University of Calicut 2024 B.

Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

B.Sc Psychology
Human physiology minor

Programme B.Sc Psychology

Course code PSG1MN100
Course title Basics in cellular physiology
Type of course Minor
Semester I
Academic level 100-199
Course details Credit Lecture per Tutorial per Practical per Total hours
week week week
4 3 2 75
Pre requisites +2/ VHSC Biology or the following online courses.

1. https://www.coursera.org/learn/physiology
2. https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/courses/2159-basic-human-
physiology
3. https://www.ivyroses.com/Revise/AnatomyPhysiology/index.php
4. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/organs-in-the-body#organ-
systems
5. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture
notes/health science students/physiologypti.pdf
https://www.classcentral.com/classroom/youtube-anatomy-physiology-
45834/60c82bd43739c

Course The course aims to students delve into topics such as cell biology, Mendelian
objectives inheritance, genetic disorders, and microscopy, gaining both theoretical knowledge
and practical skills essential for further studies or careers in biology-related fields.

Course CO statement Cognitive Knowledge Evaluation

outcome level* category # tools used
CO1 Explain the structure and functions of a cell, U F&C Short
plasma membrane and cell answer ,
Paragraph
type.
CO2 Illustrate the structure of DNA. DNA U F&C
replication, Mitosis, Meiosis, Chromosomes,
Gene and genetic code, types of chromosomes.
CO3 Predict possible inheritance patterns, in real life AP C&M
or imaginary situations.

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

CO4 Describe the characteristics of various types of U C

chromosomal anomalies.
CO5 Acquire skill to handle microscopes and to do Ap C&P
biological experiments.
CO6 Compare the characteristics of Mendelian and U C
Non Mendelian inheritance patterns.
*- Remember (R), Understand (U), Apply (Ap), Analyse (An), Evaluate (E), Create (C)
# - Factual Knowledge (F) Conceptual Knowledge (C) Procedural Knowledge (P) Metacognitive
Knowledge (M)
Question paper pattern for external examination:
MODULE 1: Short answer 3 x 3 = 9 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 = 12 marks, Essay 1 x 10= 10 marks.
MODULE 2: Short answer 3 x 3 = 9 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 = 12 marks.
MODULE 3: Short answer 2 x 3= 6 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 = 12 marks, Essay 1 x 10 12 marks.
MODULE 4: Short answer 2 x 3= 6 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 = 10 marks.

MODULE Unit Content Hours Marks

45 + 30 70
1 CYTOLOGY 15
1 Cellular organization 10
2 Cell division 5
2 GENES AND CHROMOSOMES 12
1 DNA, the genetic material 5
2 Concept of a gene 3
3 Morphology of chromosomes 4
3 ELEMENTS OF HEREDITY AND VARIATION 12
1 Mendelian principles 5
2 Non Mendelian inheritance patterns 7
4 MUTATIONS AND GENETIC DISORDERS 6
1 Mutations 3
2 Chromosomal anomalies 3
5 PRACTICALS 30

MODULE 1: CYTOLOGY (15 hr)

Unit 1: Cellular organization (10 hr) -Cell theory, cell principle; Cell structure, plasma membrane
(fluid mosaic model), Structure and function of cell organelles (Mitochondria, ribosome, ER, Golgi
bodies, Lysosomes, cytoskeleton and interphase nucleus); Cell inclusions-brief description of the
structure of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; Unicellularity to multicellularity, differentiation.

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

Brief mention of spatial and temporal control of gene activity: Tissues- brief description of major
types.
Unit 2: . Cell division (5 hr)- Cell cycle: G1, S, G2 and M phases, Checkpoints Go Phase; Mitosis;
Description of all stages and significance; Meiosis. Description of all stages and significance.
MODULE 2: GENES AND CHROMOSOMES (12 hr)
Unit 1: DNA, the genetic material (5 hr): Structure of DNA, DNA replication- Semiconservative
method, Okazaki fragments, leading strand, Lagging strand, the role of enzymes in DNA replication
Unit 2: Concept of a gene (3 hr) - Classical and modern concept, genetic code, introns, exons.
Unit 3: Morphology of chromosomes (4 hr): Size, shape, karyotype, ideogram, kinds of
chromosomes; Linkage and crossing over, sex-linked chromosomes
MODULE 3: ELEMENTS OF HEREDITY AND VARIATION (12 hr)
Unit 1: Mendelian principles (5 hr): Mendel's work and laws of inheritance (monohybrid cross,
dihybrid cross, test cross). Brief explanation of terms-alleles, homozygosity, heterozygosity,
genotype, phenotype.
Unit 2: Non Mendelian inheritance patterns (7 hr): Brief description of other patterns of
inheritance and genotype expression-incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles,
epistasis, pleiotropy.

