213

Experimental Investigation of Externally Post Tension

Composite Ultra High Performance Concrete-Steel Girder
Dr. AbdulMutlib I. Said
Prof.
Larah Riyadh Abdulwahed
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Baghdad/Iraq
Dr.AbdulMutlib.I.Said@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
larh_riyad@yahoo.com

Abstract:-An experimental investigation was carried out to find the beneficial effect
of using external prestressing technique in strengthening of an existing composite steel I-
girder bridge and ultra-high performance concrete. The experimental work consists of
fabricated five composite steel-concrete, non prestressed beam and four externally post-
tensioned girders, classified in two groups. All girders were constructed by scaling down
an existing prototype composite girder by 1/4 scale factor, were designed according to
AASHTO LRFD 2012 standard specification. Each girder was tested as a simply sup-
ported beam with span of 3.90m and loaded incrementally up to failure under the action
of two point loads. The prestressing force in the girders of group one was (9) Ton applied
after the RC deck slab was constructed, while group two was (7) Ton. The variables in-
clude values of the eccentricity, with or without deviator and the magnitude of the ap-
plied prestressing force. Results show appreciable enhancement in load carrying capacity
of the externally prestressed girders comparing with that of the unprestressed girder (ref-
erence). Group one girders showed a percentage increase in ultimate load of 36.36% and
45.45% for prestressing force of (9) Ton with eccentricity which mean that (location of
prestress below bottom face are equal to 80mm and 160mm, respectively) while group
two show that this percentage increase are 38.63% and 47.72% for prestress force of (7)
Ton with eccentricity of (120mm and 200mm, respectively).
Keywords: Composite section, External Prestress, Ultra High Performance Con-
crete (UHPC)
.
1. Introduction
The technique of external pre- imal disruption to traffic flow
stressing in strengthening of ex- and the speed of installation. The
isting bridge has been used in principle of pre-stressing is the
several countries since the1950s application of axial load with
[6]. It has been found to provide hogging bending moment to in-
an economical and efficient solu- crease the flexural capacity of
tion for wide range of bridge beam and improve the cracking
types. The method is developing performance. It can also have
in popularity because of the min- beneficial effect on shear capaci-

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ty [1]. Externally prestressed make it ideal candidate for use in

composite beams have been used developed new solutions about
in buildings and bridges. Compo- highway infrastructure deteriora-
site beam prestressed with high tion, replacement, and repair [9].
strength external tendons have The containment high-rise build-
confirmed many advantages as ing, bridges of long span and ma-
compared with ordinary compo- rine structure can be considered
site beam. Both continuous and as the best option for utilizing
simple beams can be prestressed such kind of concrete. Therefore,
[2]. Improvements in the science reactive powder concrete (RPC)
of concrete materials have led to classified as (UHPC) [4], [5], [7],
the development of new class of [8], & [10].UHPC refers to mate-
cementations composite, namely rial with cement matrix and char-
ultra-high performance concrete acteristic compressive strength of
(UHPC). The durability and me- 100 MPa, possible attaining more
chanical properties of UHPC than 200 MPa.
2. Experimental Program some important properties of the
2.1 Manufacturing of the mod- model girder section such as the
els location of the elastic neutral axis
(C.G. position), moment of iner-
The experimental tests were con-
tia with respect to the neutral axis
ducted on model simply support-
I.N.A. To meet the requirements
ed steel – concrete composite
needed in the experimental inves-
girders. All models had similar
tigation of the present research,
dimensions and in fact they were
the properties of the model girder
selected to be 1/4 scale of the
section are given in Table. 1 and
prototype composite bridge gird-
shown in Fig. 1.
er. The detailed calculations of

Table. 1 Properties of the Model Girders Equivalent Steel Section

member Size A Yb (mm) A×Yb Iᵒ d (mm) Ad2
(mm) (mm2) centroid (mm3) (mm4) C.G to (mm4)
to bottom NA
section HEA
160 160 × 9 1440 147.5 212400 9720 19.8746 56880
Top flange 6 × 134 804 76 61104 12030 2 0.568
Web 160 × 9 1440 4.5 6480 52 - 21428
Bottom flange 9720 51.6254 04.82
- 6
123.125 21830
198.1
8

