GRADE 12

LIFE SCIENCES
REVISION DOCUMENT
PAPER 2
Teacher’s Book
2024

1
 1. DNA Code of Life

TERMINOLOGY

DESCRIPTION TERM
1 A tangled network of DNA and protein located within the nucleus Chromatin
network🗸
2 The bonds that hold the two strands of a DNA molecule together. Hydrogen
bonds🗸
3 The sugar found in DNA Deoxyribose
sugar🗸
4 The analysis of DNA samples to identify individuals that may be DNA Profiling🗸
related
5 The process whereby DNA makes an exact copy of itself DNA replication🗸
6 The monomers of nucleic acids Nucleotides🗸
7 The natural shape of a DNA molecule Double helix🗸
8 Sections of DNA that carry hereditary information Gene🗸
9 The sugar that forms part of a nucleotide in RNA Ribose🗸
10 The process whereby mRNA is formed from DNA Transcription🗸
11 Base triplets found on mRNA Codons🗸
12 The cell organelle to which mRNA attaches during protein Ribosome🗸
synthesis
13 The process of arranging amino acids according to the sequence Translation🗸
of bases on mRNA
14 The organelle in a cell where translation occurs Ribosome🗸
15 The triplet of bases found on a tRNA molecule Anticodon🗸
16 The type of RNA containing anticodons tRNA🗸
17 Bonds that join amino acids together Peptide bond🗸

(17 X 1) (17)

2
 Question 1.1

1.1.1 (a) Y🗸 (1)

(b) X🗸 (1)
1.1.2 4🗸 (1)
1.1.3 A C T G (Must be in the correct order) 🗸 (1)
1.1.4 (DNA) replication🗸
Transcription (Protein synthesis) 🗸 (2)
(6)

Question 1.2

1.2.1 (a) W- Nucleotide 🗸 (2)

U – DNA 🗸
(b) X - Phosphate 🗸 / phosphate ions (2)
Y – Deoxyribose 🗸
(c) Hydrogen bond (1)
(d) V – Adenine (1)
1.2.2 Nucleus🗸 (1)
1.2.3 Interphase🗸 (1)
(8)

Question 1.3
1.3.1 Heila 🗸and Leo 🗸 (2)
(Mark first TWO only)
1.3.2 - All the (DNA) bands from Heila and Leo 🗸
- match with the DNA of the mother and father 🗸
OR
- none of the (DNA) bands from Priya 🗸
(2)
- match with the (DNA) bands of the mother and the father 🗸
1.3.3 - Tracing missing persons🗸
- Identification of genetic disorder’s 🗸
- Identification of suspects in a crime 🗸
- matching tissues for organ transplants 🗸
- Identifying dead persons 🗸 (3)
(Mark first THREE only)
(7)

3
 Question1.4
1.4.1 DNA Profiling🗸 (1)
1.4.2 Jennie🗸 (1)
1.4.3 -Jennie’s DNA profile🗸 /bands
matches DNA profile/ bands of the sample🗸 from the crime scene
(2)
1.4.4 -Proof of paternity🗸
- Tracing missing person🗸
- Identification of genetic disorders🗸
- Establishing family relationships🗸
- Matching tissues for organ transplants🗸 (1)
- identifying dead persons🗸/ animals.
1.4.5 - Samples containing DNA can be planted🗸/person was framed
- Human error🗸 during DNA profiling process
- Costly procedure🗸
- Invasion of privacy🗸
(2)
(Mark first TWO only) any 2
(7)

Question 1.5

1.5.1 Nucleus 🗸 (Nucleoplasm) (1)

1.5.2 (a) Deoxyribose🗸 (1)
(b) Uracil 🗸 /U (1)

1.5.3 Transcription DNA replication

Only one strand acts as a Both strands acts as a
template 🗸 template 🗸
(Free) RNA nucleotides are (Free) DNA nucleotides are
complementary 🗸 complementary 🗸
Adenine complements with Adenine complements with
uracil / (A complements with thymine / (a complements with
U) 🗸 T) 🗸
Only a short section of DNA is The whole DNA molecule is
used 🗸 used
DNA unwinds and unzips DNA unwinds and unzips
partially 🗸 completely 🗸
(Mark first TWO only) 1 mark for table + (Any 2 x2) (5)
(8)

4
Question 1.6

1.6.1 (a) Amino acids 🗸 (1)

(b) mRNA 🗸 (1)

1.6.2 (a) TAC 🗸🗸 (2)

(b) GUA 🗸 (1)

1.6.3 Translation 🗸*
- Each RNA carries a specific amino acid 🗸
- when the anticodon on tRNA 🗸 / GUA
- matches the codon on mRNA 🗸/ CAU
- then tRNA brings the required amino acid to the ribosome 🗸
- amino acids become attached to each other by the peptide bonds 🗸
- to form the required protein 🗸 1* compulsory + 6
(7)
(12)

