C++ and Data

Analytics 2 Bundle
Manuscript

Essential Beginners
Guide on Enriching
Your C++ Programming
Skills and Learn
Practical Data
Analytics, Data Science,
and Predictive Analytics
for Beginners

Series: Hacking Freedom and

Data Driven (C++ & Data
Analytics)

By Isaac D. Cody
QUICK TABLE OF
CONTENTS

This book will contain 2

manuscripts from the Hacking
Freedom and Data Driven
series. It will essentially be
two books into one.
The first part of this book will
dive into learning the
sophisticated programming
language of C++ and get you
on your way to program like a
boss!

Data Analytics will start your

journey and learn the
fundamentals of Data
Analytics and how you can
apply it to your business.
C++: Learn C++
Like a Boss

A Beginners Guide
in Coding
Programming And
Dominating C++.
Novice to Expert
Guide To Learn and
Master C++ Fast

By: Isaac D. Cody

© Copyright 2017 by Isaac
D. Cody- All rights reserved.

This document is geared towards

providing exact and reliable information
in regards to the topic and issue
covered. The publication is sold with
the idea that the publisher is not required
to render accounting, officially
permitted, or otherwise, qualified
services. If advice is necessary, legal or
professional, a practiced individual in
the profession should be ordered.
- From a Declaration of Principles
which was accepted and approved
equally by a Committee of the American
Bar Association and a Committee of
Publishers and Associations.

In no way is it legal to reproduce,

duplicate, or transmit any part of this
document in either electronic means or
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unless with written permission from the
publisher. All rights reserved.
The information provided herein is
stated to be truthful and consistent, in
that any liability, in terms of inattention
or otherwise, by any usage or abuse of
any policies, processes, or directions
contained within is the solitary and utter
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Under no circumstances will any legal
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indirectly.

Respective authors own all copyrights

not held by the publisher.

The information herein is offered for

informational purposes solely, and is
universal as so. The presentation of the
information is without contract or any
type of guarantee assurance.

The trademarks that are used are without

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trademark is without permission or
backing by the trademark owner. All
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are for clarifying purposes only and are
the owned by the owners themselves, not
affiliated with this document.
Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Basic Background,

History, and the Fruition of C++

Chapter 2: Let’s Begin

Chapter 3: Diving more into Program

Comments, Data Types, Lines, and
Characters

Chapter 4: Arrays, Loops, and

Conditions
Chapter 5: Working with Operators

Chapter 6: Constants and the various

types of Literals

Conclusion

Bonus: Brief Hacking History and

Overview
Chapter 1: Basic
Background, History, and
the Fruition of C++

Before we get into how to start using

C++, you have to learn what it is, and
how it came about. The reason for this is
simple. To truly know something, you
have to know everything you possibly
can learn about the subject, especially
when it comes to something so technical
such as computer programming.
C++ is a very important part of computer
and Internet history. It is simply
something that is interwoven within the
history of the technological world, as we
know today. Furthermore, the apps and
other functions on a smart phone would
not exist if it were not for C++.

When you are learning C++, you will be

filled with wonder at the fact that one
programming language can have so much
impact in our daily lives. Almost every
computer ever built can be attributed to
a specific aspect that can be traced back
to the language of C++. One of the
benefits of learning this language is the
ability to learn other languages with
ease. Having the ability of learning C++
will enhance your knowledge of other
programming language, which is why
many people regard it as the ‘godfather’
of computer programming. Furthermore,
many big companies still need
programmers that have C++ as they rely
this programming language to run their
central computer system. So when the
going gets tough, just know it’ll benefit
you in the long run so stay strong and get
in the programming mindset!

History of C++
Bjarne Strousup was working on his
thesis for his doctorate, and he decided
to work with a programming language
that was known as Simula. This language
one one of the first programming
languages of the computer age. However
it was very slow and full of bugs.

Strousup came up with the idea of C

with Classes. A programming language
that was a lot faster than Simula. C with
classes later became Cfront which sped
up the process of creating a language.
However, Cfront was left in the dust
when C++ came along, because it added
compilers into the language, making it a
lot easier, and faster to use than any
other project language of the time.

Since then there have been annotated

reference guides and updates to the
language to make it better and faster, and
even easier to use. C++ for Dummies is
a popular guide for this language.

C++ is one of the most popular

languages out there today. This language
is the best for many industries, so rather
than make a new language which takes a
lot of time, they just adapt C++ to many
different variations because it is
versatile in its nature.

Exactly what is C++

C++ is not just any programming

language, it is object oriented. Object
oriented programming or OOP for short,
is programming that revolves around
objects rather than actions. It is like
looking at the whole picture at once,
rather than each individual puzzle piece.
This programming language was
designed with flexibility and speed in
mind, as other languages of the time
were way too slow, and could only do
one thing, so every time you wanted to
create something new, you needed a new
language.

There are many things that you can use

this language for, and they are still very
much popular today, despite the ominous
amount of languages that are out there
now.
Prepackaged scripts: These are
what script enthusiasts, and new
hackers use to practice their
programming techniques. Since so
many people nowadays want to
take the easy way out, scripts that
come already prepared are what
most hackers are looking for, thus
the packages need to improve, and
they do so using C++.

Video Games: Let's face it, pretty

much everyone plays video games
at some point in their life. Whether
it is growing up, or when you have
kids, you will get sucked into the
realm of video games, and you can
never escape. Those games can be
attributed to some way or form
from using the C++ language. If
you are into making games, and
bringing the world joy through
graphics, then it is definitely a
good idea to learn the language of
C++

Web pages: A lot of web pages are

made using C++. The reason for
this is because the language is so
easy to manipulate, it makes for a
quick and easy website that has
plenty of interactive features for
people. Some websites you may
visit often that are created with
C++ are Amazon and Ebay. If you
like designing web pages you
should learn C++ to be efficient
and maybe even land a decent job
in this field.

Phone Apps: Nowadays it seems

everyone has a smart phone, and
that means apps galore. There are
thousands of apps out there, and
more are being made every day.
Some apps are free, some apps
cost money, but a good chunk were
made using C++. That is because
this language is so scalable that it
can be used for simple games and
more intricate shopping apps.
There are a lot of other minor things that
C++ is used for, such as VoIP calling.
That was created using C++. The fact of
the matter is, you will get told time and
time again that C++ is a dying language
when in reality that is just a ruse that
JAVA people uses to scare people into
switching languages to ensure that C++
is a dying language.

Why It’s used

C++ is used not only for its flexibility

and speed, but because it has a lot of
components, it is fairly easy to learn,
and if you master C++, you can master
the other languages with ease. The
reason for this is that when you learn
something that is a little more complex
than everything else first, the easier stuff
will fall right into place, however, if you
get used to easy to learn subjects, then
you will find that the more difficult stuff
is hard to learn because you are not used
to putting in that much effort into the
subject that you are trying to learn.

If you want to learn a language that you

can use for different types of functions
within the realm of computer technology,
then this is the language for you. You can
do almost anything with it, and once you
learn enough about it, you may be able to
figure out ways to manipulate the
language to do things that it generally
cannot do.

C++ is a very important language when

it comes to computer programming, and
though it has a lot of variables from the
way that it is laid out, it is very easy to
read, and very easy to create. This
makes it one of the most desired
programming languages that are out
there, because no one wants to struggle
to read code. No one wants to have to
spend all of their time out there working
on what they know is right just because
they cannot find where they went wrong.

Job Outlook

Yes, there are a lot of jobs out there that

still rely on C++ to operate. There are
so many different things that you could
do, and all of them affect other people in
the community. Video game designing,
and web page designing are two of the
most prominent things that are out there.
You could also become a white hat or
blue hat hacker.