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Slab concrete 66.6×55 3666.3 179.5 658100.9 92421 51.8746 98659

equivalent to 3.1 2 25.03
steel 9
300/n=66.6
Summation 7350.3 938084.9 21467 34407
05.1 728.6
1
𝐸𝑠
𝑌̅𝑏 =127.6254mm , I NA= 36554434 mm4 , n = = 4.5 , Slab Width = 300
𝐸𝑐
Total self-weight = 0.66 kN/m

(a) Longitudinal Section

(b) Cross Section

(c)Details and distribution of shear connector for Bridge Model

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Fig. 1 Model Steel – Concrete Composite Girder Used in Experimental Tests

Each model composite test girder (gauge 150mm x 150mm of 6mm

is a simply supported beam of diameter), with additional bars
span length 3.9m consisting of: position transversely divided the
1- Steel beam HEA 160 compos- distance to 75 mm and longitudi-
es of plate (160mm x9mm) for nal direction and add of bars at
top and bottom flange and plate the distance 60mm from the end
(134mm x6mm) for web. bar as shown in Fig. 1.
2- Concrete deck slab of 300mm 3- Two rows of ø 8mm diameter
x 55mm cross section reinforced studs (height 40mm) spaced at
with welded wire fabric WWF 80mm in transverse direction and

Longitudinally at direction a levels 160mm and eccentricity

50mm for1200 mm and 100mm of 80mm below the bottom face
for the next 750 mm c/c. The of flange other four bracket was
studs acting as shear connectors at level 240mm and eccentricity
to connect the steel girder with 120mm as in shown Fig. 3.
the reinforced concrete slab. The 5- Deviator was used at mid span
studs are welded on the top steel of all strengthened beams. The
beam flange such that one stud is deviator was fabricated from a
on each side of the flange as horizontal plate with dimension
shown Fig. 2. of 160 mm by 160mm and thick-
4-Bracket (Transfer System) ness of 20mm, welded to perpen-
consist of plate with dimension dicular plate with dimension
of 250mm by 160mm with a (280mm*160mm*20mm) with
thickness of 20mm and welded to six holes. Four stiffeners were
perpendicular plate with dimen- welded at ends of plates to resist
sion (140mm*160mm*25mm) deformation that may generate
with one hole. Four stiffeners during strands stressing, one hole
were welded at each end of plates for each strengthening case. Fig.
to resist deformation that may 4 shows all the deviator details
generate during strands stressing. were symmetrical as much as
Four brackets was designed for possible.

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Fig. 2 Shear Connectors Fig. 3 Type of Bracket Fig. 4 Deviator

6-Grips are an important device two symmetric parts which were

to transfer load from the member tied up together with the steel
to the strand. For each size of the beam, wires and bolts to insure
strand there is special size of the right position and horizontal level
grips as shown in Fig. 5. with the steel beam top flange.
7-Ply-wood sheets and bolts were The inside of the mould was lu-
used to manufacturing the mould bricated before placement of the
for the reinforced concrete deck reinforcement mesh. The mould
slab of the composite model is shown in Fig. 6.
beams. The mould consisted of

Fig. 5 Anchorage device (grip) Fig. 6 Photo of the Slab Mould

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2.2 Material Properties (Reac- B- High Range Water Reduc-