MODULE: 4 MUTATIONS AND GENETIC DISORDERS (6 hr)

Unit 1: Mutations (3 hr): Gene Mutation-Kinds of mutation, classification (Somatic, gametic,

point, spontaneous, induced, dominant, recessive and silent mutations). Gene mutation disorders -
albinism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, galactosemia, brachydactyly.
Unit 2: Chromosomal anomalies (3 hr): Autosomal anomalies - Down's syndrome, Edward's
syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome. Sex chromosomal anomalies - Klinefelter's syndrome and
Turner's syndrome.

MODULE 5: PRACTICALS (1 CREDIT, 30 hr) MANDATORY EXPERIMENTS

1. 1 Operation and maintenance of Microscopes (Simple and Compound)
2. Demonstration and identification of different tissues using charts.
3. Study of Mitosis and Meosis using suitable charts.
4. Experiments on monohybrid and dihybrid cross (Mendelian inheritance).
Of the remaining experiments any 4 can be selected by the Institution from the following list. Two
experiments other than the listed should be selected by the Supervising teacher and introduced to
the students.
Virtual Labs (Suggestive sites)
5. Study of different types of tissues using permanent slides.
6. Determination of human blood group using ABD antisera.
1. Demonstration of Meiosis using grasshopper testes.
8. Study on models of DNA and RNA structure.
9. Study of normal human karyotype (Male & Female).
10. Study of autosomal anomalies (Down's, Edward's and Cri du-chat syndrome).
11. Study of sex chromosomal anomalies (Klinefelter's & Turner's syndrome).

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

12. Simple Mendelian traits in humans and its inheritance (Pedigree analysis).

References
1. Vijayakumaran Nair & Jayaprakash, Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Academia,
Thiruvananthapuram.
2. Guptha, P.K., Cell and Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publications, Meerat.
3. Dewitt-Saunders, Biology of the cell.
4. Strickberger W.M-Mac Millon, Genetics.
5. Gerald Karp, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concept and Experiments.
6. Roothwell, Human Genetics, Prentice Hall.
7. Lodish; Verk; et.al; Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freemann publishers.
8. Verma, P. S. and Agarwal, V. K., Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Ecology, S.
Chand and Co. New Delhi.
9. De Robertis EDP and De Robertis EMF., Cell and molecular biology. 7th Edition Saunders
International Edition.

Mapping of COs with PSOs and POs:

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5 PSO6 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6
CO1 2 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --
CO2 2 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --
CO3 -- 2 -- -- 3 -- 2 -- -- -- 3 --
CO4 2 4 --- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --
CO5 -- -- -- 3 -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --
CO6 -- -- 3 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --

Level Correlation
-- Nil
1 Slightly/ Low
2 Moderate/ Medium
3 Substantial/ High

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

Programme B.Sc Psychology

Course code PSG1MN101
Course title Neurophysiology
Type of course Minor
Semester II
Academic level 100-199
Course details Credit Lecture per Tutorial per Practical per Total hours
week week week
4 3 2 5
Pre requisites +2/ VHSC or equivalent online courses.
Course
objectives

Course CO statement Cognitive Knowledge Evaluation

outcome level* category # tools used
CO1 Identify the different types of nerve cells, glial cells R F
and nerve fibres.
CO2 Describe the structure and functions of CNS and U F&C
reflex actions, types of reflex actions.
CO3 Describe the structure and functions of the U F&C
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
CO4 Describe the structure and functions of the U F&C U F&C
Cerebral Cortex, the functions of Brain in
communication, and various theories of sleep and
imaging techniques.
CO5 Attain skill in doing experiments related to Ap P
neurophysiology.
CO6 Identify various functional deformities of brain Ap M
from the symptoms shown by individuals in real
life or imaginary situations.
*- Remember (R), Understand (U), Apply (Ap), Analyse (An), Evaluate (E), Create (C)
# - Factual Knowledge(F) Conceptual Knowledge (C) Procedural Knowledge (P) Metacognitive
Knowledge (M)
Question paper pattern for external examination:
MODULE 1: Short answer 3 x 3= 9 marks, Paragraph 1 x 6 = 6 marks.
MODULE 2: Short answer 3 x 3= 9 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 = 12 marks, Essay 1 x 10 =10 marks.
MODULE 3: Short answer 2 x 3= 6 marks, Paragraph 1 x 6 = 6 marks, Essay 1 x 10 = 10 marks.
MODULE 4: Short answer 2 x 3= 3 marks, Paragraph 4 x 6 = 24 marks.