Question 1.7

1.7.1 Transcription🗸 (1)

1.7.2 mRNA🗸 (1)
1.7.3 -makes up the genes which carry hereditary information
-contains coded information for protein synthesis (2)
1.7.4 🗸
A (DNA) B (RNA)
Double strand🗸 / Paired Single strand🗸 Unpaired
bases🗸 bases🗸
Double helix/ helical🗸 Non- helical🗸
Thymine 🗸 Uracil🗸
1 mark for table + 2 X 2
(5)
1.7.5 - The double helix DNA unwinds 🗸and
- unzips 🗸/ weak hydrogen bonds break
- to form two separate strands 🗸
- one strand acts as a template 🗸
- to form mRNA 🗸
- using free nucleotides from the nucleoplasm 🗸
- the mRNA is complementary to the DNA 🗸 (6)
- the copied message for protein synthesis is thus copied
Onto mRNA🗸 (Any 6)

5
 1.7.6 - This will result in different tRNA molecules 🗸
- bringing different amino acids 🗸
(3)
- leading to the formation of a different protein. 🗸
(18)
Question 1.8

1.8.1 Gene 🗸mutation

1.8.2 - There is change in sequence ( of nitrogenous bases) from CCG (1)
To CUG 🗸
1.8.3 (a) 5 🗸/Five (1)
(b) UAU 🗸 (1)
(c) -The codon CCG changed to CUG 🗸 / 4th codon has changed
- The anticodon/ tRNA sequence changed 🗸
- The amino acids proline 🗸
- Was replaced by Leucine 🗸
(4)
- This resulted in a different protein🗸/no protein being formed
(8)

Question 1.9

1.9.1 (a) Transcription🗸 (1)

(b) Translation🗸 (1)
1.9.2 (a) Nucleus🗸 (1)
(b) mRNA🗸 (1)
1.9.3 Chloroplasts🗸
Mitochondria🗸 (2)

1.9.4 (a) - The double helix DNA unwinds🗸 and

- (the double-stranded DNA) unzips🗸/weak hydrogen bonds break
- to form two separate strands🗸
- One strand is used as a template🗸
- to form mRNA🗸
- using free (RNA) nucleotides🗸 from the nucleoplasm
- The mRNA is complementary to the DNA🗸/ (A-U, G-C)
- mRNA now has the coded message for protein synthesis🗸
(7)
(b) - Each tRNA carries an amino acid✓
- When the anticodon on the tRNA✓
- matches the codon on the mRNA✓
- the tRNA brings the (required) amino acid to the ribosome✓
- Amino acids become attached by peptide bonds✓
- to form the (required) protein✓ (6)
6
1.9.5 (a) TCG🗸 (1)
(b) Tyrosine🗸 (2)
Valine🗸
1.9.6 Gene mutation🗸 (1)
1.9.7 - The anticodon will be GGA🗸/not GAA (3)
- The last amino acid would be proline instead of leucine🗸
- resulting in a different protein🗸/ no protein at all
(26)

Question 1.10

1.10.1 Cytosine🗸 (1)

1.10.2 20🗸🗸% (2)
1.10.3 G A A🗸 U G U🗸 (2)
1.10.4 Glutamic acid🗸 - Cysteine🗸 (in that order) (2)
1.10.5 U A C🗸 (1)
(8)

7
 2. MEIOSIS
BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1 The point of crossing over between two adjacent chromosomes Chiasma
2 The splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division Cytokinesis
3 The failure of chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis Non-disjunction
4 The structures in the cell that forms the spindle fibres. Centrioles
5 The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes are Metaphase I
aligned at the equator of the cell.
6 The division of the nucleus Karyokinesis
7 Exchange of genetic material between chromatids of homologous Crossing over
chromosomes
8 The point at which the two chromatids of a chromosome are Centromere
joined together
9 Site of meiosis in females Ovaries
10 A genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of Down syndrome
chromosome number 21
11 The Structure formed by the centrioles during cell division Spindle fibres
12 The non-sex chromosomes in humans Autosomes
13 The condition in a cell where there is only one set of Haploid
Chromosomes
14 The structure that is responsible for the formation of spindle fibres Centrosomes
during cell division in animal cells and is made up of two
centrioles
15 The phase in the cell cycle during which the cell growth occurs Interphase
16 Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes Homologous
17 The structure that joins two chromatids of a chromosome Centromere
18 The division of the cytoplasm of a cell during cell division Cytokinesis
19 The process during meiosis where there is an exchange of Crossing over
genetic material between chromatids.
20 The structures in animal cells that give rise to spindle fibres centrosome
during cell division.
21 The phase in the cell cycle during which DNA replication takes interphase
place
22 The point where adjacent chromatids overlap during meiosis Chiasma
May June /chiasmata
23 The representation showing the arrangement of a diploid set of karyotype
chromosomes
(23 x 1) (23)

8
 Question 2.1

2.1.1. (a) Centromere🗸 (1)

(b) Homologous chromosomes🗸 (1)
(c) Spindle fibres🗸/ spindle threads (1)

2.1.2. Anaphase II🗸 (1)

2.1.3. 2, 1, 3🗸🗸 (2)
2.1.4. In metaphase I, the chromosomes arrange at the equator in homologous pairs🗸
whereas in metaphase II, the chromosomes arrange at the equator singly🗸
(Mark first ONE only)
(2)
(8)