tive Powder Concrete) ing Admixture
2.2.1 Cement It is a new generation high per-
Ordinary Portland cement (type formance superplasticizing con-
1) produced in Iraq from Mass crete admixture (HRWRA sika
Bazian Company was used in viscocrete). Its basis is aqueous
casting of the concrete deck slab solution of modified polycarbox-
of the model composite girders. ylate. It is primarily developed
2.2.2 Fine Aggregates for applications in the precast
Fine aggregate is of (0.6 mm) concrete industries, self-
maximum size brought from Al- compacting concrete, hot weather
Ukhaidher natural source is used concrete as well as with highest
for the ultra-high performance water reduction up to 30 %.
concrete C-Steel fiber
2.2.3 Admixtures The hooked high tensile steel fi-
A- Silica Fume ber that used in this work had a
Silica fume has become one of 1.05 mm in diameter and length
the necessary ingredients for of 50 mm, i.e. the aspect ratio of
making ultra-high performance 47.6. It brought from China by
concrete. Micro silica a produced Yutian Zhitai Steel Fiber Manu-
by Sika Company is much more facturing Co., Ltd. The tensile
reactive than any other natural strength is 1100 MPa.
pozzolanic.

2.3 Equivalent Loads

Before the application of the ex- ment of specific gravity loads
ternal presterssing on the girders, (self-weight and superimposed).
an important criterion was satis- The girder carries a uniformly
fied to get an exact simulation of distributed dead load which is the
the model composite girders with sum of the self-weight and the
the prototype composite girder. additional superimposed dead
This criterion is the consideration load = 3.2 kN/m.
of the same maximum tensile 2.4 Estimation of Maximum
stress in the prototype girder re- Prestress Force
sulting from self-weight plus the Fig. 7 shows a composite beam
superimposed dead load. Con- model subjected to externally
crete block 450mm×300mm×100 horizontal prestressing force ap-
will used as an additional mass to plied at a level of 80 and 120 mm
satisfy the simulation require- below its bottom flange face. The

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location of each these two sec- (e = 80mm + Yb') which lead that
tions is at 0.45 m distance away the prestress force 𝑷𝒓 equal to (9
from the nearer support. The Ton) and for (e = 120 mm+ Yb')
maximum value of the applied the prestress force is (7 Ton).
prestress force (Pr) in this case 2.5 Instrumentation
are found from the allowable After the superimposed dead load
stress in concrete at top fiber at was applied (through the use of
mid span of composite beam concrete blocks uniformly dis-
which is calculated as follows; tributed on the top of the model
𝑷𝒓 𝑷𝒓 ×𝒆×𝑪 𝑴×𝑪
𝒏 × 𝒇𝒕 = − + − along its full length) the two
𝑨 𝑰 𝑰
Tensile stress 𝒇𝒕 in the concrete point loads were then applied on
the model girder in successive
is equal to 0.4√𝑓𝑐 ′ according to
increments, up to failure.
ACI code [3] was allowed to in-
duce in the concrete. Eccentricity

Fig. 7 Location of the External Prestress Tendon

At each loading increment, the 2.6 Testing Procedure

measurements were documented, Before testing, the model girder
as follows: specimen was placed on the sup-
1- Load was applied by a hydrau- ports of the testing machine, and
lic jack of 500 kN capacity, with then the superimposed dead load
an increments of 5 kN. (represented by the added con-
2- The deflection was measured crete blocks) was applied as uni-
using a dial gauge as shown in form load on the girder and then
Fig. 8 at mid–span as well as un- the prestress tendon (in all model
der point load. The deflection girders except the reference gird-
readings of these two dial gauges er) were post–tensioned to the
were taken each 5 kN loading in- specified force required for the
crement. test as shown Fig. 9. Thereafter

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two point loads were applied and load level, measurements were
the results of dial gauges were taken for the deflections at mid –
obtained. After that the model span and under point load. The
girder specimen was loaded with loading was continued up to the
a constant rate of loading of ap- stage of failure (ultimate stage).
proximately (5 kN/min.). Each

Fig. 8 Dial Gauge

Fig. 9 Prestress Post-Tension

3. Results and Discussion sults for all the tested composite

Table. 2 gives a full detailed de- girders models of the present in-
scription of the experimental re- vestigation.