But according to payscale.com (search

software engineer), a person with C++
Software engineer background can earn
up to $57,000 to $120,000 based on
experience. The median is around
$80,363. Some other titles that people
with C++ programming language have is
Computer Programmer, Electrical
Engineer, and Application Developer.

However, to be the best that you can be,

you should always know two or three
programming languages to be
marketable. Though those languages will
not be included in this book, do not
marry yourself to a single language.
Instead, just like with human language,
broaden your horizons and dabble in a
few, but keep one as your main language.

C++ should be the main language that

you fall back on due to its versatility.
Maybe use JAVA or Linux as your other
languages, but C++ is the best main
language to have, and you only want the
best as your main.

C++ is a statically written lower level

language which means that it is a clean
cut expansive language.

C++ is a fully functional super set of C

that supports object oriented
programming. This means that it
supports all the pillars of OOP, such as
encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance
and polymorphism.

To learn more about object oriented

programming, you can do a quick search
online, and find out more about it. It is
best to get some knowledge about what
it is, but it is not quintessential to your
knowledge of C++, so it will not really
be included in this book, except for a
few mentions in passing, and some
tidbits of information here and there.

Three Important
Components of C++

The standard C++ is made up of three

very important concepts.

Core Language: This is made up of

all the variables, data types,
literals, and other important
aspects of the language, creating
building blocks to get to the next
level

C++ Standard Library: this allows

you to manipulate files, and other
workings within the language, and
bend them to your will.

STL: This stands for Standard

Template Library, which gives you
functions to manipulate data
structures and variables and other
things of the sort.
Why is C++ considered the
best language out there?

Well, aside from the copiously

mentioned flexibility, speed, and
simplicity, it is a language that has
spanned over thirty years, and is still
widely used today. There are not many
products in any genre of life out there
that can say the same. Products and
companies come and go, but only true
perfection stays. Well that is how the
saying goes. To be honest, C++ has had
many updates since then, but the core
process is still the same. When it came
out it was light years ahead of its time,
and today it is still a pretty advanced
piece of technology, due to the updates
that keep it on top.

There are a lot of opinions that also have

to do with why C++ is considered the
best. While there are a lot of people who
say that C++ is no longer relevant, even
more vouch that it is still the best
language out there, and it is their fall
back language. It is the one they know
the most about, and the one they carry
close to their heart. The reasons vary,
but the fact that 90% of programmers
default to C++ shows that it is very much
the best programming language out there
today.

C++ is one of the few languages that

follow the ANSI standard completely,
which is why some of the best games
you will ever play are still written with
C++. Because their compilers are set to
ensure that all commands are written and
executed without errors. It can also be
used across many different types of
platforms, whether you have a
Microsoft, Unix, Mac, Windows, or and
Alpha device, it is possible to use C++.
This is a great thing, because a lot of
programmers have to operate across
many different platforms, and the
universality makes it easy and portable.
Just throw your code on a flash drive
and upload it wherever it is needed.

Benefits of using the C++

language

There are a lot of benefits that you will

be able to enjoy when using the C++
language. Some of these benefits
include:
The big library: since C++ has
been around for along time, they
have a library that is pretty large.
This is available for you to use so
you can pick out the codes that you
want inside of your script and save
some time and even learn some
new things. You can also create
some of your own codes if you
wish, but this library can be really
helpful for the beginner who is
learning and can make it easier
than ever to get the code written.

Ability to work with other

languages: C++ is a great language
to use with some of the other
programming languages out there.
This makes it easier to really work
on the projects that you want
because you can add in the parts
that you like from different coding
languages and combine them
together to get something really
amazing.

Works on many projects: most

other programming languages are
going to focus on just one or two
little projects. For example, using
JavaScript means that you are just
going to be working on websites.
But with C++, you are able to use
it to help with a lot of different
projects. Whether you are looking
to work on a website, looking to
create a new program, or do
something else with programming,
you will be able to do it with the
help of C++.

Fast and reliable: if you have used

some of the other coding languages
that are popular in the past, you
will find that sometimes they
aren’t the most reliable.
Information may slip through or
they won’t start working the way
that you would like. If you want
something that works the first time
and is reliable, then it is a good
idea to go with C++.
 Offers a lot of power: those who
like to work in programming and
want to have a lot of power in the
work that they are doing will find
that C++ is the right option for
them to choose. It has some of the
best power for the programming
languages that are out there.

These are just a few of the benefit that

you can enjoy when you are using the
C++ programming language. It may seem
a bit more difficult to use than some of
the others, such as Python, but it has a lot
of the power that you need and can work
well with other programming languages.
With a bit of practice, you are going to
get all the basics of this language down
and really enjoy what you are able to do
with this programming language.
Chapter 2: Let's Begin

Let’s begin! There are a lot of places we

can start, but let's talk about
environments first. While you do not
really need to set up your own
environment, as there are many online.
An environment is a compiler of your
choice that takes your code, and does all
of the functions for you. In the old days,
you would have to open your command
prompts and create an environment to
use, but those days are over. A simple
mistake back in the day could do some
serious damage to their computers. Now
you can practice some risky prompts
without any risk to your device
whatsoever.

There are many examples to try out and

use on the internet. To try them out, the
easiest place to go is
http://www.compileonline.com Choose
the “Learn C++” option down at the
bottom, and it will take you to where you
need to go.

Here is an example to try. The output

should be the words “Try This”.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ()
{
court << “Use This One!”;
return 0;
}

Now you can choose to type these codes

into the compiler directly, or you can
write several, and save them to your
computer, and access them whenever, so
that you don't have to retype them every
time you want to mess with them. You
can use several different types of text
editors. However, some of them are
device type specific. This means they
only work on the type of device that you
create them on.

The text editors that you can use are OS

edit command, Brief, EMACS, epsilon,
Windows Notepad, vlm or vl. However,
only vlm and vl are multi platform
usable. Make sure to save the files with
the extension .c or .cpp.
You should start in a text editor to get the
rough draft going on your program
before you even think of moving to a
compiler. This is because once you get
to a compiler, it is a lot easier to mess
up on your program, and not catch it.
However, if you have it laid out in a
nice, clean-cut fashion in a text editor,
then you should have no problems with
getting things going in the compiler.

C++ Compilers
There are many different compilers out
there, and a lot of them are pretty
expensive. Those compilers are for the
elite programmers who have mastered
the lower level compilers already.
Beginners only need a basic compiler,
and most of those are free. However,
just like with anything that is free, you
have to be careful of what you are
getting. There are more bad cheap
compliers than good ones out there so on
the pretense of being free, I would
suggest you paying additional functions
past the start up page. These additional
functions are usually very cheap
anyways so you won’t have to break the
bank to get them.
One of the most popular compilers
available is the GNU C/C++ compiler. It
is used most commonly in UNIX and
Linux installations. To see if you already
have the compiler, pull up the command
line in your UNIX/Linux application and
type in the following

$ g++ -v

If the compiler is installed, then you

should see this message on the screen:
Using built-in specs.
Target: i386-redhat-linux
Configured with: ../configure –
prefix=/usr …...
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat
4.1.2-46)

If this message does not come up on your

screen, the compiler either isn’t on the
computer or you installed it incorrectly
and you will need to go through and get
it properly installed.
In this book, we will go over how to
install using the Windows platform. If
you have a different platform, then you
should go to http://gcc.gnu.org/install/
and read the instructions on how to
download it onto your platform.

To install this compiler on your

Windows computer, you will need to
first install MinGW. This is the software
that makes the compiler compatible with
your computer, and it is very important
that you have this software, otherwise
you will not even be able to download
the compiler at all.