Question 2.2

2.2.1. Anaphase II🗸 (1)

2.2.2 (a) Centrosome🗸 (1)
(b) Centromere🗸 (1)
(1)
(c) Spindle fibre🗸/ Spindle threads

2.2.3 The chromatids separate🗸/ centromere splits (1)

2.2.4 Crossing over🗸 (1)
2.2.5 Reduces genetic variation🗸 (1)

2.2.6 (a) Four🗸/4 (1)

(b) 23🗸 (1)
(09)

Question 2.3

2.3.1. Metaphase II🗸 (1)

2.3.2. Individual chromosomes line up at the equator🗸🗸 of the cell

(Mark first one only) (2)

2.3.3. a) Cell membrane🗸 (1)

b) Spindle fibres🗸 (1)

2.3.4. - It contracts🗸/shortens
- to pull the chromosomes🗸/ daughter chromosomes/chromatids to opposite
poles of the cell (2)

9
2.3.5
Structure C in the final phase of Meiosis/ Telophase II
(unreplicated) chromosome/chromatid
/daughter chromosome

centromere

OR
Structure C in the final phase of meiosis/ Telophase II
(unreplicated) chromosome/chromatid
/daughter chromosome
centromere

Guideline for assessing the drawing

CRITERIA ELABORATION MARK

Heading (H) -Structure C in the final phase of 1
meiosis/Telophase II
Correct -Daughter chromosome/unreplicated 1
drawing (D) chromosome/chromatid/s drawn from
structure C only
Correct -One unshaded OR one 1
shading (S) -One with shaded tip unshaded (4)
Labels (L) -Any correct label 1
(11)

10
 Question 2.4
2.4.1. (a) Metaphase I🗸 (1)
(b) Telophase I🗸 (1)
2.4.2. (a) B🗸 (1)
(b) C🗸 (1)
(c) D🗸 (1)
2.4.3. Testis🗸 (1)
(6)

Question 2.5

2.5.1 Autosomes🗸 (1)

2.5.2 a) – One chromosome comes from the sperm🗸/father

- and other comes from the ovum🗸/mother (2)
b) – Shape🗸
- Size🗸/length
- Position of genes🗸/alleles
- Genes coding for same characteristic🗸
- Location of centromere🗸
(Mark the first THREE only) (3)

2.5.3 - Gonosomes are not identical🗸/chromosomes at position 23 are not

identical
- Individual 1 has XY gonosomes🗸/is a male
- Individual 2 has XX gonosomes🗸/ is a female (3)
(9)

Question 2.6
2.6.1. (a) Down syndrome🗸 (1)
(b) Anaphase I/II🗸 (1)
(c) Chromosomal aberration🗸 (1)
(3)

11
 Question 2.7

2.7.1. - Due to non-disjunction🗸/ non-separation of a chromosome pair

- during Anaphase I🗸
- Two chromosomes moved to the one pole🗸 and
- none moved to the other pole🗸
(3)

2.7.2. - Gamete A will have 24 chromosomes🗸/ extra chromosome

- and when it fertilises a normal ovum🗸/ gamete with 23 chromosomes
- the zygote will have 3 chromosomes at position 21🗸/ 47 chromosomes (3)

2.7.3. (a) Prophase I (1)

(b) - Adjacent chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross🗸
- At a point called the chiasma🗸
- There is an exchange of DNA segments🗸/genetic material (3)
(10)

12
Question 2.8

OR

(5)

(5)

13
 Question 2.9

2.9.1. Centromere🗸 (1)

2.9.2. Metaphase I🗸 (1)
2.9.3. - A pair of chromosomes with the same structure🗸/location of
centromere/ length and
- the same sequence of genes🗸
(3)
- One is of maternal origin and the other of paternal origin🗸
2.9.4. - Some chromatids have a mixture of genetic material🗸 from its
homologue
- as crossing over🗸 took place
(3)
- during Prophase I🗸
2.9.5 The spindle fibres contract to pull the chromatids apart🗸/to opposite (1)
poles
2.9.6 48🗸🗸 arbitrary units. (2)
(10)

Question 2.10

2.10.1. Centrosome🗸 (1)

2.10.2. Anaphase I🗸 (1)
2.10.3. - The spindle fibres contract🗸
- The centromeres split🗸
(2)
- Each chromatid is pulled to the opposite poles🗸 Any 2

2.10.4. Crossing over🗸 (1)

2.10.5. It leads to (genetic) variation🗸

(Mark first ONE only) (1)

2.10.6. 46🗸/23 pairs (1)\

2.10.7. Structure B consists of two DNA molecules🗸/ contains a double thread/ is made
up of two chromatids
-because of DNA replication🗸
- Structure C consists of one DNA molecule🗸/ contains a single thread/ chromatid
- because it is unreplicated🗸/ as a result of splitting of the chromosome
(3)
during anaphase 2 Any
(10)