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

MODULE Unit Content Hours Marks

45 + 30 70
1 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 11
1 Divisions of Nervous system and tissue 6
2 Nerve impulse 5
2 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 11
1 Brain 3
2 Spinal cord 2
3 Reflex Action 4
4 Neural control of muscle tone and posture 2
3 THE CEREBELLUM AND THE BASAL GANGLIA 11
1 The Cerebellum and its motor functions 2
2 Anatomical functions, areas of the cerebellum 3
3 Function of the cerebellum in overall motor control 2
4 The basal ganglia-their motor functions 4
4 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, SLEEP AND TECHNIQUES IN 12
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
1 Functions of the specific cortical areas 4
2 Function of the brain in communication 2
3 Sleep 2
4 Techniques in neurophysiology 4
5 PRACTICALS 30

MODULE 1: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (11 hr)

Unit 1 Divisions of Nervous system and tissue (6 hr): (CNS, PNS - somatic and autonomic);
Nervous tissue (neurons, nerve fibres, nerves, synapse); Non nervous tissue and other materials
(neuroglia, meninges, Cerebro-spinal fluid, Blood- CSF and blood-brain barriers).
Unit 2: Nerve impulse (5 hr): Ceneration, conduction, synaptic transmission, the role of calcium
ions,action of transmitter substances on the postsynaptic neuron, types of transmitter substances.

MODULE 2: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (11 hr)

Unit 1: Brain (3 hr): An overview (Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain).
Unit 2: Spinal cord (2 hr): An overview of its structure and organization.
Unit 3: Reflex action (4 hr): Reflex arc, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, Types of reflexes-
monosynaptic reflex, multi-synaptic reflex, crossed extension reflex, mass reflex.
Unit 4: Neural control of muscle tone and posture (2 hr):

MODULE 3: THE CEREBELLUM AND THE BASAL GANGLIA (11 hr)

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

Unit 1: The Cerebellum and its motor functions (2 hr):

Unit 2: Anatomical functions, areas of the cerebellum (3 hr):
Unit 3: Function of the cerebellum in overall motor control (2 hr):
Unit 4: The basal ganglia-their motor functions (4 hr): Role of the basal ganglia for cognitive
control,functions of neurotransmitters with basal ganglia.

MODULE 4: THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, SLEEP AND TECHNIQUES IN

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (12 hr)
Unit 1: Functions of the specific cortical areas (4 hr): Association areas (parietooccipito
temporal, prefrontal and limbic association areas with special emphasis on Wernicke's area and
Broca's area), area for recognition of faces, the concept of the dominant hemisphere.
Unit 2: Function of the brain in communication (2 hr): Sensory and Motor aspects of
communication
Unit 3: - Sleep (2 hr): Basic theories of sleep, Brain waves, Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep.
Unit 4: Techniques in neurophysiology (4 hr): Brain imaging - CT, MRI, PET, CBF, EEG,
Lesioning, and Electrical Stimulation of Brain (ESB).

MODULE 5: PRACTICALS (1 CREDIT, 30 hr) MANDATORY EXPERIMENTS

1. Identification of parts of Brain using charts, models etc.
2. Identification of Brain waves - Slow wave sleep, REM sleep etc.
3. Demonstration of reflexes- Superficial reflexes, Deep tendon reflexes, Primitive or spinal
reflexes. Tonic or brainstem reflexes.
4. Demonstration of cranial nerve integrity.
5. Demonstration of motor function.
6. Demonstration of assessment of cognitive function – Memory.
7. Demonstration of assessment of speech and communication.

For conducting the experiments from No. 3 to 7, the students can visit any Physiotherapy clinic or
institute, or the teacher can find the help of any professionals from Medical field. The total duration
of the institutional visit or the consultation with the professional must not exceed 10 hr. Two
experiments other than the listed should be selected by the supervising teacher and introduced to
the students.
References
1. Text Book of Medical Physiology. Hall and Guyton W.B. Saunders Company, London.
2. Review of Medical Physiology – Ganong. W.F. McGraw Hill INC. New York.
3. Text Book of Anatomy and Physiology – Tortora. Harper Collins College Publications.
4. Text Book of Anatomy & Physiology – Patton & Thibodiau – Mosby.
5. Text book of Medical Physiology – AP Krishna, Scientific publications, New Delhi.
6. Sarada Subrhmanian and K. Madhavan Kutty. A Text Book of Physiology. Onent Longman
Publication.
9. Schneider A.M &Tarshis B. An introduction to Physiological Psychology. Random House,
New York.
10. Levinthal C.F. Introduction to Physiological Psychology, Prentice Hall. New Delhi.
11. Pinel PJ John, Biopsychology, Pearson.
12. Neil. R.Carlson, Physiology of behavior, Pearson publishers.
13. Carlson, Neil. R., Physiology of Behavior, 8 th edition, Pearson.

