Mr. Biruk Simaani (M.Sc.
)
Menschen für Menschen Foundation
Agro – Technical and Technology College
Electrical and Electronics Technology Department
Chapter – Five
Network Synthesis
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this chapter is to:
❖Recapitulate the concept of network synthesis.
❖Discuss the methods of synthesizing a network when the excitation
and response of the network are given
❖Synthesize one port and two port passive and active networks
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5.1. Introduction
❖In the study of electrical networks, broadly there are two topics: ‘Network
Analysis’ and ‘Network Synthesis’
❖Any network consists of excitation, response and network function.
❖In network analysis, network and excitation are given, whereas the response has
to be determined.
❖In network synthesis, excitation and response are given, and the network
has to be determined.
❖In network synthesis we are concerned with the realization of a network for a
given excitation-response characteristic.
❖In analysis, there is a unique solution to the problem.
❖In synthesis, the solution is not unique and many networks can be realized.
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5.2. Synthesis of Driving Point Functions (One Port Networks)
❖ Evaluation of elements of a network from its driving point impedance or
admittance function is known as driving point synthesis.
5.2.1. Basic Synthesis Procedure
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5.2.1. Methods of Decomposition
❖ This function F(s) can be decomposed by either of the following methods or a
combination of these.
❖ The methods are:
1. Removal of a pole at infinity.
2. Removal of a pole at origin.
3. Removal of conjugate imaginary poles.
4. Removal of a constant.
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Fig. Removal of a pole at infinity
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Removal of a Pole at the Origin
❖ Removal of a pole at the origin is possible if the denominator is such that we
can take ‘s’ as common.
❖ This is possible if 𝑏0 = 0 in Eq. below
and by rearranging, we get,
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Fig. Removal of a pole at
the origin
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Removal of a Constant
❖ If Re[Z( j𝜔 )] is minimum at some point 𝜔𝑖 and if the value of Re[Z( 𝑗𝜔)]= 𝐾𝑖
as shown in Fig. below, we can remove a constant 𝐾 < 𝐾𝑖 from Re[Z(𝑗𝜔)] so that
the remainder is still positive real.
❖ This is because Re[Z(𝑗𝜔)] will still be greater than
or equal to zero [Re[Z(𝑗𝜔)]≥ 0] for all values of.
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Example 1: Synthesize the network which has an impedance or admittance function as given:
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5.2.3. Methods of Synthesis
❖ The network synthesis does not provide a unique solution to a given problem.
❖ For a given positive real function F(s), the network can be synthesized by any one
of the following two methods:
1. Foster forms
2. Cauer forms.
A. Foster Forms: The networks synthesized by partial fraction expansion methods
are called Foster type of networks.
Foster form I: Provides series impedance network realization Z(s),
Foster form II: Provides parallel admittance network realization Y(s).
.
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Table Realization of Foster-I form of LC network
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The network corresponding to Foster I form is shown in Figure below
Fig. Foster-I form of LC network
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Table: Realization of Foster-II form of LC network
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The network corresponding to the Foster II form is shown in Fig below.
If Y (s) has no pole at the origin then inductor 𝐿0 is not present.
Similarly, if there is no pole at infinity, capacitor 𝐶∞ is not present.
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Example 1: Realize Foster forms of the LC impedance function
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B. Cauer Forms
❖The networks are synthesized by Continued Fraction Expansion Methods are
called Cauer type of networks.
❖By this technique, the synthesized network is of a ladder type.
Cauer I Form: Since the numerator and denominator polynomials of an LC
function always differ in degrees by unity, there is always a zero or
a pole at s = ∞.
The Cauer I Form is obtained by successive removal of a pole or a
zero at infinity from the function.
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Now 𝑌3 (𝑠) has a zero at s = ∞, which we can invert and removed.
This process continues until the remainder is zero.
Each time we remove a pole, we remove an inductor or a capacitor depending on whether
the function is an impedance or an admittance.
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The impedance Z(s) can be written as a continued fraction expansion.
Thus, the final structure is a ladder network whose series arms are inductors and shunt
arms are capacitors.
The Cauer I network is shown in Figure below.
Fig. Cauer I form of LC network
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❖ If the impedance function has zero at infinity, i.e., if degree of numerator is less than
that of its denominator by unity, the function is first inverted and continued fraction
expansion proceeds as usual.
❖ In this case, the first element is a capacitor as shown in Figure below
Fig. Cauer-I form of LC network
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Cauer II Form
❖ Since the lowest degrees of numerator and denominator polynomials of LC
function must differ by unity, there is always a zero or a pole at s = 0.
❖ The Cauer II form is obtained by successive removal of a pole or a zero at s = 0
from the function.
❖ In this method, continued fraction expansion of Z(s) is carried out in terms of
poles at the origin by removal of the pole at the origin, inverting the resultant
function to create a pole at the origin which is removed and this process is
continued until the remainder is zero.
❖ To do this, we arrange both numerator and denominator polynomials in ascending
order and divide the lowest power of the denominator into the lowest power of the
numerator.
❖ Then we invert the remainder and divide again.
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The impedance Z (s) can be written as a continued fraction expansion.
Thus, the final structure is a ladder network whose
first element is a series capacitor and second element
is a shunt inductor as shown in Fig. below
Fig. Cauer II form of LC network
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If the impedance function has a zero at the origin then the first element is a shunt
inductor and the second element is a series capacitor as shown in Figure below.
Thus, the LC function F(s) can be realized in four different forms.
All these forms have the same number of elements and the number is equal to the
number of poles and zeros of F(s) including any at infinity.
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Example1: Realize Cauer forms of the following LC impedance function:
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The impedances are connected in the series branches whereas the admittances are
connected in the parallel branches in a Cauer or ladder realization.
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The impedances are connected in the series branches whereas the admittances are
connected in the parallel branches in Cauer or ladder realization.
The network is shown in Figure below.
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Reading Assignment
❖ Realize RC Network using Foster and Cauer Form
❖ Realize Immittance Function
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5.3. Synthesis of Transfer Functions (Two Port Networks):
Let’s go to the blackboard
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