Oracle core DBA:

================

database = storing(INSERT) , manipulating(UPDATE,DELETE) and retrieval(SELECT) of data. DBMS s/w

Oracle - vendor

Oracle Database

-> How the data is going to store inside the database?

TABLES - rows and columns - its the primary database objects

index,views,seq,syn,pro,fun...etc (other oracle database objects)

A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in

a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS).
Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are
referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database.

Data within the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and
columns in a series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. The data can then be easily
accessed, managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Most databases use structured query
language (SQL) for writing and querying data.

Oracle can be installed in almost 180+ OS's

-> different OS.

Linux - 120+

ubuntu

fedora

centos
redhat

oracle linux

windows

Unix(solars,aix,hp.)

MacOS

-> different hardwards.

Intel - Xeon - processor

IBM - power

Sun sparc

HP -

MSSQL - windows

=> How we are going to interact with the database?

how many different ways we can get the database connection? tools

user - schema (same)

Toad - client s/w

SQL developer - client s/w

own priority s/w (their own application)

putty - remote client tool to connect to linux/unix machines.. by using it we can connect to any
linux/unix.

ip address of linux (database)

oracle username & password

Winscp - for data copy from your laptop to server vice versa.

$ - your os prompt.

SQL> - database prompt

SERVICE_NAMES - orcl

ORACLE_SID(INSTANCE_NAME) - orcl

DB_NAME - orcl

DB_UNIQUE_NAME - orcl

-> Oracle Software versions

11.2.0.1.0

11.2.0.2.0

11.2.0.3.0

11.2.0.4.0

12.1.0.1.0

12.1.0.2.0 - stable version

12.2.0.1.0 - lot of bugs are there.

=> How to find what are the running databases.

Note: Database is running

[oracle@primary ~]$ ps -ef | grep smon

oracle 4263 1 0 07:45 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl

oracle 8328 7826 0 10:33 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto smon

ora_ - oracle process

smon_ oracle manadatory background process

orcl - database name / oracle Instance name

Note: Only orcl instance is running.

[oracle@primary ~]$ ps -ef | grep smon

oracle 8383 7826 0 10:36 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto smon

[oracle@primary ~]$

Note: database is not running

rdp -

=> how to find how many databases are present in linux server.

Afte the software installation.

post "root.sh" script

cat /etc/oratab

# This file is used by ORACLE utilities. It is created by root.sh

# and updated by either Database Configuration Assistant while creating

# a database or ASM Configuration Assistant while creating ASM instance.

# A colon, ':', is used as the field terminator. A new line terminates

# the entry. Lines beginning with a pound sign, '#', are comments.

# Entries are of the form:

# $ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>:

# The first and second fields are the system identifier and oracle home

# directory of the database respectively. The third field indicates

# to the dbstart utility that the database should , "Y", or should not,

# "N", be brought up at system boot time.

# Multiple entries with the same $ORACLE_SID are not allowed.

orcl:/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_home:N

Note: system identifier we also called as Oracle Instance

=> How to get database connection:

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

bash: sqlplus: command not found...

[oracle@primary ~]$

->Because of your environment variablse are not set.

->you can set environment variablse in 2 different ways

1. Using ".bash_profile"

2. By running ". oraenv" - recommended method

oracle@primary ~]$ . oraenv

ORACLE_SID = [oracle] ?

ORACLE_HOME = [/home/oracle] ?

ORACLE_BASE environment variable is not being set since this

information is not available for the current user ID oracle.

You can set ORACLE_BASE manually if it is required.

Resetting ORACLE_BASE to its previous value or ORACLE_HOME

The Oracle base has been set to /home/oracle

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

bash: sqlplus: command not found...

[oracle@primary ~]$ . oraenv

ORACLE_SID = [oracle] ? orcl

The Oracle base has been changed from /home/oracle to /u01/app/oracle

[oracle@primary ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

orcl

[oracle@primary ~]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME

/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_home

[oracle@primary ~]$ echo $ORACLE_BASE

/u01/app/oracle
rayankulaspr.rc3@gmail.com

Installation of Oracle Database:

================================

linux vm

oracle database 12c software

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Mon May 6 10:46:52 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SYS@orcl>show user

USER is "SYS"

SYS@orcl>

Note: "Connected to an idle instance" means, your instance is not running. its not running.
by giving "startup" command, its going to start your instance & opens the database.

SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

select status from v$instance

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01034: ORACLE not available

Process ID: 0

Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>startup;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1828716544 bytes

Fixed Size 2925552 bytes

Variable Size 603982864 bytes

Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

STATUS

------------
OPEN

SYS@orcl>exit

Disconnected from Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options

[oracle@primary ~]$ ps -ef | grep smon

oracle 8749 1 0 10:51 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl

oracle 8984 7826 0 10:52 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto smon

[oracle@primary ~]$
Oracle Database Architecture:

=============================

Oracle database server = oracle instance + oracle database files (CRD) or oracle database

C - controlfile

R - redolog file

D - datafiles

Oracle instance = memory structure(RAM) + process structure(CPU) - parameter file

40% of RAM

10 RAM

4 GB - instance

Memory structure(RAM) = SGA + PGA

SGA : system global area or session global area or shared global area -
PGA : program global area or process global area or private global area

database server = oracle instance + oracle database/datafiles

db_name = orcl

= oracle instance + oracle database/datafiles

Oracle Instance(LP) = Memory Strucutre(RAM) + Process Strucut(CPU)

Memory Structure = SGA(System/shared global area) + PGA(Program/private/process global area) -

SGA(System/shared global area): Its again divided into 2 sub memory components.

1).Mandatory memory area:

1. Database buffer cache: blocks and modified blocks(dirty blocks)

2. Redolog buffer cache: redo infor, transaction log. recovery purpose.

DML - ISNERT,UPDAT,DELETE,MERGE

DDL - CREATE,ALTER,DROP,TRUNCATE

3. Shared pool:

Library cache: recently executed SQL & PL/SQL statements for reusing purpose.
(SELECT,INSERT,DELTE,UPDATE)

Data dictinoary cache or row cache: table- persons -its going to store the table definition or
called table structure.

Optimizer - oracle engine.. It generates the best execution plan based on available statistics..

select * from table;

insert

2).Optinal memory area:

1. Large pool : whenever you are taking backup & restore operations

2. Java pool : if we are running (JVM) java related applications.

JVM - java virtual machine.

3. Stream pool :Whenever we are using data replication from one server to other server.

ex: Oracle Steams, Oracle goldengate..

ctwr - change tracking writer..

by default we are using dedicted server configuration

shared server configuration is used very rare.. lot of performance issues will be there

nk buffer

8k default

2k

4k

16k

32k..

Process Strucut(CPU)

--------------------
Process Strucut(CPU) or Background processes:

Mandatory bg processes:

1) SMON - system monitor - it does the instance crash recovery based on the previous abnormal
shutdown.

2) PMON - process monitor - it cleans the PGA, it monitors the all procoesses

3) DBWR - database writer - it writes the dirty/modified blocks from db buffer cache to disk/datafiles

4) LGWR - log writer - it writes the redolog buffer into online redo log(ORL) files.

1. when there is a commit;

2. every 3 sec

3. each 1MB full

4. 1/3rd full of the buffer

5. When it reaches threshould or when there is no space left at Buffer

cache.

log switch

5) CKPT - check point - updates the checkpoint information at controlfiles & datafiles headers.

usage: fast recovery

Optinonal bg processes:

-----------------------

MMON - awr

MMAN - instance tuning

ARCH - Archivelog mode - offline logs.

CTWR..etc - rman backup & recovery

50-60 optional background processes

=> Storage structure:

CRD files are called Database/database files

C - controlfiel

Min - 1 - 10mb

Max - 8

all files contains same data

R - Redolog/Online redolog files

Min - 2

Max - depens your database desize

both must be same sizes..

D - Datafiles

SYSTEM - store data dictionary / meta data information

SYSAUX - auxiliary to SYSTEM datafile

UNDO - old value

TEMP - for sorting purpose. ORDER BY , GROUP BY.. etc

USERS - here actually your company data / project data is going to store permanentily.