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Table. 2 Experimental Test Results of the Tested Models

Group Symbol Designation e @ dis- e @mid P (kN) ∆u mid ∆u Un-
tance span by span (mm) der point
45cm deviator load
from end (mm)
span

Refer- G1 GR1 - - 220 55.68 45.78

ence 1
G2 GP9S- 80 80 300 43.04 37.42
e80
1
G3 GP9D- 80 160 320 48.31 40.03
e160
G4 GP7S- 120 120 305 43.97 35.98
e120
2
G5 GP7D- 120 200 325 49.55 42.69
e200
* P = Total applied on two point load (P = 2V)
e80 = the distance below bottom face of flange
Where: this maximum value of load gave
G = Girder, P9 = the value of the a vertical deflection of 55.68and
external prestressing force was 9 45.78mm at mid–span and under
Tons, P7 = the value of the ex- point load respectively. The
ternal prestressing force was 7 load–deflection behavior of this
Tons, S = Strand of prestress rep- reference girder is shown in Fig.
resents as straight line,D = Strand 10. As the applied load was in-
of prestress represents by devia- creased mor than (170 kN ), the
tor state of stress in the steel beam
3.1 Reference Girder (G1) changed from linear to nonlinear
This girder carried the symbol and the compressive stress block
G1 and designated as GR1. It in the concrete deck slab became
was a composite steel–concrete inelastic; this can be concluded
girder with compressive strength from the shape of the P-Δ curve
of the deck slab concrete fc'=90 which is showing a noticeable
MPa and no prestressing force change in shape . A sign of flex-
was applied to it. The ultimate ural failure was shown when the
two point loads carrying capacity ultimate load was reached when
of the beam was P = 220 kN and the concrete of the deck slab

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222

crushed at mid span due to exces- high bending moment. Fig. 11

sive compressive stress on it re- shows the mode of failure of the
sulting from the development of reference beam GR1.

Fig. 10 Load–Deflection Behavior of Girder G1 (designated as GR1)

Fig. 11 The Mode of Failure of the Steel Girder (GR1) G1

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3.2 Model Girders of Group (1) nal prestressed force of value 9

This group consists of two steel – Ton. The prestressing force was
concrete composite model girders applied after the reinforced con-
G2, G3 which were designated as crete deck slab was cast on top
GP9S-e80 and GP9D-e160. Each and the superimposed dead load
girder in this group consisted of a is applied.
steel beam subjected to an exter-
The values of the ultimate two in Fig. 12. The two girders of
loading points for girder GP9S- group 1 failed by flexural mode
e80 and GP9D-e160 were respec- of failure characterized by full
tively 300kN and 320kN corre- yielding of the steel girder and
sponding to deflections at mid– crushing of the deck slab con-
span of 43.04mm, and 48.31mm crete at mid–span for (G12) and
and deflections under point load under point load for (G13)as
was 37.42mm and 40.03mm re- shown in Figs. 13 and 14, re-
spectively. The load – deflection spectively.
cures for these girders are shown

Fig. 12 Load–Deflection Behavior of Girder G2 (designated as GP9S-e80) and

G3 (designated as GP9D-e160)

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Fig. 13 The Mode of Failure of the Steel Girder (GP9S-e80) G2

Fig. 14 The Mode of Failure of the Steel Girder (GP9D-e160) G3

A comparison of these two load– shown in Fig. 15. Table. 3 shows
deflection curves of group 1 with the percentage increase in the
the reference girder GR1 are value of the ultimate load of

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girders GP9S-e80 and GP9D- stressing force on the composite

e160 compared to that of the ref- steel–concrete girder. The en-
erence girder GR1. This en- hancement in ultimate load
hancement in the load carrying ranged between 36.36% for G2 to
capacity is caused by applying 45.45% for G3
external post– tensioned pre-

Fig. 15 Behavior of Reference Girder GR1 with the Girders of Group 1

Table. 3 Percentage Increase in Ultimate Load of the Girders of Group (1)