14
 Question 2.11

2.11.1. a) Centrosome🗸 (1)

b) Chromosome🗸 (1)
c) Cell membrane🗸 (1)
2.11.2. a) 2🗸- Metaphase II🗸 (2)
b) 4🗸- Prophase I🗸 (2)
c) 1🗸- Anaphase I🗸 (2)
2.11.3. a) 2🗸 (1)
b) 23🗸 (1)
c) 46🗸 (1)
(12)

Question 2.12

2.12.1. a) Meiosis🗸/ Meiosis I (1)

b) Prophase I🗸 (1)
2.12.2. Ovary🗸 (1)
2.12.3. C🗸- centromere🗸 (2)
2.2.4. 3🗸/Three (1)
(6)

Question 2.13

2.13.1 (a) centromere🗸 (1)

. (b) Chiasma🗸/chiasmata (1)
(c) Homologous chromosomes🗸/ -chromosome pair/bivalent (1)
(1)
(d) Chromatid🗸/ sister chromatid

2.13.2 - Similar shape🗸/ similar centromeres

. - size🗸 and
- genetic composition🗸
(2)
(Mark first TWO only)

2.13.3 - In prophase 1🗸
. - Non-sister chromatids/ one chromatid of each homologous chromosome
pair🗸
- Touch🗸/ overlap
- At a point called chiasma🗸
- DNA/ genetic material is crossed over🗸/ swopped at the chiasma.
(5)

15
2.13.4 (a) 21🗸 (1)
.
(b) 42🗸 (1)

(1)
(c) 21🗸
(14)

Question 2.14

- When chromosome pair 21/chromosome 21 fail to separate🗸

- during Anaphase🗸
- the daughter cells (gametes) will have 24 chromosomes🗸/an extra chromosome
- when this gamete is fertilised by a normal gametes🗸 with 23 chromosomes.
- the zygote will have 47 chromosomes🗸/3 chromosomes at position 21/Trisomy 21
(5)

QUESTION 2.15

2.15.1. (a) Prophase 1🗸 (1)

(b) Twelve🗸 (1)
(c) Three / 3🗸 (1)
2.15.2 (a) Nuclear membrane🗸 (1)
(b) Cell membrane🗸 / plasmalemma / plasma membrane (1)
(c) Nuclear membrane🗸 (1)
2.15.3 -Testes🗸 (1)
-Ovaries🗸 (1)
(8)

Question 2.16

2.16.1 5/ Five🗸 (1)

2.16.2 Gonosomes🗸 / sex chromosomes (1)
2.16.3 (a) Down Syndrome🗸 / Trisomy 21 (1)
(b) Non- disjunction🗸 (1)
2.16.4 Male🗸 (1)
(5)

16
 3. GENETIC SOLUTIONS

TERMINILOGY:

DESCRIPTION TERM
1 The study of heredity and variation in organisms Genetics
2 All the genes that make up an organism Genome
3 Two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same locus Alleles
4 The position of a gene on a chromosome Locus
5 The non-sex chromosomes in humans Autosomes
6 An inherited disorder where blood fails to clot properly Haemophilia
7 The number, shape and arrangement of all chromosomes in the Karyotype
nucleus of a somatic cell
8 A genetic cross involving one gene and its alleles Monohybrid
9 A genetic disorder where blood does not clot Haemophilia
10 The use of living organisms and their biological processes to improve Biotechnology
the quality of human life
11 The type of inheritance involving two alleles that are not dominant Incomplete
over one another dominance
12 Characteristics controlled by genes which are located on the sex Sex-linked
chromosomes
13 The type of inheritance involving alleles that equally determine the Codominance
phenotype of heterozygous offspring
14 An allele that is expressed phenotypically only in the homozygous Recessive
condition
15 The physical and functional expression of a gene Phenotype
16 The production of a genetically identical copy of an organism using Cloning
biotechnology
17 The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism to get Genetic
desired changes engineering

18 A diagram showing the inheritance of genetic disorders over many Pedigree

generations diagram
19 An allele that does not influence the phenotype when found in the Recessive
heterozygous condition
20 Organisms having two identical alleles at a given locus Homozygous
21 An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype Dominant
22 An individual having two non-identical alleles for a characteristic Heterozygous
23 A segment of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic Gene
24 The type of inheritance which produces an intermediate phenotype Incomplete
dominance
24 x1 = (24)

17
Question 3.1

3.1.1 Incomplete dominance🗸 (1)

3.1.2 - The pink flower colour is an intermediate phenotype🗸/ a blend of red and white
indicating that neither of the alleles is dominant🗸 (2)
3.1.3

(6)
(9)

18
 Question 3.2

3.2.1

(6)

3.2.2 - Normal females have two X 🗸chromosomes

- Normal males have one X and one Y🗸
- The female always provides X in the egg🗸
- If an egg cell is fertilized by an X bearing sperm 🗸a female/girl🗸 is formed
- If an egg is fertilized by a Y bearing sperm
- a male/boy🗸 is formed
Any
OR (5)

(11)

19
 Question 3.3

3.3.1 Purple 🗸 (1)

3.3.2 -When purple-flowering plants and white-flowering plants are crossed 🗸
– all the offspring have purple flowers 🗸/have no white flowers (2)