To install this software, you can go to the

homepage of the software at
www.mingw.org and allow it to direct
you to where you need to go. Once you
install that you should install gcc core,
gcc-g++, MinGW runtime and blnutlls,
at the bare minimum, but you can install
more if you would like. Once you are
done with the install, you can run all of
the GNU tools from the Command line
on Windows.

Now that you have everything set up to

where you can run it, you can start
learning more about how to run the
programs themselves.

Basic Syntax

C++ can be defined as not only the

program, but objects that collectively
communicate by invoking other methods.
When you are working with C++ you
should know what four things mean
above all else.
Class- This is a template or a blueprint
that states the object and its support type,
and describes the behaviors of an object.
This means that objects are sorted by
their behaviors and their actions
/supports into classes that fit the
description of the object in question.

Object- Objects have behaviors and

states. For example, if you look at a dog,
it has states. These states could be
classified as color, breed, name,
standard of breed (AKC/AKA/APC
registries). “Dogs” also show certain
behaviors as well. They wag their tails,
they bark, they pant, they eat dry kibble,
and they go to the bathroom outside in
the yard. These things make dogs a
unique object. These objects are
classified into groups know as, you
guessed it, classes.

Method- This is another term for

behavior. There can be as many or as
few as you choose in your classes. This
is where all of the data is manipulated,
and actions are played out, along with
the place that all of the logic is written.
Methods are especially important
because without them, your program
would not know what it is supposed to
do with the variable that you give it. It
would just sit there like a dud and do
nothing.

Instant Variables- These refer to each

individual object. Each object is
classified with a unique set of these
variables that act as a fingerprint for an
object. These variables are assigned to
the object by using values that occur
whenever the object is created.

Now that you know the four main

definitions of programming, Let’s take a
look at a code that you can write that
will print out: “Try This”. Unlike the
example above, this will explain a little
more in depth what you are wanting to
do, and the reason for each function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// main() [this is when the program will

begin to execute.]

int main()
{
cout << “Try This”; // [Prints Try
This]
return 0;
}

This function will allow you to print

whatever you want, not just the words
“Try This”.

Now let's break down the various

aspects of the program that is set out
above. There are several different
aspects of this language that you have to
take in consideration. Each aspect is
important in getting it to run, and if you
do not execute them entirely.
Headers- There are several headers out
there for C++, and all of them are
necessary or at the very least useful to
your programming operations. However,
for most functions you will see the
header that is above <iostream>. When
you use a header be sure to enclose it
properly, and put #include before it to
prompt the program to use that header.

Namespace- Namespaces are a fairly

new addition to C++, only coming about
in the 2011 update. They do not do much,
other than describe which namespace to
use. While they are not necessary, they
save you a lot of confusion on functions
of a program. It simply act as a way to
organize your functions more
systematically.

Main- Here is where the main function

begins. Using the line // main() instructs
the program to start executing the main
function of the program, and start the out
put process. It is essential that you set up
the main function command, otherwise
your program will not know what it is
supposed to be running, nor will it know
when it is supposed to run. This will be
seen as a single line comment inside the
program and it is going to tell the
program that the main function is
beginning.

INT main- This is where the function

execution officially begins. If you do not
include this, the entire process will stop,
because you did not introduce the
variables, and without the variables, the
program is lost.

Cout- This instructs the program to

display the message that you want on the
screen. If you do not put cout, chances
are your program will may or may not
fail. The problem is you don’t know if
you succeed or not so if you want to
make sure that everything runs smoothly,
be sure to add cout.

Return- This returns the value back to

zero, and terminates the function. It
instructs the program to end the process,
and go back to the beginning.

Now to compile and execute your first

official C++ program.
First you must know how to save the
file. Open your chosen text editor, and
enter the code that is seen above. Once
you have done that, hit save as, and
choose a file location that is easily
found. For organization purposes, it is
always best to have a separate folder for
all of your programs. Save the file as
hello.cpp, and once you have saved it,
you should open up your command
prompt before heading to the directory
where the file is saved.
To get the file to open inside your
compiler, start by typing ‘g++
hello.cpp’. you can then press enter and
the code will be opened properly. As
long as there aren’t any errors, the
prompt is going to generate an a.out
executable file. To run the program, type
out ‘o.out’ and see the compiler work.
The information that you should get on
the compiler from this on the computer
includes:

$ g++ hello.cpp
$ ./a.out
Try This

Make sure that you are inputting all of

the variables the proper way, and
remember, these things are case
sensitive. If you do not input the
functions the right way, you will find that
things tend to go awry. The thing with
coding is you have to be precise. This
detailed oriented personal attributed
applies to all programming languages!
However, anyone can do it if they are
willing to pay attention.

The basic function commands are not the

only things that you need to use. There
are other things that are important when
you are building a prompt as well, as
they too instruct the program to do
specific things. Some of these things are
blocks and semicolons.
You probably think a pause in a sentence
when you think semicolon, however,
they are complete stops in C++
programs. The semicolon indicates the
termination of a statement. This means
that each individual statement must be
indicated by the use of a semicolon. The
following are three different statements.

x=y;
y=y+1;
add(x,y);
Each one of those statements were
separated by not only a line break, but
also a semicolon. You could also do it
this way.

x=y; y=y+1; add(x,y);

Each one of those will be recognized as

separate statements simply because of
the semicolon. It is kind of mind blowing
how something so simple can have so
much of an impact.
In this coding language, a block is going
to be a set of statements that you enclose
with brackets. These statements are
logical entities that the program puts on
the screen due to the main command
prompt. For example
{
cout << “I like Pizza”>>; //prints I
like Pizza
return 0
}

The end of a line is not a terminator, as

was indicated above. The semicolon is
the only thing that terminates the
statement.

Identifiers

Now let us move on to the identifiers in

the program. These identifiers are used
to identify multiple things, such as
classes, modules, functions and
variables within a block. An identifier is
going to be a group of letters and
numbers that you are able to name your
program or your files and they must start
with a letter, but can have any letter or
number you want afterwards. There are
no punctuation characters other than
what you might see in a sentence that are
allowed as identifiers. You will not see
characters such as @,&,% or $, and the
programming is case sensitive. That
means YokoOno is different than
Yokoono, yokoOno, and yokoono. Make
sure that you are capitalizing only the
letters that you should be capitalizing in
your programs.

Though pretty much anything can be an

identifier, there are some things that are
reserved for keywords in C++, and can't
be used as identifiers. These words are
as follows.

asm
Break Bool Auto
Char Catch Case
Const cast Const Class
Delete Default Continue
Dynamic Double Do
cast
Explicit Enum Else
False Extern Export
Friend For Float
Inline If Goto
Mutable Long Int
 Protected Private Namespace
Reinterpret Register Public
cast
Signed Short Return
Static cast Static Sizeof
Template Switch Struct
True Throw This
Typeid Typedef Try
Unsigned Unlon Typename
Void Virtual Using
While Wchar t Volatile

Everything else is fair game when it

comes to identifiers. Think of identifiers
as usernames and passwords. Mix it up,
but make sure that they are functional.

Trigraphs

Trigraphs are going to be sequences of

three characters that will represent just
one character. You will notice these
because they are going to start out with
two questions marks at the beginning.
Seems a little redundant to use three
characters when one will work, but the
reason behind this is so you do not
confuse the program with the meaning of
the character, as many are similar.
Here are some frequently used trigraphs
to give you an example of what we
mean.

??= #
??/ \
??' ^
??( [
??) ]
??! |
??< {
??> }
??- ~
Not all compilers support trigraphs due
to their confusing nature, and most
people try to stay away from them,
however, it has been found that when
you memorize trigraphs, you are less
likely to mess up by hitting the wrong
symbol in your function.