Compared to Unprestressed Composite

Group Designation Prestress Pre- fc' P % increase

force(Ton stress-
(MPa) kN In (P)
) moment
kN.m
Reference GR1 − − 90 220 -
GP9S-e80 9 18.69 300 36.36%
1 GP9D-e160 9 25.89 90 320 45.45%

3.3 Model Girders of Group (2) girder in this group consisted of a

steel beam subjected to an exter-
This group consists of the two
nal prestressed force of (7 Ton)
steel – concrete composite model
for the girders. The values of the
girders G4 and G5 which were
ultimate two–point loading for
designated as GP7S-e120 and
girder GP7S-e120 and GP7D-
GP7D-e200 respectively. Each

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e200 were 305kN and 325kN re- girders of group 2 failed by flex-
spectively. The ultimate deflec- ural mode characterized by full
tions at mid–span were 43.97mm yielding of the steel beam and
and 49.55mm and deflections at crushing of the deck slab con-
under point load of 35.98mm and crete at mid–span for G4 and
42.69mm respectively. The load under point load for G5 as shown
– deflection curves for these in Fig. 17 and 18, respectively.
girders are shown in Fig. 16. All

Fig. 16 Load–Deflection Behavior of Girder G4 and girder G5

Fig. 17 The Mode of Failure of the Steel Girder (GP7S-e120) G4

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Fig. 18 The Mode of Failure of the Steel Girder (GP7D-e200) G5

A comparison of these two load– that of the reference girder

deflection curves of group 2 with GR1are shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19 Behavior of Reference Girder GR1 with the Girders of Group 2

Table. 4 shows the percentage of the reference girder GR1. The

increase in the value of the ulti- enhancement in ultimate load
mate load of girders GP7S-e120 ranged between 38.63% for G4 to
and GP7D-e200 compared to that 47.72% for G5.

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Table. 4 Percentage Increase in Ultimate Load of the Girders of Group (2) Com-
pared to Unprestressed Steel Girder

Group Designation Prestress Pre- fc' P % increase

force(Ton) stress-
(MPa) kN In (P)
moment
kN.m
Reference GR1 − − 90 220 -
GP7S-e120 7 17.33 305 38.63%
2 GP7D-e200 7 22.93 90 325 47.72%
3.4 Compressions between can be seen that the flexural stiff-
Groups ness's of the girders with external
A compression of load– prestress 7 Ton are slight higher
deflection curves for the girders than the flexural stiffness's of the
(G2 with G4, G3 with G5) are girders with external prestress 9
shown in Fig. 20.The two system Ton because the value of e @ end
have different value of prestress is 120mm in group 2 which more
force but have the approximately than value of e at end is 80mm
the same prestress moment due to in group 1 as shown in Fig. 20.
different value of eccentricity. It

Fig. 20 Comparison Load–Deflection Curves with Different External Perstress

(7 Ton and 9Ton)

4-Conclusion 1- The technique of applying ex-

ternal pre-stress to strengthen

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composite girders, which are unprestressed reference girder

usually used as main structural GR1 by 36.36 % , 45.45 % ,
elements in bridges, was found in 38.63 %and 47.72% respectively,
this research very beneficial and these percentages of load en-
practical. hancement were caused by the
2-The ultimate loads of such combined effect of value of ex-
girders were shown experimen- ternal pre-stressing and the value
tally to increase remarkably with of eccentricity.
the increase in the amount of the 4- To stand on the actual en-
applied external prestressing hancement in ultimate loads of
force and the eccentricity. Practi- composite girders caused by
cally, the application of the pre- changing only the sequence of
stressing force, being at the un- applying the external prestress
derside (bottom flange) of the force (whether with or without
steel, allows freedom of strength- the deviator), while keeping the
ening work to be performed other parameters constant, the
without interference with the girders (GP9S-e80MPa and
flow traffic on the bridge. GP7S-e120) were compared with
3- The four composite girders of their corresponding girders
group 1 and 2(GP9S-e80, GP9D- (GP9D-e160MPa, and GP7D-
e160,GP7S-e120 and GP7D- e200). Results of such compari-
e200), which had RC deck slab son showed that the percentage
of cylinder compressive strength enhancements in the ultimate
f'c =90 MPa and subjected to ex- load due to applying the external
ternal prestressing force of 9 Ton prestress force with deviator rep-
and 7 Ton , carried ultimate loads resent (45.45% and 47.72%) re-
which were greater than the ulti- spectively higher than those
mate load of their corresponding whose external prestress force
Without deviator represent [2] AbdulMuttalib I.Said, Ali
36.36% and 38.63% respectively. Hussein Ali AL-Ahmed and
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‫التحري العملي للمقاطع المركبة من الخرسانة عالية األداء والروافد‬