3.3.3 The two alleles for a characteristic🗸

– separate during meiosis🗸 so that
– each gamete contains only one allele🗸 for that characteristic (3)
3.3.4

(6)
(12)

Question 3.4

3.4.1 ffHh 🗸 (1)

3.4.2 (a) (a) FfHh🗸🗸 (2)
(b) (b) 3🗸 (1)
(c) (c) h🗸 (1)
(d) (d) Long fingers and continuous hairline 🗸🗸 (2)
(7)
20
Question 3.5

3.5.1 Dihybrid🗸 cross (1)

3.5.2 TTrr🗸🗸 (2)
3.5.3 TR🗸, Tr🗸, tR🗸, tr🗸 (4)
(7)

Question 3.6

3.6.1 Pedigree🗸 diagram (1)

3.6.2 (a) 6🗸 (1)
(b) 1🗸 (1)
3.6.3 XGXg🗸🗸 (2)
3.6.4 Unaffected🗸🗸 / without Goltz syndrome (2)
3.6.5 - Pilusa is affected 🗸 XGY
- Anju is unaffected🗸 XgXg
- Males inherit the Y chromosome from Pilusa🗸
(4)
- and inherit Xg from Anju🗸
(11)

Question 3.7

3.7.1 (1)

(2)
3.7.2

Any (3)

21
3.7.3

(7)
(13)

Question 3.8

3.8.1 A change in the sequence🗸 of nitrogenenous bases🗸/ nucleotides in a gene (2)

3.8.2 Nigeria 🗸% (1)
3.8.3 39 746 🗸 x 100🗸 =13🗸 %
305 733 (3)
3.8.4 (a) dd🗸 (1)
(b) Dd🗸 (1)
(8)

22
 Question 3.9

3.9.1 (a) 3🗸 /Three (1)

(b) 2🗸 /Two (1)
3.9.2 Hearing🗸 (1)
3.9.3 - Bob and Ann can both hear🗸
- They have a child who is deaf🗸 /who has the genotype aa
- This means that each parent carries an allele for deafness🗸 /are
heterozygous/Aa
- but it is masked🗸 by the dominant allele /which is for hearing (4)
3.9.4 AA🗸 and Aa🗸 (2)
(9)

Question 3.10

3.10.1 - Spine🗸
- Hips🗸
(Mark first TWO only) (2)
3.10.2 - A change in the sequence🗸
- of nitrogenous bases🗸 /nucleotides in DNA (2)
3.10.3 - To check for the gene mutation🗸
- and if it results in the high bone density🗸 (2)
3.10.4 Produces high bone density🗸 /reduces the risk of bone fractures (1)
3.10.5

(3)
(10)

Question 3.11

3.11.1

3.11.2
3.11.3

23
 Question 3.12

3.12.1 IA🗸 B
I🗸 i🗸 (3)

3.12.2 2🗸 (1)
3.12.3 - Any individual inherits one allele🗸 (2)
- from each parent🗸
3.12.4 - Each child🗸
- has an equal🗸/25% chance of having
- any blood group🗸/ A, B, AB, or O. (3)
(9)

Question 3.13

3.13.1 3🗸/ Three (1)

3.13.2 - Complete dominance🗸
- The allele for blood group B/ IB is dominant🗸🗸and
- the allele for blood group O/ i is recessive🗸🗸 (3)

3.13.3

24
 OR

(6)

(10)

Question 3.14

P1 Phenotype Woman Man with

without x haemophilia✓
haemophilia
Genotype XHXh x XhY✓
Meiosis

G/gametes XH, Xh x Xh, Y🗸

Fertilisation

F1 Genotype XHXh, XHY, XhXh, XhY🗸

Phenotype 1 daughter without haemophilia, 1 daughter

with haemophilia, 1 son without haemophilia,
1 son with haemophilia🗸

0%🗸*chance of a daughter homozygous for

normal blood clotting

P1 and F1🗸
Meiosis and fertilisation🗸
*1 compulsory mark + any 6

25
 OR
P1 Phenotype Woman without Man with
x
haemophilia haemophilia✓
Genotype XHXh x XhY
🗸

Meiosis
Gametes XH Xh
Fertilisation
Xh XHXh XhXh
Y XHY XhY

1 mark for correct gametes

1 mark for correct genotypes

F1 Phenotype 1 daughter without haemophilia, 1 daughter

with haemophilia, 1 son without
haemophilia, 1 son with haemophilia🗸

0%🗸* chance of a daughter homozygous

for normal blood clotting

P1 and F1🗸
Gametes XB Y
Meiosis and fertilisation🗸 XbY
Xb XB*1
Xbcompulsory mark+ any 6
Xb XBXb XbY (7)

Question 3.15

3.15.1 - Males have only one X chromosome🗸/The Y-chromosome does not have
this allele and
- have to inherit only one recessive allele🗸 to have white teeth
- whereas females have two X chromosomes🗸 and have to inherit two
(4)
recessive alleles to have white teeth🗸

