Mr. Biruk Simaani (M.Sc.
)
Menschen für Menschen Foundation
Agro – Technical and Technology College
Electrical and Electronics Technology Department
CHAPTER – FOUR
Elements of Realizability Theory
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this chapter is to:
Introduce the concept of reliability theory
Explain the Hurwitz conditions for stability
Test polynomials for stability applying Hurwitz stability criteria
State the properties of a positive real function
Test a network function to find whether it is a positive real
function and hence realizable.
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4.1. Introduction
Network analysis deals with finding out the output response, using various
techniques, when the excitation signal (input signal) and the network are known.
Network synthesis deals with the realization of the network from the given
excitation and output response
In the network synthesis, we first determine the driving point function in
impedance and admittance form.
The basic consideration for any network synthesis problem is to determine
whether a network function H(s), given by the ratio of response transform R(s)
to the excitation transform, E(s), i.e. can be realized as a physical passive
network. This study is known as ‘elements of realizability theory’.
Two important properties for realizability are Causality, and Stability
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4.2. Causality and Stability
A. Causality: A network is said to be causal if the output of the network
depends only on the input at the present time and/or in the past, but not the
future value of the input.
Thus, a causal network is non-anticipative, i.e., output cannot
come before the input.
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B. Stability: A stable network is one where the response does not diverge as long as the
excitation does not diverge.
A bounded input produces a bounded output. For this reason, this type of
network is known as bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stable network.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of a Network Function for a Stable Network
The function should not have any pole in the right half of the s-plane.
The poles on the imaginary axis should be simple (not repeated).
The difference in the degree of the numerator and denominator polynomials
can at most be unity.
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Hurwitz Conditions for Stability
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Example 1: Check whether the given polynomial is Hurwitz or not
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Example 2: Test if the polynomial s3 + 6s2 + 12s + 8 is Hurwitz
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4.3. Positive Real Function
Positive real functions represent physically realizable networks.
A function F(s) is positive real if the following conditions are satisfied
F(s) is real for real s
The real part of F(s) is greater than or equal to zero when the
real part of s is greater than or equal to zero
ReF(s)≥0 for Re(s)≥0
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4.3.1. Properties of Positive Real Functions
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Example 1: Determine whether the function F(s)=(s^2+6s+5)/(s^2+9s+14) is a
positive real functions(PRF) and hence realizable
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4.4. Poles and Zeros of Network Functions
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4.5. Restrictions on Pole-Zero Locations of Driving Point and Transfer Functions
4.5.1. Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Driving-point Functions
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4.5.2. Restrictions on Pole and Zero Locations for Transfer Functions
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Example 1: Draw poles and zeros for V(s)=5s/(s^2+7s+12) and evaluate V(t) by
making use of pole-zero diagram
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