-> how to find how many databases are present in linux server.

cat /etc/oratab

#
# This file is used by ORACLE utilities. It is created by root.sh

# and updated by either Database Configuration Assistant while creating

# a database or ASM Configuration Assistant while creating ASM instance.

# A colon, ':', is used as the field terminator. A new line terminates

# the entry. Lines beginning with a pound sign, '#', are comments.

# Entries are of the form:

# $ORACLE_SID:$ORACLE_HOME:<N|Y>:

# The first and second fields are the system identifier and home

# directory of the database respectively. The third field indicates

# to the dbstart utility that the database should , "Y", or should not,

# "N", be brought up at system boot time.

# Multiple entries with the same $ORACLE_SID are not allowed.

orcl:/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_home:N

Note: system identifier we also called as Oracle Instance

-> how to find what are the running databases.

Note: Database is running

[oracle@primary ~]$ ps -ef | grep smon

oracle 4263 1 0 07:45 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl

oracle 8328 7826 0 10:33 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto smon

ora_ - oracle process

smon_ oracle background process

orcl - oracle Instance name

Note: Only orcl instance is running.

Note: database is not running

[oracle@primary ~]$ ps -ef | grep smon

oracle 8383 7826 0 10:36 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto smon

[oracle@primary ~]$

Western Union

Paypal -

rdp -

-> How to get database connection:

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

bash: sqlplus: command not found...

[oracle@primary ~]$

->Because of your environment variablse are not set.

->you can set environment variablse in 2 ways

1. Using .bash_profile

2. By running . oraenv

oracle@primary ~]$ . oraenv

ORACLE_SID = [oracle] ?

ORACLE_HOME = [/home/oracle] ?

ORACLE_BASE environment variable is not being set since this

information is not available for the current user ID oracle.

You can set ORACLE_BASE manually if it is required.

Resetting ORACLE_BASE to its previous value or ORACLE_HOME

The Oracle base has been set to /home/oracle

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

bash: sqlplus: command not found...

[oracle@primary ~]$ . oraenv

ORACLE_SID = [oracle] ? orcl

The Oracle base has been changed from /home/oracle to /u01/app/oracle

[oracle@primary ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

orcl

[oracle@primary ~]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME

/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_home

[oracle@primary ~]$ echo $ORACLE_BASE

/u01/app/oracle
Installation of Oracle Database:

================================

linux vm

oracle database 12c software

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Mon May 6 10:46:52 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SYS@orcl>show user

USER is "SYS"

SYS@orcl>

Note: "Connected to an idle instance" means, your instance is not running. its not running.

by giving "startup" command, its going to start your instance & opens the database.

SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

select status from v$instance

*
ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01034: ORACLE not available

Process ID: 0

Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>startup;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1828716544 bytes

Fixed Size 2925552 bytes

Variable Size 603982864 bytes

Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

STATUS

------------

OPEN

SYS@orcl>exit

Disconnected from Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options
[oracle@primary ~]$ ps -ef | grep smon

oracle 8749 1 0 10:51 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl

oracle 8984 7826 0 10:52 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto smon

[oracle@primary ~]$

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle database s/w installation & database creation:

=====================================================

OS RHEL6

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1CQe_MZAusj0_VON_HuU9vprudtmJ9YHf

VMware:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1YgczgGLTwLLn7BMR_2lpVaU7RTVr-aur

Oracle 12c RDMBS

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_ZPVgETJCKnREdoYk9WbzBFOG8

Windows Server 2016 only OS

we have to do two thins now.

1. Oracle database software installation

2. Oracle database creation -

GUI - dbca - database configuration assistant

CLI - sql script

database name you can give anything - not more than 8 characters

SID - system identifier (Instance)

-> whenever you are going to create database, by default there must be one install created.

Instance name is same as database name by default.

-> Enterprise manager(EM) database express -

its a graphiscal web tool to manage and monitor the database.

-> A database can be configured with two different options

1. Standalone database

2. Cluster database - RAC - Real application cluster (SQL server - Always on)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Initilization paramter file(pfile or spfile):

=============================================

STARTUP =

Starting the instance

Mouting the database

Opening the database.

oracle database = oracle instance + oracle database files.

pfile - paramter file - ASCII text file

spfile - server parameter file - Binary file

381 paramters are there..

parameter_name = parameter_Value

spfile = /u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_home/dbs/spfileDEV.ora

db_name = orcl

instance_name = orcl

control_files = "......"