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

14. Chatterjee, C.C, Human Physiology, Medical Allied Agency.

15. Text book of Medical Physiology – AP Krishna, Scientific publications, New Delhi.

Mapping of COs with PSOs and POs:

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5 PSO6 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7
CO1 3 -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO2 -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO3 -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO4 -- 3 --- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO5 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- --
CO6 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- --

Level Correlation
-- Nil
1 Slightly/ Low
2 Moderate/ Medium
3 Substantial/ High

Programme B.Sc Psychology

Course code PSG2MN200
Course title Physiology of behaviour and senses
Type of course Minor
Semester III
Academic level 200-299
Course details Credit Lecture per Tutorial per Practical per Total hours
week week week
4 3 2 75
Pre requisites +2/ VHSC or equivalent online courses.
Course
objectives

Course CO statement Cognitive Knowledge Evaluation

outcome level* category # tools used
CO1 Describe the physiological control of thirst and U F&C
hunger, factors affecting hunger and thirst.
CO2 Explain importance of sex hormones, causes of stress, U F&C
and the list of hormones influencing sexual behaviour.
CO3 Predict the nature of defects caused by the damage or Ap F&C
deformity of different parts of eye and ear.

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

CO4 Describe the sensory pathways for the gustatory, U F&C

olfactory, thermosensory, pain sensations.
CO5 Attain skill in doing experiments related to sensory Ap P
functioning.
CO6 Prepare report on visiting institutions like, hospitals to Ap P
study the sensory perception Ap P analysis procedures.
*- Remember (R), Understand (U), Apply (Ap), Analyse (An), Evaluate (E), Create (C)
# - Factual Knowledge(F) Conceptual Knowledge (C) Procedural Knowledge (P) Metacognitive
Knowledge (M)
Question paper pattern for external examination:
MODULE 1: Short answer 2 x 3= 6 marks, Paragraph 1 x 6 = 6 marks;
MODULE 2: Short answer 3 x 3= 9 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 = 12 marks, Essay 1 x 10 = 10 marks.
MODULE 3: Short answer 2 x 3= 6 marks, Paragraph 2 x 6 =12 marks, Essay 1 x 10 = 10 marks.
MODULE 4: Short answer 2 x 3= 6 marks, Paragraph 3 x 6 = 18 marks.

MODULE Unit Content Hours Marks

45 + 30 70
1 PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUNGER AND THIRST 10
1 Physiology of Hunger 6
2 Physiological basis of thirst 4
2 PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF EMOTIONS AND SEXUAL 14
BEHAVIOUR
1 Neural basis of emotion and stress physiology 5
2 Physiology of sexual behaviour 9
3 PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION AND HEARING 10
1 Vision 5
2 Auditory System 5
4 GUSTATORY, OLFACTORY AND CUTANEOUS SYSTEM 11
1 Physiology of taste 3
2 Physiology of smell 2
3 Cutaneous senses 6
5 PRACTICALS 30

MODULE 1: PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUNGER AND THIRST (10 hr)

Unit 1: Physiology of Hunger (6 hr): Neural control of food intake Role of the hypothalamus,
Neural centers that influence; Mechanical process of feeding.; Factors that regulate the quantity of
food intake, role of hormones (effect of Cholecystokinin, Peptide YY. GLP, and Ghrelin). Short-
term regulation of food intake, intermediate and long-term effects of food intake.; (Effect of blood

