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Discussion
1. Describe the (Ho) null hypothesis for a test of independence.
The null hypothesis argues that in the population, the two category variables are
unrelated. To put it another way, the variables are unrelated. In the population, the two
category variables are connected, according to the alternative hypothesis. To put it
another way, the variables are interdependent.
2. An investigator was interested in the relationship between color preference and number
of siblings. A test of independence produced a 2 that allowed the null hypothesis to be
rejected. Write a proper conclusion for this test result.
a) Color preference and the number of siblings have a correlation;
b) Depending on the size of the X2, one of the descriptive choices.
3. Explain the short cut method of calculating 2 and give a numerical example
The deviation technique, or assumptive method, is another name for the shortcut
methodology. The arithmetic average is first considered to be a value, ideally from the
middle, in this procedure. The variances of the various items in the series are then
calculated using the estimated average. The assumed average is then multiplied by the
average of such deviations. The arithmetic average value is the resultant figure.
4. Describe Phi and the odds ratio
Phi
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The Pearson Chi-square is simply divided by the number of examples in the Phi-square.
If there is no relationship between the variables, it takes the value 0 (zero), and if there is
perfect association, it takes the value 1. The square of the Pearson correlation coefficient
is equal to the Phi-square. The Phi-square shows you the proportion of variance in one
variable explained by the variance in the other variable because of its link with the
correlation coefficient.
odds ratio
The odds ratio might have a value of zero ("0") or infinity. One ("1") is the neutral value,
indicating that no difference exists between the groups being compared; values near to
zero or infinity indicate a significant difference. If the odds ratio is more than one, group
one has a higher proportion than group two; if the contrary is true, the odds ratio is
smaller. The odds ratio will become inverse (1/OR) if the two proportions are swapped.
The odds ratio is the ratio of the chances of experiencing a specific outcome. The odds
are a ratio in and of themselves.
5. A social psychologist hypothesized that a factor in juvenile delinquency was the
presence or absence of a strong father-figure in the home. He examined the folders of
100 inmates in the federal reformatory and found that only 50 of these young men grew
up with a strong father-figure in the home. He also examined the records of 100
randomly selected male college students and found that 70 of them had strong father-
figures in their boyhood homes.
Use the chi square method to test the psychologist’s hypothesis.
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Null hypothesis : Ho : juvenile delinquency and presence or absence of a strong father-figure in
the home are independent Alternate Hypothesis : Ha : juvenile delinquency and presence or
absence of a strong father-figure in the home are not independent
X2 =∑(0-E)2/E
E= (Row Total – Column Total )/Grand Total
= 200-120/320
=0.25