10-15 is enough - non-default parameters

the remaining all - default parameters

$ORACLE_HOME/dbs - linux/unix

$ORACLE_HOME/database - windows

pfile - init$ORACLE_SID.ora - initorcl.ora

spfile - spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora - spfileorcl.ora

Note: we are having something called dynamic parameters views related to paramter
values..V$PARAMETER; - 3000 (10-15)
ALTER SYSTEM SET <PARAMETER_NAME> = <PARAMETER_VALUE> SCOPE=both(default);

SYS@orcl>alter system set undo_retention=900 scope=memory/spfile/both;

memory -> for the current running instance, the value is modifying at memory level

spfile -> for the next restart of the database, the valus modifying at spfile level

both(default) -> Memory + Spfile = Its modifying the value at memory level + sfile level.

381..

250 static

130 dynamic

Few parameters sre static - spfile

Few parameters are dynamic - memory or both

ISSYS_MOD

---------

IMMEDIATE - Dynamic

FALSE - Static

DEFERRED - Dynamic

-> Data dictinoary views / meta data

v$ views - 5000+
SYS@orcl>;

1* select NAME,VALUE,ISSYS_MODIFIABLE from v$parameter where name='undo_retention'

SYS@orcl>/

NAME VALUE ISSYS_MODIFIABLE

---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

undo_retention 900 IMMEDIATE

-> how do you know which is static and which dynamic

SYS@orcl>select NAME,VALUE,ISSYS_MODIFIABLE from v$parameter where name='processes';

NAME VALUE ISSYS_MODIFIABLE

---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

processes 300 FALSE

SYS@orcl>select NAME,VALUE,ISSYS_MODIFIABLE from v$parameter where ISSYS_MODIFIABLE='FALSE'

order by 1;

-> What about my pfile and spfile got lost/deleted.

when the database is up and running -

sql> create spfile from memory;

when the database is in shutdown state -

alert_$ORACLE_SID.log file

alert.log file - note

[oracle@localhost ~]$ cd
$ORACLE_BASE/diag/rdbms/db_name/instance_name/trace/alert_$ORACLE_SID.ora

Startup & Shutdown database:

============================

1. shutdown (normal) - default - client connection can not be disconnected and it waits until clients to
logout

2. shutdown transactional - if any DML is happening and user didnt do either commit/rollback, then it
wont shutdown until user to do eithr commit/rollback.

3. shutdown immediate - recommened by oracle - will not wait for idle sessions, & will not wait for
commit/rollback

4. shutdown abort - abnormal termination - it kills the instance before closing the database files. not
recommended.

5. startup force(restart) - abnormal termination - shutdown abort + startup (like restart) - not
recommened

shutdown or shut

SYS@orcl>shutdown

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>startup (open)

ORACLE instance started. - nomount - parameter file

Total System Global Area 1828716544 bytes

Fixed Size 2925552 bytes

Variable Size 637537296 bytes

Database Buffers 1174405120 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

Database mounted. - controlfile required.

Database opened.

SYS@orcl>

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Sat May 18 07:58:03 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to:

Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>
SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

STATUS

------------

OPEN

SYS@orcl>shutdown

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>

SYS@orcl>startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1828716544 bytes

Fixed Size 2925552 bytes

Variable Size 637537296 bytes

Database Buffers 1174405120 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SYS@orcl>shutdown immediate

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SYS@orcl>exit

Disconnected from Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options
Startup modes:

--------------

startup nomount - 1

startup mount - 2

startup (open) - 3

SYS@orcl>startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytes

Fixed Size 2926472 bytes

Variable Size 1358956664 bytes

Database Buffers 771751936 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SYS@orcl>

statup - start the instance(nomount-pfile/spfile) + mounting database(controlfile) + open the

database(r&d)

[oracle@primary ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Sat May 18 08:21:22 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SYS@orcl>startup nomount;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1828716544 bytes

Fixed Size 2925552 bytes

Variable Size 637537296 bytes

Database Buffers 1174405120 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

STATUS

------------

STARTED

SYS@orcl>alter database mount;

Database altered.

SYS@orcl>select status from v$instance;

STATUS

------------

MOUNTED
SYS@orcl>alter database open;

Database altered.

SYS@orcl>show parameter control_Files

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

control_files string /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/c

ontrol01.ctl, /u01/app/oracle/

fast_recovery_area/orcl/contro

l02.ctl

SYS@orcl>

Note: The end user/client/customer/developer is able to connect to database only, if the database is in
OPEN state and not in NOMOUNT&MOUNT states.