Whitespace

Moving on to whitespace. This is the

empty lines in a program. Sometimes
they contain comments, and these are
known as blank lines. The compilers
completely ignore them. Whitespace
describes blanks, new lines, tabs,
characters and comments. It is merely
used to make your program look more
organized and readable.

There should be at least one line of

whitespace between the
variable/identifier and the statement.

QUIZ
You thought that you could just waltz
through this book without being tested on
if you were paying attention? No
cheating either! Just because you can
peek at the answers does not mean that
you should. You should take it just like a
normal quiz to truly test your knowledge
so you can figure out if you need to go
back and re-read over some things. This
is a short quiz, so you will be okay.

1. What is whitespace?
2. Fill in the blanks ___
<<x=y+1_>>
3. What are trigraphs?
4. Who Invented the C with Classes
language?
5. What is the header used in most
functions?

Answers

1. The blank spaces or comments

that the compiler ignores
2. Cout <<x=y+1;>>
3. A sequence of three characters
that represent a single character
4. Bjarne Strousup
5. <iostream>
Congratulations, if you got all five right,
then you can move on to the next section!
However, if you got more than one
wrong, then you should probably go
back and reread the section. If you’re
ready then onwards to Chapter 3.
Chapter 3: Diving more into
Program Comments, Data
Types, Lines, and
Characters

Now that we have covered the bare

basics of C++ it is time to get into some
more in depth subjects that surround the
program. While these are more in depth,
they are still a paramount concepts all
beginners need to learn.
Program Comments

So, there are going to be times when you

will want to write some comments
inside of your code. These are important
because they allow you to leave a little
message inside the code so that others
who are reading through it later on will
be able to get a good look at exactly how
your code is ran and also provide
“referral” to what you’re trying to
accomplish in your code. Furthermore,
leaving notes within the lines of your
code is a good way to notify yourself
where a code might have gone wrong.
By putting comments inside your codes,
you are more likely to know where you
succeed or where you went wrong.

These comments can be as simple or as

complex as you would like. Some
people will just place in one or two
words if that is all that is needed to help
out the other users, but there are other
times when you are going to need to
combine a few more lines into the mix to
ensure that it is all going to work out and
that the other person understands what is
going on inside of the code.

In this language, you will just need to

use the // symbol in order to show that
you are writing out a comment. You can
make it as long as you would like, just
make sure that when the comment is
done, you skip to the next line so that the
program knows that it is supposed to
start reading through it again.

The program is going to stop reading

after the // and it is not going to affect the
way that the program works. Other
programmers who look at the code will
see the comments that you write, but
when the program is executed, these
comments are going to be skipped. You
can add in as many as you would like to
your program, but do try to keep them a
bit limited because it can start to clog up
the code and make it hard to read and
understand.

Program comments are basically the

statements that are inside the code. The
statements, or comments, are going to be
there to help others who use your code
understand what the purpose of each
function is. All program languages allow
for some type of comments, but they do
not allow all of the kinds of comments
that are out there. The most common to
use is a single line comment. This is
what all program languages allow for.
These comments are simple explanatory
lines that tell the next reader what the
purpose is in a simple sentence.

There are also multiple line comments.

This is one that very few program
languages allow for. C++ is one of those
few languages. Sometimes you have a
more complex explanation, and it needs
to span over more than one line. This is
possible to do in C++.

When you are using a single line

comment, you will see that it is written
out in the code with // and can go all the
way to the end of your line. An example
of this is:

{
cout << “that's great” >>; //prints
that's great
return 0
}

will have the final output of “that's

great” and nothing else. The comment is
ignored by the compiler so that you can
let other programmers in on what the
code is for, or what you need done to the
code.

However if you are trying to get some

help on a code, you should use a multi
line comment so that you can easily get
the best out of your complicated code.
Multi line comments are surrounded by
these symbols /*-*/. Typed out like that it
almost looks like an emoji. For example

/* I need help making the puppet dance*/

is a comment. However, that is still a
single line comment still. A better
example would be
/* I need help making the puppet dance
*All he does at this point is sway from
side to side */

That would be a multi line comment. As

you can see, when you start a new line
you should put the asterisk at the
beginning to indicate to the program that
you are still writing a comment and that
the next line is indeed whitespace. When
compiled it will ignore the comments
and only show what you want it to show.

While you can mix the comment styles, it

is best to keep them separated for now,
until you get the hang of everything.
Data Types

You have to use different variables when

you are writing a program using any
language. These are nothing more than
just reserved memory values that store
locations in some space in the memory
of the compiler. The above list of
reserved keywords are useful here as
well. While there are a lot of keywords,
there are seven basic keywords that
define data types.
Type Keyword
Wide character Wchar_t
Valueless Void
Double floating point Double
Floating point Float
Integer Int
Character Char
Boolean bool

Most of the data types that you can use

can be modified using one of these
following modifiers to help:
Long,
Short
Unsigned
Signed

Variable Types Cont…

When you are using variables inside of a

coding language, you are providing some
storage space that makes it easier to for
the program to manipulate. All of the
variables that you use will be attached to
a different type and these types are going
to determine the layout and the size of
the memory of the variable. It is also
going to set a range of values that you
are able to store on this memory space.

Naming the variable is going to be

similar to naming the identifier. You will
only be able to name it with a letter or
an underscore and the letters are going to
be case sensitive. But after that, you are
able to use any type of digit, letter, and
character that you would like.
Again, the basic variables that you will
be able to use here in more detail
include:

• Wchart_t: this is the wide

character type.
• Void: this is going to represent the
absence of a type
• Double: this is a floating value
that will have double precision.
• Float: this is a floating point that
is going to have single precision.
• Int: this is an integer
• Char: this is often going to be just
one byte and is a type of integer.
• Bool: this is going to work with
values that are either true or false.

You can also define other types of

variables. These variables are things
line pointer, array, reference,
enumeration, data structures, and
classes.

Creating a new line

Now that you know the data types and

modifiers, and all about making a
comment in your program, it is time to
learn about how to create a new line.
This is a problem that a lot of new
programmers run into. They have their
program all nice and laid out in the
input, but the output is still really
mashed together and really unkempt.
This is because they did not properly
create a new line. Remember that
whitespace is ignored, so you cannot just
skip a line, and expect to have a line
skipped in your program. You have to
indicate to the compiler that you want to
start a new line. This is really important,
as when you play out your program, you
want it to run smoothly. You do not want
to see something like this.
Try This Today I ate Pizza and I did
math. 6= (7-1) that what I learned today.

You would probably rather see this.

Try This
today I ate pizza and I did math
6=(7-1)
that is what I learned today

To make the distinction, you have to

have the right function, as that is what
programming relies on, having the
correct function.
To create a line break, you have to use
the function endl; this will indicate that
you want a line break, and you do not
even have to add whitespace if you do
not want to, though it is recommended
because it makes your program easier to
read for a human.

For example, this:

{
cout << Try This;>> endl;
 <<Today I ate Pizza and did
Math;>> endl;
<<6=(7-1);>> endl;
<< That is what I learned today;>>
endl;
return 0
}

Looks way better than this:

{
cout << Try This;>> endl; <<
Today I ate Pizza and did Math;>> endl;
<<6=(7-1);>> endl; << That is what I
learned today;>> endl;
return 0
}

Can you see how confusing that would

get for someone reading the code? You
want your code file to be easy to read,
so that if someone else has to fix
something, they can easily find where the
mistake has been made. If everything is
all jumbled together, then they would not
be able to find anything very easily, now
would they?
You can also indicate line breaks by
using /n This is the same thing as endl;
but is a lot faster to type. You can use
whichever method you want but choose
one and stick with it.