26
3.15.2 P1 Phenotype Male with brown Female with
teeth x white teeth✓

Genotype XBY x XbXb✓

Meiosis
G/gametes XB, Y x Xb, Xb✓

Fertilisation
F1 Genotype XBXb, XBXb, XbY, XbY✓

Phenotype 1 female with brown teeth: 1 male with

white teeth✓*
P1 and F1🗸
Meiosis and fertilisation🗸

*1 compulsory mark + Any 5

OR
P1 Phenotype Male with brown Female with
teeth x white teeth✓

Genotype XBY x XbXb✓

Meiosis

Fertilisation

1 mark for correct gametes

1 mark for correct genotypes

F1 Phenotype 1 female with brown teeth: 1 male with

white teeth✓*
P1 and F1🗸
Meiosis and fertilisation🗸
*1 compulsory mark + Any 5 (6)
(10)

Question 3.16

3.16.1 Dihybrid✓ cross (1)

3.16.2 (a) Smooth✓ stem (1)
(b) Elongated✓ fruit (1)

3.16.3 (a) nnrr✓✓/nrnr/ rrnn (2)

(b) Smooth stem round fruit✓✓ (2)
(7)

27
 Question 3.17

3.17.1 Dihybrid🗸cross (1)

3.17.2 (a) Brown🗸 fur and long ears🗸 (2)
(b) bbee🗸🗸 (2)
(c) Be🗸 be🗸 (2)
(7)

Question 3.18

3.18.1 - Embryos🗸
- Umbilical cord🗸
- Bone marrow🗸
(3)
(Mark first THREE only)
3.18.2 - Stem cells are undifferentiated🗸
- and have the potential to develop into any type of cell🗸
- to replace affected/defective cells🗸 causing a disorder Any (2)
3.18.3 - Stem cells are undifferentiated🗸
- and have the potential to develop into any type of cell🗸 to replace
affected/defective cells🗸 causing a disorder Any (1)
(6)

Question 3.19

3.19.1 - The nucleus of the somatic cell is diploid🗸/ has a full set of
chromosomes/has all the genetic material whereas
- the nucleus of the sperm cell is haploid🗸/contains half the set of
chromosomes/ has half the genetic material
- The somatic cell carries the desired characteristic🗸/straight hair
(3)
3.19.3 (Horse) S 🗸 (1)
3.19.4 - To produce organisms with desired traits🗸e.g. health, appearance,
nutritious, yield, shelf life etc.
- Conservation of threatened species🗸
(2)
- To create tissue/organs for transplant🗸 Any
(Mark first TWO only)
(8)

28
 4. EVOLUTION

TERMINOLOGY

DESCRIPTION TERM
1 A type of variation where there is a range of phenotype for the same Continuous
characteristics variation
2 Present day distribution of living organisms Biogeography
3 The selection of desirable characteristics by humans Artificial selection/
selective breeding
4 The process whereby new species are formed Speciation
5 The type of variation in a population with no intermediate phenotype Discontinuous
variation
6 An explanation describing evolution as consisting of long phases of Punctuated
little change alternating with short phases of rapid change Equilibrium
7 The permanent disappearance of species from earth Extinction
8 An explanation for something that has been observed in nature and Theory
which can be supported by facts, laws, and tested hypothesis
9 Organisms with similar characteristics, able to interbreed randomly Species
and produce fertile offspring
10 Structured in different organism that have similar basic plan which Homologous
suggest that they share common ancestor structures
11 The process that enables organisms with desirable characteristics Natural selection
to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
12 Remains of life forms preserved in rocks, ice, and dried sap trees Fossils
13 Change in the characteristics of species over time Biological evolution
14 Large, pointed teeth in African apes that are used for tearing food Canine
15 The part of the skull that houses the brain Cranium
16 Having a protruding jaw Prognathous
17 A diagrammatic representation showing possible evolutionary Phylogenetic tree/
relationships between different species Cladogram
18 The opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord Foramen magnum
passes
19 Family to which humans belong Hominidae
20 An upright posture and walking only on two legs Bipedalism
21 The type of vision shared by apes and humans that allows for depth Stereoscopic vision
perception
22 The act of walking on all four limbs Quadrupedal
23 Similar structures that are inherited from a common ancestor and Homologous
are modified for different functions structures
24 The formation of new species Speciation
(24 X 1) (24)
Question 4.1

29
4.1.1 Genetic🗸 evidence (1)
4.1.2 1 – A🗸 C

2 – C🗸 OR A
(3)
3 – B🗸 B
(4)

Question 4.2

4.2.1

(6)
11
4.2.2 246 🗸 x 100🗸 = 4,47🗸 % (Accept 4,5) (3)
4.2.3 Continuous🗸 variation (1)
4.2.4 There is range of intermediate phenotypes🗸 /the fat content % is a range (1)

(11)
30
 Question 4.3

4.3.1 (a) Gall size (1)

(b) Percentage of gallfly larvae killed (1)
4.3.2 - nutrition / food (1)
- protection
- space (Any one)
(Mark the first ONE only)
4.3.3 - There is a range of (intermediate) values in gall size (1)

4.3.4

(6)
(10)

31
 Question 4.4

(7)