SMON is the background process. it does the instance crash recovery by reading database
archive/online redolog files to apply commited data and to rollback uncomitted data.

startup

Alert.log file:

===============
database logfile is called as Alert.log file

It records all the errors & administrative commands.

Used this file for troubleshooting the database.

alert_ORACLE_SID.log

C:\app\Administrator\diag\rdbms\orcl\orcl\trace

[oracle@server1 DEV]$ pwd

/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/dev/DEV - ADR - automatic diagnostic repository

[oracle@server1 DEV]$ ls

alert cdump hm incident incpkg ir lck log metadata metadata_dgif metadata_pv stage sweep
trace

[oracle@server1 DEV]$

[oracle@primary ~]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace

[oracle@primary trace]$ pwd

/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace

[oracle@primary trace]$ ls -l alert_orcl.log

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 18135257 May 20 10:14 alert_orcl.log

[oracle@primary trace]$

textpad - software is recommended for alert.log file

for every log switch - alert.log

db - alert.log file

alert_$ORACLE_SID.log

alert_orcl.log

Using Trace Files:

==================

/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace

each

server - trace files

u1 - server process - SELECT * FROM -- ORA-00600

background - trace files

dbwr trace file

 Each server and background process can write to an associated trace file.

 Error information is written to the corresponding trace file.

 Automatic diagnostic repository (ADR)

– Is a system wide central tracing and logging repository

– Stores database diagnostic data such as:

— Traces

— Alert log

— Health monitor reports

orcl_arc3_2911.trc - background process trace file

orcl_ora_2899.trc - server process trace file

tkprof - trace kernel profile

Database Administration -

SELECT

INSERT

DELETE

UPDATE....

Join

Trace file C:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\diag\rdbms\orcl\orcl\trace\orcl_aqpc_484.trc

Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options

Windows NT Version V6.2

CPU : 2 - type 8664, 2 Physical Cores

Process Affinity : 0x0x0000000000000000

Memory (Avail/Total): Ph:794M/3102M, Ph+PgF:1881M/4446M

VM name : VMWare Version (6)

Instance name: orcl

Redo thread mounted by this instance: 1

Oracle process number: 30

Windows thread id: 484, image: ORACLE.EXE (AQPC)

*** 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

*** SESSION ID:(17.15742) 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

*** CLIENT ID:() 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

*** SERVICE NAME:(SYS$BACKGROUND) 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

*** MODULE NAME:() 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

*** CLIENT DRIVER:() 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

*** ACTION NAME:() 2020-03-23 09:23:48.498

kwsbgcoord: AQ Process coord started init = 1 enabled = 1

kwsbgInitFmPMaster: MasterCreated

kwsbgInitFmPMaster: MasterCreated

Dynamic Performance Views & Oracle Metadata(data dictinoary):

=============================================================

Dynamic Performance Views:

--------------------------

 Sessions

 File states

 Progress of jobs and tasks

 Locks

 Backup status

 Memory usage and allocation

 System and session parameters – v$parameter

 SQL execution
 Statistics and metrics... etc

v$database,v$instance,V$datafile...etc

V$ views & owned by SYS user

all v$ views are called dynamic performance views.

whenever you are going to create database, it contaisn 2 types of oracle system objects.

Dynamic data - dynamic performance views - you can see in nomount,mount and open state

Static data - Oracle Metadata - Oracle data dictionary views(sturcure) -= only open state

ALL_ views

DBA_ views can be accessed only SYS user.

USER_ views can be accessed by any user (normal user)

all static views are going to store at SYSTEM tablespace level.

B - t1,t2

tables

indexes

views

sequences

synonym

sschemas
...etc

size of schema

tablesapces names

users names

..etc

DICTIONARY

how to know the existing users at the database level. DBA_USERS

how to know tables/objects DBA_TABLES, DBA_OBJECTS

how to know size of table

how to know number of table/sobject

how to know connected users....etc - V$SESSION

v$instance;

ps -ef | grep smon-

smon

everyday we are going to work with these metadata & dynamic views..

v$parameter

v$instance

v$database

v$datafile...etc

we are having 2 types of users.

1. system internal - SYS & SYSTEM

2. normal user/ application users