The importance of the

basics of C++

I know what you are thinking, why must

you know all these nonsense tidbits of
information when you are just beginning,
and the reason is, if you don't learn them
now, you won't think that you will need
them in the future, and then when you are
reading a program that someone else
wrote, you will be wondering what all
of those extra characters mean, and why
there is so much whitespace. Creating a
habit of these simple yet somewhat
tedious tasks is paramount if mastering
more complicated programming
methods. Just like mastering any sort of
language, you have to master the basics
to master the expert level concepts.

Variable definitions
A variable definitions instructs the
compiler how much and where to store
and create the variable. It specifies the
data type and lists one or more of the
variables of the type. For example

type variable_list;

You have to have a valid data type that is

listed above. They may contain one or
more identifier names as long as they are
separated by commas, such as
int ---- j,k,l;
char----c,ch;
float---- f, salary;
double--- d;

Each of these abbreviations instructs the

compiler to create variables of that type
with those names. Variables can be
assigned with an initial value, by
indicating such with an equal sign. For
example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int. main ()
int j=10;
int k=5;
int l=j+k
{
cout <<l>> endl;
return 0
}

You should get the answer 15

You can also declare and define the
variables in your program, but that is
some higher level stuff, so if you would
like to look into it you can google search
a tutorial on that.

QUIZ

Here is the set up. You should have one

phrase, a math problem, and then the
answer to the math problem using said
integers. You can make up all of the
variables yourself, whatever you want
them to be.

#using <header>
using namespace std;

int main ()
int _=_
int _=_
int _=_+_
{
cout < “”;> /n
< “”;> /n
cout < “int_”;> /n
return 0
}

Simply enter your digits in and make

sure your numbers add up. After you’ve
done so, rerun the code without relying
on copying and pasting the code without
the intergers. This way, you’ll have a
basic understanding of variables and
playing with the basic integers
operations within C++.
Chapter 4: Arrays, Loops,
and Conditions

Believe it or not, you’ve learned so

much already. The basics are really not
that hard and now it’s just about learning
about a few more things and putting
concept after concept together to make
sure you’re becoming a better C++
programmer. Let’s keep going.

Arrays
Arrays are a data structure in C++ that
will be able to store elements that are
basically the same type and also a fixed
size. Basically a collection of same type
variables. Instead of using the individual
variables, you would declare one array
of variables such as numbers. To do this
you use the numbers 0 to 99 and access
each one by an index of the array.

Arrays are going to be memory locations

that are continuous. The lowest is
always the first element and then the
highest element is going to be the last.
Initializing arrays

You can initialize arrays one by one or

using a single statement. Example

double balance [5]= {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4,

17.0, 50.0};

The numbers that are found between the

bracket can’t end up higher than the
amount of elements that you are using.
This means that you cannot have six sets
of numbers when your array title only
specified five. However, if you do not
specify the size, then an array of just the
right size is created. You would type it
as follows

double balance [] {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4,

17.0, 50.0};

This creates the exact same array as the

previous example, only you did not
specify the array size so it was created
for you. Pretty nifty.

Now that you know how to write an

array, it is time to move on to putting it
into the actual program. This program is
a bit more advanced than the ones
before, and has a few more elements.
You can look up these elements on
www.compileonline.com. You will be
directed to a lot of tutorials and there is
even a PDF file for you to download.

Here is the formula for your program to

assign an array.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;

int main ()
{
int n[ 10 ]; //n is an array of ten
integers
// initialize elements of array n to
0
for ( int i=0; I <10; i++)
 {
n[i] =i+100; // set ekement at
location I to i+ 100
}
cout << element << setw(13) <<
value<< endl:
//output each array element's value
for (int j=0; j<10; j++)
{
cout << setw(7)<< j << setw(13)
<<n[j] << endl;
}
return 0
}
This program was able to use the setw()
function in order to format the output that
you see.

Loop Types

The loop types are used any time that

you would like to take one type of code
and execute it over and over. These
statements are going to be done one right
after the other. The loop statement will
make it easier to execute these
statements as many times as you would
like.

There are four types of loops. These

loops handle different requirements.

While loop

The While loop is going to continue

repeating the loop as long as a certain
condition is met. It is going to test out
this condition each time it restarts the
loop cycle and will do this until the
condition is no longer true.
Written like this

while (condition)
{
statement(s);
}

For Loop
This loop executes a statement sequence
over and over again while abbreviating
the code that manages the loop
variables.

Written like this

for ( init; condition; increment)

{
statement(s);
}
Do.. while loop

The Do…while loop is going to be

similar to the while statement, but it is
going to test the condition when you
reach the end of your statement, rather
than the beginning.

Written like this

do
{
 statement(s);
}while (condition);

Nested loops

The nested loop is going to have a loop

that works inside of another loop, to
create a continuous loop of loops. This
one can get confusing after awhile.

Written like this

while (condition)
{
while (condition)
{
statement(s)
}
statement(s) // you can put more
statements
}

Why is this important

Eventually you are going to want to
branch out. I would highly recommend to
further enhance your C++knowledge of
the basics to ensure mastery and better
understanding of more difficult tasks.

Though these may seem like they are too

advanced for some or too easy for
others, it’s always good to do other
practices and tutorials to enrich your
programming skills. You can find
tutorials at www.compileonline.com. It
cannot be stressed enough how much of
an essential tool this is. You have to
check it out for yourself, and find out just
how useful it really is. There are
tutorials for other languages as well, not
just C++ dabble around and see what
you like.
Chapter 5: Working with
Operators in C++

With any of the coding languages that

you plan to use, it is important that you
learn how to use the operators. These
are going to help you to tell the program
what you would like to do and can make
dealing with your own codes so much
easier. There are four main types of
operators that you are able to use inside
your program and they will each tell the
program how to behave in a different
way. Some of the operators that you will
be able to use with the C++ language
include:

• Logical operators
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Relational operators

Let’s take a look at how some of these

work and how you can bring them out to
work well when writing code in the C++
language.

Logical operators
The first type of operator that we are
going to use in this guidebook are the
logical operators. These are going to
help you to compare some of the parts
that you are putting into the system.
Some of the logical operators that you
can work with include:

• (||): this is known as the logical

OR. With this one, the condition is going
to be true if one of your operands is not
zero.
• (&&): this one is known as the
logical AND. If you have two operands
and they are not zero, your condition is
true.

• (!): this is the logical NOT. You

will be able to use this to reverse the
status of your operand. So if the
condition ends up being false, this sign
will make it true.

Arithmetic operators
Another of the operators that you are
able to use is the arithmetic operators.
These are pretty much the same as using
math in school. You are going to tell the
program to add, subtract, and do other
equations with the information that you
are providing. Some of the arithmetic
operators that you are able to use
include:

• (+): this is the addition operator

that will add together two operands of
your choices.
• (-): this is the subtraction
operator. It is going to take the right hand
operand and subtract it from the left hand
operand.
• (*): this is the operator that makes
it possible to do multiplication in the
C++ language.
• (/): this operator helps you to do
division in C++.
• (++): this is the increment
operator. It is going to increase the value
of your operand by one.
• (--): this is the decrement
operator. It is going to decrease the
operand value by just one.

Assignment operators
The assignment operators will make it
easier for you to assign a name to your
variable and can help with searching for,
saving, and so on with the different parts
of the code that you are writing. Some of
the assignment operators that you may
use inside of C++ include:

• (=): this operator is the simple

assignment operator. It is going to assign
the value of the operand on the right
hand to the one that is on the left.
• (+): this one is called the Add
AND operator. It is going to add together
the values from both operands and then
assigns the sum of these over to the
operand on the left side.
• (*=): this is the Multiply AND
operator. It is going to multiply both of
the operands and then gives the results
over to the operand on the left side.
• (-=): this is the one that will
subtract the value of your operand on the
right side from the one on the left and
then gives this difference to the left
operand.
• (/=): this is the divide and
operator. It is going to divide the value
that is on the left side from the one on the
right side and then assigns this amount to
the left side.
There are a few other assignment
operators that are available, but they are
more advanced so we will just stick
with some of these basic ones to help
keep things in order!