‫الحديدية المسبقة الجهد خارجيا‬

‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬عبد المطلب عيسى‬

‫الره رياض عبد الواحد‬
‫قسم الهندسه المدنية‬
‫جامعه بغداد‪ /‬العراق‬

‫الخالصة ‪ -:‬في هذا البحث تم أجراء التحري التجريبي لتأثير أستخدام تقنية األجهاد المسبق الخارجي في‬
‫تقوية روافد الجسورالمركبة من الروافد الحديدية والخرسانة فائقة األداء‪ .‬شمل الجانب العملي فحص خمسة‬
‫نماذج مركبة من رافدة فوالذية – وسطحة خرسانيه مسلحة ‪ ,‬واحدة غير مسبقه األجهاد وأربعة مسبقة الجهد‬
‫خارجيا ‪ .‬تم تقسيم هذه الروافد الى مجموعتين ‪ .‬تم انشاء جميع نماذج الروافد أعتمادا على تصغير نموذج جسر‬
‫اصلي لمعامل ‪ 1/4‬تم تصميمها وفقا لمواصفات القياسية ‪ .AASHTO LRFD 2012‬كل نموذج تم فحصة‬
‫على اساس أسناد بسيط وبفضاء ‪ 3.90m‬تم التحميل بصورة تدريجية حتى الوصول الى الفشل تحت تأثير‬
‫نقطتي تحميل‪ .‬قوة األجهاد الخارجي المسبقة الشد لروافد المجموعة األولى هي ‪ 9Ton‬تم تسليطها بعد صب‬
‫البالطة الخرسانية المسلحة للروافد المركبة وتسليط األحمال األضافية المكافئه لألحمال الميتة بينما المجموعة‬
‫الثانية هي ‪ .7Tan‬المتغيرات المتضمنه هي شكل وموقع تسليط االجهاد المسبق الخارجي والذي يكون مرة على‬
‫شكل خط مستقيم يبعد مسافة محددة المركزية عن الوجة السفلي الخارجي والثاني على شكل خط مائل وبقيمة‬
‫مركزية في الوسط أكثر من النهايات والمتغير الثاني هو قيمة قوة األجهاد المسبق الخارجي المسلط‪ .‬لنتائج‬
‫التجريبية أظهرت بشكل ملموس التحسين الحاصل في سعة تحميل نماذج الروافد التي فحصت تحت تأثير‬
‫األجهاد المسبق الخارجي مقارنة مع رافد المرجع وغير المسلط عليها اجهاد مسبق خارجي‪ .‬المجموعة األولى‬
‫أظهرت زيادة في الحمل األقصى بنسب ‪ 36.36%‬و ‪ 45.45%‬بتسليط قوة أجهاد مسبق خارجي ‪9Ton‬‬
‫وبأنحراف (‪ 80mm‬و ‪ 160mm‬على التوالي ) بينما المجموعة الثانية أظهرت ‪ 38.63%‬و ‪ 47.72%‬بتسليط‬
‫قوة أجهاد خارجي ‪ 7Ton‬وبأنحراف (‪ 120mm‬و ‪ 200mm‬على التوالي )‬

‫‪AbdulMutlib I. Said‬‬ ‫‪Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences‬‬

‫‪Larah Riyadh‬‬ ‫‪NO. 2 Volume. 25 Year. 2018‬‬