quality and taste of the food. In a same way, “chef” can
referred to as computer architecture and “customer” as computer
organization.
18 Computer Evolution and Performance ENIAC: 1943 - 1946 Defined as an Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
It was built by J. P. Eckert and John Mauchly at the
Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania
It was for Trajectory tables for weapons, and used until 1955 19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC 20 Computer Evolution and Performance ENIAC - details The size was three orders of magnitude bigger than the size of machines built today
Programmed manually by switches
Had 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing 30 tons
140 kW power consumption
It was slower with 5,000 additions per second
21 Structure of Von Neumann machine
22 Structure of it- detail
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAS_machine
23 Generations of Computer -1 1st Generation: 1946-59 vacuum tubes, relays, mercury delay lines 2nd generation: 1959-64 discrete transistors and magnetic cores 3rd generation: 1964-75 small and medium scale integrated circuits 4th generation: 1975-present, single chip microcomputer Integration scale: components per chip • Small: 10-100 • Medium: 100-1,000 • Large: 1000-10,000 • Very large: greater than 10,000
24 Generations of Computer-2 Generally computers were improved by improving electronic equipment used: - o Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 o Transistor - 1958-1964 o Small scale integration – 1965 (Up to 100 devices on a chip) o Medium scale integration - to 1971 (100 - 3,000 devices on a chip) o Large scale integration - 1971-1977 (3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip) o Very large scale integration - 1978 to date (100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip) o Ultra large scale integration (Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip) 25 Moore’s Law Moore’s law was created by Goldon Moore – Cofounder of Intel, it says: - o Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
o Computing power doubles every 18 months for the same price:
Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher
performance
Smaller size gives increased flexibility, reduced power and cooling
requirements
Fewer interconnections increases reliability 26
Moore’s Law
27 Moore’s Law Task: Using this link, Read Moore’s Law and discuss with your collegue https://www.synopsys.com/glossary/what-is-moores-law.html
28 Computer Evolution
29 Why Learning Computer Architecture? You use it everyday, Is the fundamental subject in computer science, You need to understand how the instructions and operations actually work and interact together, to make your software better Will help you design, develop, and implement applications that are better, faster, cheaper, more efficient, and easier to use
30 Why Learning Computer Architecture? It gives fundamental and basic understandings about how computer works. Helps to write assembly code, real-time code or time critical systems coding The concepts of embedded systems, processor design can be also known. It gives idea about relative cost of computer operation, the relation of software and users by their inner workings.