Relational Operators

Relational operators can be really

helpful when you are working inside of
the C++ language. Some of the ones that
you can use include:
• (==): this is the operator that is
going to check the equality of your two
operands. If they are equal, the
conditions will be true.
• (>): this operator is going to check
the value of your operands. If the
operand on the left side is higher than the
one on the right, the condition will be
true.
• (<): this operator is basically the
opposite of the one above. If you find
that the value of your operand on the left
side is greater than the one on the right
side, the condition will be true.
• (!=): this one is going to check the
equality of your two operands and if the
values are unequal, your condition is
true.
• (<=): this operator is going to
check whether the operand on the left
side is less than or equal to the operand
on the right side. If it meets this criteria,
the condition is true.
• (>=): this one is going to check if
the value of the operand on the left side
is greater or equal to the one on the right
side. If it is true, the condition is true.
Chapter 6: Helping C++ to
Make Decisions

There are times when you will need the

program to make decisions for you. You
are able to set it up to act in a certain
way based on the information that the
user puts into the computer and what you
decide needs to be met for the conditions
to be true. The decision making is a bit
more advanced inside of this system, but
you will find that is pretty easy to learn
and will open up a lot of ideas that you
are able to work with in the C++ system.
Let’s take a look at some of the things
that you are able to do to help the system
to make decisions on its own.

Switch Statements

The first decision that we are going to

work with inside of this system are the
switch statements. These statements are
nice because they are going to allow you
to check the equality of your variable
against a set of values, or cases. The
variable that you are trying to check is
going to be compared with each of the
cases. A good example of the syntax that
you are able to use for this include:

Switch(expression){
case constant-expression:
statement(s);
break; //optional
case constant-expression:
statement(s);
break; //optional

//you can add in as many of these case

statements as you would like

Default: //Optional
statement(s);
}
When you are working inside of these
statements, there are a few rules that you
should keep in mind. First, the
expression of the switch statement
should be the integral or enumerated
class type. In addition, it can also belong
to a class that has a conversion function.
With C++, there isn’t going to be a limit
to the amount of case statements that you
add into the syntax so you can make them
as long or short as you would like. Just
remember that you need to have a colon
and a value in each of them.

Once the variable finds a value that it is

equal to, it is going to keep running until
it finds a break statement. The system
finds the break statement, the switch is
going to stop. Then the control flow will
be passed on. You don’t need to put in a
break statement to the cases. If you end
up not having one of these, the control
flow will just keep being passed on.

The if statements
One of the most basic things that you are
able to do in your programs is create an
if statement. These are going to be based
on a true and false idea inside the
system. If the system says that the input
is true with the condition that you set out,
then the program is going to run
whatever you ask it to. For example, you
set it up to have the system as what the
answer to 2 + 2 is. If the user puts in the
answer as 4, you could have a message
come up that says “That is Correct!
Good Job!”

Any time that the user puts in an input

that ends up being true based on the
conditions that you are setting out, you
are going to get the statement to show up
that you picked out. On the other hand,
what is going to happen if your person
puts in the wrong answer. If they put the
answer as 5 to the question above, it is
not going to be right and the system is
going to see that the answer is false.

Since the if statement is pretty basic, you

are going to find that it is not going to be
prepared if the person puts in the wrong
answer. At this stage, if they put in any
number other than 4 for the example
above, the screen is just going to go
blank and nothing is going to happen.
The next type of statement will go more
in depth and show you how to get
answers based on what the person puts
into the system.

The if else statement

Now as we discussed a bit above, there

are some limitations that can come up
when you are using the if statement. If
the person puts in the wrong answer, the
screen is just going to go blank and this
can be a pain with the system. Plus, there
are times when the user will need to put
in a variety of answers, such as when
they will put in their age and you want to
separate those out. Their age is not
necessarily wrong, but if you just want
people who are older than 21, you want
to make sure that an answer comes up
correctly along the way.

A good syntax to use in order to work

with the if else statements include:

if(boolean_expresion)
{
//statement(s) will execute if the
boolean expression is true
}
Else
{
// statement(s) will execute if the
boolean expression is false
}

You are able to add in as many of these

into your statement as you would like.
So if you would like to have a program
that set apart people in five different age
groups, you could set that up based on
more of the “else” in your syntax. This
makes it easier to add in some other
choices.

So let’s keep it simple. Let’s say that you

have 2 +2 on the system. If the person
guesses that 4 is the answer, you can set
that up in the first part to be the true
statement and then the message “That’s
Right! Good Job!” will come up on the
screen. But if the user puts in the answer
5 (or any other answer than 4), you can
have a message like “Sorry, that is not
the right answer” come up on the screen.

This gives you a lot of freedom when it

comes to taking care of what you want to
do inside of your code. You are going to
be able to add in some different things to
the process and you can really expand
the code that you are working on.

Another thing that you can keep in mind

when working on these, is that you are
able to add some if statements and some
if else statements inside of each other.
This can get a bit complex as a beginner,
but with some practice, you will find
that it is going to add a lot of power to
the whole process and can make it easier
to do some of the things that you want
within this coding language.
Working with the if statements and the if
else statements can make your coding
experience so much better. It allows the
system to make decisions based on what
the user is putting into the system rather
than having to be there and do it
themselves. Make sure to try out a few
of these different types of statements and
see how they are going to work within
your code and with what you want to do.
Chapter 6: Constants and
the various types of Literals

This language is complex, and even

though what you have learned above is
enough to run some simple functions,
there are so many more parts to this
language that it would be a crime to not
put more in depth knowledge in here to
help you transition to the next step.

If you want to be successful with this

language, be prepared to spend long
hours working hard on it. While it is a
good language for beginners as it has
multiple levels of difficulties, it is also
something that you have to work hard at
to make it to the next level. The added
effects are more difficult the more you
try to learn.

Programming itself is a long and difficult

process, but it is definitely worth it, as
there are so many professions that you
can go into that require the knowledge of
C++. From game designing, to working
with robots and more. If it involves
technology, chances are it involves C++.
So here are some more steps that you
can learn, and some more important
functions that you need to know to begin
to master this language.

Constants and Literals

Constants and literals are an imperative

part of learning C++. They refer to data
types and variables in those data types.
They are constant, and cannot be
changed.
They act just like any other variable,
other than the fact that they are stagnant
and you cannot change them. The
integers that you use are known as literal
integers. They can have a suffix such as
U or L, and they stand for unassigned,
and long. These variables are used as
uppercase and lowercase and can help
your processes along well.

To understand the integer literals, look at

some of these examples:
032uu //illegal: can’t repeat your
suffix
078 //illegal: 8 isn’t considered
an octal digit
Ox_Fell //this one is legal
215 //this one is legal
212 //this one is legal
85 //this one is a decimal
30ul //this one is an unsigned
long
3ol //this one is long
3ou //this one is an unsigned int.
3o //tis one is an int.
Ox4b //this one is a hexadecimal
0213 //this one is an octal
Floating Point Literals

These are parts of the code that will

contain an integer, a decimal point, a
fractional part, and an exponent part.
These can be shown either through the
exponential form or the decimal form.

When you choose to use the decimal

point to represent these literals, you
need to make sure that you are adding in
at least the decimal, although adding in
the exponent is good as well. When you
are representing through the exponential
form, you should include either the
fractional part, the integer part, or both
of them. The signed exponent that you
are using should also be started with
either E or e.

