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Linear Algebra I Notes

Notes on linear algebra

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42 views107 pages

Linear Algebra I Notes

Notes on linear algebra

Uploaded by

sikwatayamkela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes for the Module

LINEAR ALGEBRA I
MAT22M2
Linear Algebra I/MAT22M2

Further properties of matrices and determinants, real vector spaces, basis and
dimension, linear transformations, eigenvalues, diagonalisation.

Adapted from the book


Elementary Linear Algebra, Application Version by H Anton, C. Rorres

2
Contents

1 Systems of Linear Equations & Matrices 3


1.1 Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Gaussian Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Matrices and Matrix Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4 Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.5 Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.6 More on Linear Systems and Invertible Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2 Determinants 71
2.1 Determinants by Cofactor Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2 Evaluating Determinants by Row Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.3 Properties of Determinants; Cramer’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

3 Vector Spaces 91
3.1 Real Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2 Subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

1
EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 61

Gaussian Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 63

Matrices and Matrix Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 65

Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 67

Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding A−1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 69

More on Linear Systems and Invertible Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 70

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2

Determinants by Cofactor Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 88

Evaluating Determinants by Row Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 89

Properties of Determinants; Cramer’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 90

EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 3

Real Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 105

Subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 106

2
Chapter 1

Systems of Linear Equations &


Matrices

1.1 Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1.2 Gaussian Elimination

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1.3 Matrices and Matrix Operations

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
1.4 Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
1.5 Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1.6 More on Linear Systems and Invertible Matrices

56
57
58
59
Exercises 1.1

60
61
Exercises 1.2

62
63
Exercises 1.3

64
65
Exercises 1.4

66
67
Exercises 1.5

68
Exercises 1.6

69
Chapter 2

Determinants

2.1 Determinants by Cofactor Expansion

70
71
72
73
74
75
2.2 Evaluating Determinants by Row Reduction

76
77
78
79
80
2.3 Properties of Determinants; Cramer’s Rule

81
82
83
84
85
86
Exercises 2.1

87
Exercises 2.2

88
Exercises 2.3

89
Chapter 3

Vector Spaces

You may have at some point studied vectors by viewing them as directed line segments
(arrows). This idea was extended by introducing rectangular coordinate systems, which
enabled us to view vectors as ordered pairs and ordered triples of real numbers. In this
chapter we will extend the concept of a vector by using the most important algebraic
properties of vectors in Rn as axioms. These axioms, if satisfied by a set of objects, will
enable us to think of those objects as vectors.

3.1 Real Vector Spaces


The following definition consists of ten axioms. It is important to
keep in mind that one does not prove axioms; rather, they are as-
sumptions that serve as the starting point for proving theorems.

90
91
92
93
94
3.2 Subspaces

95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Exercises 3.1

104
Exercises 3.2

105

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