Question 4.5

4.5.1 - He would use his of use and disuse🗸

- and law of iheritance of acquired characteristics🗸
- The ancestor of spider monkeys had short tails🗸
- to be able to hold onto tree branches🗸
- As a result their tails became longer🗸
(6)
- and this characteristic was passed on to the next generation🗸 Any
4.5.2 - Evolution occurs by natural selection🗸
- There was variation in the ancestral population
- Some spider monkeys had short tails🗸
- and some had long tails🗸
- The spider monkeys with long tails were able to hold onto tree
branches🗸 /did not
- fall to the ground
- and survived🗸 /were not attacked by predators
- Those with short tails could not hold onto tree branches🗸 /fell on
the ground
- They died🗸 /were attacked by predators (8)
- The characteristic for long tails was passed to the offspring🗸 Any
(14)

32
 Question 4.6

Question 4.7

4.7.1 - As the wings were used less🗸

- they became reduced in size🗸/less developed
- and could not be used for flying🗸
- This acquired characteristic was passed on to the offspring🗸 (4
)
4.7.2 - Breeding at different times of the year🗸
- Species-specific courtship behaviour🗸
- Adaptations to different pollinators🗸
- Infertile offspring🗸
- Prevention of fertilisation🗸
(Mark first THREE only) Any

(3)
(7)

Question 4.8

4.8.1 (a) (Species-specific) courtship behaviour🗸 (1)

(b) Length of the (male long-tailed widowbird’s) tails🗸 (1)

4.8.2 - A larger sample size🗸

- Increases the reliability🗸 of the investigation (2)
4.8.3 - To serve as a control🗸
- so that it can be compared🗸 with the other groups
- and show that the tails length is the only factor that affects the
results🗸 /improves the validity of the investigation Any (2)

33
4.8.4

(6)
4.8.5 The longer the (male long-tailed widowbird’s) tail, the higher the mating
success🗸🗸
OR
The shorter the (male long-tailed widowbird’s) tail, the lower the mating
success🗸🗸 (2)
(14)

34
 Question 4.9

4.9.1

(2)

4.9.2
(1)

4.9.3 (2)

4.9.4
(2)

4.9.5

(7)

(14)

35
 Question 4.10

4.10.1 1900🗸 (1)

4.10.2

(3)
4.10.3

(5)
(Mark first TWO only) 1 for Table + Any 2 x 2
(9)

Question 4.11

4.11.1 - It is characterised by long periods of little or no change🗸

- alternating with short periods of rapid change🗸
- during which new species may form🗸 (3)

4.11.2 They contain toxins🗸which kill the snakes

OR
Too large🗸to be swallowed Any (1)

4.11.3 - Having a small jaw🗸

- means cane toads cannot be consumed🗸
(3)
- thereby protecting the snakes from ingesting the toxins🗸

4.11.4 Since the snake’s jaws were used less🗸 /not used
the snakes developed smaller jaws🗸
This characteristic (of a smaller jaw) was inherited by the offspring🗸
Over many generations the jaw of the snake became smaller🗸
(4)
(11)

36
 Question 4.12

(6)
Any

Question 4.13

4.13.1

(4)
4.13.2

(6)
(10)

Question 4.14

4.14.1 Biogeography🗸 (1)

4.14.2 - Similar organisms🗸
- that can interbreed🗸
(3)
- to produce fertile offspring🗸

37
4.14.3 - The original population /common ancestor once lived on a large
continent🗸
- and became separated by continental drift🗸/oceans - There was
no gene flow amongst the three populations🗸*
- Each population experienced different environmental conditions🗸 - and
underwent natural selection independently🗸
- The individuals in each population became different🗸 -
genotypically and phenotypically🗸
- Even if the (three) populations are mixed again🗸
- they would not be able to interbreed🗸/produce fertile offspring -
(7)
forming the different species, the coyote, jackal, and dingo🗸 *
2 compulsory* + any 5
(11)

Question 4.15
4.15.1 Ambulocetus🗸 (1)
4.15.2 It had flipper-like large feet and a tail🗸🗸 (2)
(Mark first ONE only
4.15.3 - They share characteristics/have intermediate characteristics
- of the ancestor/Pakicetu🗸s and the present-day species/ 🗸
Balaena
OR
- They have legs like Pakicetus a🗸and
(2)
- flippers of the present day Balaena🗸

4.15.4 - Ancestral species of whales all had legs🗸/lived on land

- As more time was spent in the water🗸in search of food
- the legs were used less a🗸and disappeared
- the acquired characteristic was passed on to the next
generation🗸
(3)
Any 3
(8)

38
Question 4.16

4.16.1 - A group of organisms of the same species🗸

- occupying the same habitat🗸
- at the same time🗸 (3)
4.16.2 They produce infertile offspring🗸
(Mark first ONE only) (1)

4.16.3 - Breeding at different times of the year🗸

- Species-specific courtship behaviour🗸
- Adaptation to different pollinators 🗸
(3)
- Prevention of fertilisation🗸 Any
(Mark first THREE only)
(7)

Question 4.17

4.17.1 Artificial selection🗸 /selective breeding (1)

4.17.2 -They chose dogs with desirable traits🗸
-and interbred🗸 them to
-produce offspring with these traits🗸 (3)