Some of the floating point literals that

you are able to use in your code writing
include:

.e55 //these are illegal because they

are missing the fraction or the integer
21of: //these are illegal because they
don’t have the exponent or the decimal
51oE //these are illegal because they
have an incomplete exponent
314159E-5L //these are legal
3.15159//these are legal

Boolean Literals

The next type of literal that we can

discuss are the Boolean literals. There
are two types that you will be able to
use inside of your C++ code. Basically
the Boolean values are going to be
shown as either true or false. If the
conditions that you set out are true, the
Boolean expression is going to come out
as true. On the other hand, if the
conditions that you set out are not met,
you are going to end up with a condition
that is false. All of the answers when
they are Boolean will come out either
true or false.

Character Literals

When you see a character literal in your

code, you will notice that they are
closed off with single quotes. These can
be simple and use something like ‘x’ to
tell the command or they can be much
longer in length as well. These are basic
things that you are able to add into your
code and can make things much easier to
handle.

String Literals

Another type of literal that you are able

to work with are the string literals.
These are the ones that will be closed
off using a double quote. The string is
going to contain characters that are like
the character literals, including options
like universal, escape sequence, and
plain characters. You can use the string
literal in many ways including to break
up one of your lines into two, and
separating out things to make it easier to
read. Some of the examples of the strings
that you can use include:

hello, Mother"
"hello, \
Mother"
"hello, " "M" "other"
Learning how to use some of these
different parts inside of the C++
programming language will make a big
difference in how well you are able to
use this computer language. Have some
fun and experiment with using them a bit
and you will find that it is easier than
ever to get the results that you want!
Conclusion

Thank you again for purchasing this

book. I hope that it proved to be
informational, but enjoyable. Keep this
book as a guide not only for knowledge,
but inspiration as well. C++ seems like
an intimidating language but the more
you practice it in regularity, by days,
months, and years, you will achieve
complete mastery of this programming
language like with anything else in life. I
ask you not to fret and be anxious and a
problem arise, because there will be
many times in which this will happen.
There are numerous resources out there
for you just waiting to be read of
discovered and it is in your best interest
to do your due diligence in learning,
improving, and enhancing your C++
programming skills to the next level.
Bonus: Brief Hacking
History and Overview

Many people have heard the name C++

but really think nothing of it. If you are
not very technologically versed then you
may think that it is about having a
mediocre letter grade, but that is not the
case.

Believe it or not, C++ is a hacking

language, and while it is not the only one
out there, it is one of the more important
ones because it is versatile and also
easy to use. To learn the most about
C++, you have to know more about the
reason it came about and that would be
hacking.

Hacking

Hacking is not a new concept. For as

long as there has been any type of
technologies around, there have been
people figuring out ways to hack them.
Hacking is the manipulations and/or
interruptions of any technological stream
of data that is being sent from one place
to another. This is done with scripts.
While you can get pre-packaged scripts
online, many people prefer the old
fashioned way of writing their own
scripts, as is gives them more flexibility
to do what the want with the information.
Scripts that come already set up into
packages have limited mobility and are
pretty visible. The goal of a hacker who
truly wants to hack is to remain discreet.
If you are caught, unless you have
permission to be doing what you are
doing, you can get in a heap of trouble.

History of Hacking
Hacking began officially in the 1970s
when teenagers were banned from using
the phone lines because they were trying
to make free calls, and figured out how
to do so. Phone hacking was the biggest
thing, and continued for over a hundred
years. Making calls used to be
expensive, especially when the phone
lines were new, so of course people
were trying to find ways to save money,
and usually it caught up with them. Such
was the case for a man named John
Draper. He was arrested for figuring out
how to make long distance calls simply
by blowing a note into the receiver that
prompted it to make a long distance call
without an operator. You could then
input the number and talk as long as you
wish. Genius, but illegal.

He started a revolution though. A group

of young teens banded together to create
a phone line that hacked the system to
help people make free calls. Once this
spread like wild fire, Steve Jobs
decided to come up with a product that
he could market that hacked the phone
lines and helped people make free calls
by themselves.

Big time computer hacking didn't

actually start until the 1980s. However,
once it began, it spread like wildfire,
and there were a lot of people who
thought that it would be a great idea to
see what all they could do, and how they
could manipulate these computers.

Types of Hacking

There are several different types of

hacking out there. And while the media
portrays all hackers as bad, they are not.
It is not black and white either. While
those are the two most popular groups
when talking about hacking, there are so
many categories in between, that it
would not be beneficial to only talk
about the two that are most known.

The two main categories that all the sub

categories fall between however, are
ethical and unethical hacking.

Ethical hacking is hacking that is used

only for good purposes. There are a lot
of people who have full permissions to
hack into a system, and to find all of the
bugs of the software or hardware.
Ethical hackers are the ones that are
responsible for all of the bug fixes in
your phone, apps, tablets, or computers.
These people are hired by a company to
figure out what is wrong with their
systems, and find the best way to fix it.
These hackers are an essential part of
the hacking community.

If it were not for hackers we would not

have the world wide web, urls or
HTML. Hacking is an important part if
done within the boundaries of ethical
hacking.
Unethical hacking, however, is not
within the realms of hacking that is legal
with current laws. It is hacking for a
malicious purpose. People who hack
bank mainframes and steal people's
credit card and account information and
use it to drain accounts are known as
unethical hacking.

Unethical hacking is the bane of true

hackers existence. These people are the
ones that give the good guys a bad name.
Now to go on to the terms for all
different types of hackers.

White Hat Hackers: These are the

completely ethical hackers. Every
thing that they do is done for good.
They go thru a system, and comb it
down for any bugs, and build
super strong firewalls so that the
systems are safe. They create anti-
malware software.

Black Hat Hacking: This is the

type of hacking that you have to
stay away from. With great power
comes great responsibility. The
great responsibility to not become
prey to the temptation that is black
hat hacking. This type of hacking
can get you in a lot of trouble, and
are immoral. Hacking government
files or even other people’s
privacy can be tempting but will
lead to heavy disciplinary actions.

Grey Hat Hacking: These are the

hackers that sometimes do bad
things for good reasons. Such as
Anonymous. They may hack the
firewall of an sensitive
information file, but they do so to
expose the corruption that is going
on behind the firewall. These
hackers are often treated like
criminals, but in reality, they can
be regarded as heroes depending
on your perspective.

Red Hats: These are the bounty

hunters of the hacking world. They
use their hacking skills to find
illegal hackers, such as black hat
hackers, or grey hats that are doing
bad things that they should not be
doing. They then turn them over to
the feds, so that the illegal hackers
are arrested. There are several
other terms for these hackers, but
they are not very appropriate, so
we shall leave them out.
 Blue Hat Hackers: These are the
blue collar workers of the hacking
world. They sit in a cubicle and
hack away all day to find bugs for
Microsoft or other major
companies. They clock into a nine
to five job that just happens to
involve hacking.

These are the main classifications of

hackers. There are also elite hackers that
spend their entire life becoming the best
hackers that the world has seen, and
green hat hackers who don't really care
about hacking, they just do it for fun.
Hacking can be a very useful tool, and
even become a profession if you go
about it the right way.

Now it is important to note that all of

these hackers are going to work in a
different way, but they are going to use
the same kinds of codes in order to get
the information that they want from other
computers. A black hat hacker is going
to concentrate on getting into the system
and getting the information that they need
to see success while the white hat
hackers are going to work to keep these
hackers off the system. While they are
working in different ways, they are going
to use the same tools and see who will
come out on top in the end.