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

concentrations of glucose, amino acids, lipids on hunger and feeding), temperature regulation of
food intake. Obesity causes and treatment, eating disorders (Bulimia, Anorexia, Inanition,
Cachexia, Picca).
Unit 2: Physiological basis of thirst (4 hr): Peripheral factors in water regulation. Central factors
in water regulation (cellular dehydration thirst and hypovolemic thirst).; Angiotensin and thirst,
Dehydration and water toxicity.
MODULE 2: PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF EMOTIONS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR (14
hr)
Unit 1: Neural basis of emotion and stress physiology (5 hr): Role of frontal lobes. Behavioural
functions of the hypothalamus and associated limbic structures, Reward centers, Rage - its
association with punishment centers, placidity and tameness. Functions of Amygdala. Stress
physiology: Stress and strain- Environmental stressors
Unit 2: Physiology of sexual behaviour (9 hr): Hormones and sexual development - Foetal
hormones and the development of reproductive organs, Sex differences in the brain, Perinatal
hormones and behavioural development, Puberty: hormones and development of secondary sexual
characteristics. Effects of gonadal hormones on adults - Male reproduction-related behaviour and
testosterone, Female reproduction-related behaviour and gonadal hormones. Structural differences
between the male Neural mechanisms of sexual behaviour hypothalamus and female hypothalamus,
the hypothalamus and male sexual behaviour, the hypothalamus and female sexual behaviour,
MODULE 3: PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION AND HEARING (10 hr)
Unit 1: Vision (5 hr): Structure of the human eye, Organization of the retina and visual pathways.
Functioning of the eye, visual coding, chemistry of vision, transduction in the retina, theories of
colour vision, visual perception. Visual defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, astigmatism,
cataract, colour blindness, nyctalopia).
Unit 2: Auditory system (5 hr): Characteristics of sound &audible sound frequency: Anatomy of
the auditory system. Auditory pathways, auditory perception and hearing abnormalities.
statoreceptors.
MODULE 4: GUSTATORY, OLFACTORY AND CUTANEOUS SYSTEM (11 hr)
Unit 1: Physiology of taste (3 hr): Anatomy of taste buds and its function, primary sensations of
taste (agents and site of sensation), taste thresholds and intensity discrimination, taste preferences
and control of the diet. Taste pathways and transmission of signals into the central nervous system.
Unit 2: Physiology of smell (2 hr): Organization of the olfactory membrane, sense of smell and
stimulation of the olfactory cells. Categorizing smell, the transmission of smell signals into the
central nervous system.
Unit 3: Cutaneous senses (6 hr): Classification - the mechanoreceptive somatic senses (tactile
and position), thermo-receptive senses (heat and cold) and pain sense. Detection and transmission
of tactile sensations - tactile receptors, detection of vibration, tickling and itch. Sensory pathways
for transmitting somatic signals into the central nervous system. Somatosensory cortex, position
senses, position sensory receptors. Thermal sensations - thermal receptors, their excitation and

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University of Calicut 2024 B.Sc Psychology Minor Human physiology

transmission of thermal signals. Pain - purpose, types, pain receptors, pain suppressive system, pain
sensation.
MODULE 5: PRACTICALS (1 CREDIT, 30 hr)
1. Identification of parts of Eye using charts, models etc.
2. Identification of parts of Ear using charts, models etc.
3. Identification of visual defects myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, astigmatism, cataract,
nyctalopia.
4. Identification of colour blindness using Ishihara chart.
5. Practice of stress releasing exercises.

Two experiments other than the listed should be designed by the supervising teacher and introduced
to the students. Institutional visit to Hospitals or other Medical centers to study the procedures to
detect visual or auditory defects in children (not more than one day).

References
1. Text Book of Medical Physiology. Hall and Guyton W.B. Saunders Company, London.
2. Review of Medical Physiology – Ganong. W.F. McGraw Hill INC. New York.
3. Text Book of Anatomy and Physiology – Tortora. Harper Collins College Publications.
4. Text Book of Anatomy & Physiology – Patton & Thibodiau – Mosby.
5. Text book of Medical Physiology – AP Krishna, Scientific publications, New Delhi.
6. Sarada Subrhmanian and K. Madhavan Kutty. A Text Book of Physiology. Onent Longman
Publication.
7. Schneider A.M &Tarshis B. An introduction to Physiological Psychology. Random House,
New York.
8. Levinthal C.F. Introduction to Physiological Psychology, Prentice Hall. New Delhi.
9. Pinel PJ John, Biopsychology, Pearson.
10. Neil. R.Carlson, Physiology of behavior, Pearson publishers.
11. Carlson, Neil. R., Physiology of Behavior, 8 th edition, Pearson.

Mapping of COs with PSOs and POs:

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5 PSO6 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7
CO1 -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO2 -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO4 -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- --
CO5 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- --
CO6 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- --

Level Correlation
-- Nil
1 Slightly/ Low
2 Moderate/ Medium
3 Substantial/ High

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