4.17.3 -Allow them to interbreed with each other🗸

-and see whether they produce fertile offspring🗸
OR
-Analysis of DNA🗸
-to check for matching sequences🗸 (2)
4.17.4 -Rhodesian ridgeback🗸
-is strong, athletic and fast🗸
-is able to catch the prey🗸 Any (2)
4.17.5 -Due to reduction in gene pool🗸/variation
-they will not be able to hunt🗸/find shelter/defend themselves
-as well as wolves are able to🗸 (3)
-therefore unable to survive in the wild🗸
(11)

Question 4.18

4.18.1 (a) Probability of developing resistance to antiretroviral drugs🗸 (1)

(1)
(b)Number of missed treatments🗸

4.18.2 Treatment must not be missed🗸 (1)

4.18.3 The probability of HIV developing resistance to antiretroviral drugs

increases with the increase in the number of missed treatments🗸🗸
OR
The more the days of missed treatment, the greater the probability (2)
of the virus developing resistance to antiretroviral drugs🗸🗸

39
4.18.4 - There is variation in the resistance 🗸 of the HI virus to
antiretroviral drugs
- Some viruses are resistant🗸to the drugs and
- others are not resistant🗸
- Those that are not resistant do not survive🗸
- When treatments are missed 🗸
- the resistant viruses survive and reproduce🗸 (5)
- passing the resistance to their offspring🗸
Any
(10)

Question 4.19

4.19.1

(1)

4.19.2

(7)

4.19.3

(2)

(10)
40
Question 4.20

4.20.1 Walking on two legs🗸🗸 (2)

4.20.2
(2)

(2)

(2)
(8)

Question 4.21

4.21.1 - To show a possible common ancestor🗸

- To identify trends in evolution🗸 (1)

4.21.2 - Both have opposable thumbs🗸 (2)

- to allow for a power grip🗸 /precision grip/ any example thereof
4.21.3 - Humans have small teeth🗸 /canine whereas (2)
African apes have large teeth🗸 /canines
- There are no gaps🗸 /diastema between the teeth in humans
whereas African apes have gaps🗸/ diastema between the teeth
(5)

41
 Question 4.22

4.22.1

(7)

4.22.2

(4)

(3)
4.22.3

(14)

Question 4.23

4.23.1 (1)

4.23.2 (2)

4.23.3

(5)

4.23.4 (2)

(10)
42
Question 4.24

4.24.1
(2)

(1)
4.24.2
(2)

4.24.3

(3)

(8)

Question 4.25

4.25.1
(2)

4.25.2

(3)

4.25.3 (1)

(1)
4.25.4
(3)

(10)

43
Question 4.26

38.1

(2)

38.2
(2)

38.3

(1)

(2)

(7)

44
Question 4.27

4.27.1 Karabo🗸 (1)

4.27.2 Australopithecus africanus🗸 (1)
4.27.3 a) (Lee) Berger🗸 (1)
b) (Raymond) Dart🗸 (1)
(4)

Question 4.28

4.28.1

(2)

(2)

(1)
4.28.2
(1)
4.28.3
(1)
4.28.4
(1)
4.28.5
(2)

(10)

45
Question 4.29

4.29.1
(2)

4.29.2
(1)

4.29.3 (1)

4.29.4

(4)

(8)

Question 4.30

4.30.1 (Modern) humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world (2)
4.30.2 - Fossils of Ardipithecus were found in Africa only🗸
- Fossils of Australopithecus were found in Africa only🗸
- Fossils of Homo habilis were found in Africa only🗸
- The oldest fossils of Homo erectus were found in Africa🗸 / while the younger fossils of
Homo erectus were found in other parts of the world🗸
- The oldest fossils of Homo sapiens were found in Africa🗸 / while the younger
fossils of Homo sapiens were found in other parts of the world🗸 (6)
Any 6
(8)

Question 4.31
4.31.1 (1)

4.31.2 (1)
(1)

4.31.3 (2)

4.31.5
(1)

(1)

4.31.6 (1)
(1)
(9)
46
 Question 4.32

4.32.1 Phylogenetic tree🗸/cladogram (1)

4.32.2 2🗸/Two (1)
4.32.3 (a) Homo habilis🗸 (1)
(b) (Homo) naledi🗸 (1)
4.32.4 (Homo) sapiens🗸 (1)
4.32.5 - Fossil🗸 evidence
- Cultural🗸 evidence
- Genetic🗸 evidence
(Mark first TWO only) Any 2 (2)
4.32.6 - A large cranial capacity🗸 in Homo sapiens
- indicates a larger brain🗸
- leading to greater intelligence🗸
OR
- A small cranial capacity🗸 in Australopithecus africanus
- indicates a smaller brain🗸
(3)
- leading to lower intelligence🗸
4.32.7 - Fossils of Australopithecus spp. were found in Africa only🗸 and
- fossils of species X/Homo habilis were found in Africa only🗸
- The oldest fossils of Homo erectus were found in Africa🗸 /the younger fossils
were found elsewhere
- indicating that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated out of Africa🗸
(4)
(14)

47