With that said, you need to be careful

about what you are doing with your
hacking abilities. If you are using them to
get onto a system or a network that you
aren’t allowed to be on, then you could
get into a lot of trouble. While some
people find these vulnerabilities and tell
the company all about them right away, it
is still a legal issue if you are on the
system when you shouldn’t be. The
company you mess with could press
charges so it is always best to just work
within your own network and keep that
safe rather than trying to get onto a
network you don’t belong.

On the other hand, if you are someone

who loves to work in the computer
world and you want to be able to do this
all the time, it may be a good idea to
work as a white hat hacker. There are
many companies that hold onto private
and personal information for their
customers, whether it is hospital
information, credit card information, or
something else. They are always on the
lookout for a black hat hacker who may
try to get into the system and take this
information and a good white hat hacker
can always find the work that they need
helping these companies out.
 Data Analytics:
Practical Data
Analysis and
Statistical Guide to
Transform and
Evolve Any
Business
Leveraging the power of
Data Analytics, Data
Science, and Predictive
Analytics for Beginners

By Isaac D. Cody
Table of Contents

Introduction
Chapter 1: What Are Data
Analytics and Why Every
Business Should Have It

Chapter 2: How to Handle

Large Amounts of Data and
the Benefits of It
Chapter 3: Types of Data
Analytics

Chapter 4: Big Data, Data

Mining, Data Warehousing,
and Data Visualization

Chapter 5: How to Conduct

Data Analysis on Your Own
Business
Chapter 6: How to use Social
Media, Software, and other
Tools to Sustain
Your Business

Conclusion
Preview of this book

Have you ever wanted to use data

analytics to support your business?

With many businesses, data analytics can

save it. It’s a great system to see how
things are going, and you can collect the
information to form conclusions through
this. But how does it work? What are the
nuances of this? Well, that’s where this
book comes in.

In this book, you’ll learn the following:

 - What are data analytics

- The importance of big data

- How to conduct data analytics

- Why a business needs this for

success and prosperity now, and in
the future

With data analytics, you can save your

business, and this book will further
prove to you the importance of this
subject, what it can do for you, and how
you can use data analytics to make your
business shine and grow
Introduction
Hello and thank you for taking the time
to check out this book!

For many of us, we want to improve our

businesses, and we work to find
solutions that give us the option to do
that. However, there is something that
every business should know about, but
it’s not something everyone has
knowledge about.

Data analytics

Data analytics is something that can

make, break, help or harm your business.
If you don’t educate yourself, it could
end up backfiring on you, causing you to
lose your treasured business. Data
analytics tell you what’s really going on,
and what you can use these to your
success. But how do you do that? How
do you use this in your business to tell
you about it?

Well, that’s where this book comes in.

By the end of this book, you’ll know
what you need to know about data
analytics, the ins and outs of it, and how
to utilize the power of data to have a
successful business or any endeavors for
that matter. By the end of this, you’ll
have data analytics at your fingertips,
and you’ll be able to use this
successfully, and have better, more
reliable and sustained results.

I used to never use data analytics, but

soon, I realized just how bad of a
mistake that was. It is a large one, and I
started to feel the effects of it. I’m
writing this book to tell you about data
analytics, why they matter, and the
nuances of this that can literally save
your business now, and into the future.
Copyright 2017 by Isaac D. Cody - All
rights reserved.

This document is geared towards

providing exact and reliable information
in regards to the topic and issue
covered. The publication is sold with
the idea that the publisher is not required
to render accounting, officially
permitted, or otherwise, qualified
services. If advice is necessary, legal or
professional, a practiced individual in
the profession should be ordered.

- From a Declaration of Principles

which was accepted and approved
equally by a Committee of the American
Bar Association and a Committee of
Publishers and Associations.

In no way is it legal to reproduce,

duplicate, or transmit any part of this
document in either electronic means or
in printed format. Recording of this
publication is strictly prohibited and any
storage of this document is not allowed
unless with written permission from the
publisher. All rights reserved.

The information provided herein is

stated to be truthful and consistent, in
that any liability, in terms of inattention
or otherwise, by any usage or abuse of
any policies, processes, or directions
contained within is the solitary and utter
responsibility of the recipient reader.
Under no circumstances will any legal
responsibility or blame be held against
the publisher for any reparation,
damages, or monetary loss due to the
information herein, either directly or
indirectly.

Respective authors own all copyrights

not held by the publisher.

The information herein is offered for

informational purposes solely, and is
universal as so. The presentation of the
information is without contract or any
type of guarantee assurance.

The trademarks that are used are without

any consent, and the publication of the
trademark is without permission or
backing by the trademark owner. All
trademarks and brands within this book
are for clarifying purposes only and are
the owned by the owners themselves, not
affiliated with this document.
Chapter 1: What Are Data
Analytics and Why Every
Business Should Have It

Data analytics is very important, but you

might wonder what it is, and what is so
special about it. Well, this chapter will
go over what it is, why it matters, and
why it is essential for every and any
business.

Data Analytics
Data analytics is a simple idea at the
core of it all. It is looking at raw data to
draw a conclusion about the information.
That means, you’ll have a set of data
here, and it’s used to help show the
company what’s really going on in order
to make better decisions and it allows
you to see if an existing business model
or theory is working. Data analytics is
done to look and analyze what is going
on. We’ll go over the anatomy of how
you get there with this later on, but in
essence, it is basically the use of
software and trends to identify patterns
and to look for hidden relationships.
For example, let’s say that you’re
looking at the amount of items you’ve
sold within the year. Let’s say it was
going great at first, but around June or
July, things start to fizzle out. At first,
you might freak out, but upon further
analysis, you might realize that you put
in a new program, or maybe hired on a
new person to the business. Maybe Joe
Schmo might be causing you more harm
than good, and when you look at his
production, you’ll start to see who is at
fault here in order to handle it
accordingly.

In another sort of situation, maybe sales

started to increase. The wrong thing to
do is to think this is some act of god or
something of that nature. Rather, look at
it from an analytics standpoint. Perhaps,
you cut the costs on a product or got rid
of one product and kept another. These
choices matter, and the purpose of this is
to draw a conclusion based upon the
data at hand.

Data analytics isn’t something new, as

this has been around since the 1950s on
a larger scale in some ways. Many
people use basic analytics to help them
look for various insights and trends, but
there are other larger ways to see where
things might go.
This is key to know where to look and
see where things are heading.
Forecasting is one of the most essential
elements to data analytics. We will go
over this in more detail later in the book.

With data analytics, you can have it at a

holistic level, where you can get the
information, run it through the software,
and then get the information, and from
there, the owner or the person running
the business can make an immediate
decision. It’s important to have this, and
it doesn’t take much to learn it.

Why Businesses need this

It should be fairly obvious as to why a
business would need this, but maybe
explaining it this way may shed some
new light on this topic.

For starters, think about every single

decision you’ve made in a business.
Most of the time, the sound, rational
decisions in a business were backed by
evidence, whether that evidence may be
graphs or the like. Business analytics
allows you to do this. You can look at
the online analytical processing or other
sorts of data and see where things are
going. This will allow you to make
decisions.

If you’re running a consulting firm, and

maybe you’re monitoring how many
clients each consultant takes on, you can
see which employees aren’t fitting the
bill, and who is doing above and
beyond. This in turn will keep toxic and
bad people from getting into the
company, protecting yourself and the
others around you.

In the same vein, maybe you have a

person who is going above and beyond,
who should be promoted and given a
raise because they’re working hard. You
can use this as a basis to promote
people, on the grounds of the statistical
evidence. You can do this in order to
keep morale going. Sometimes, if you
don’t reward the ones doing well, you’ll
end up suffering because the person will
then not work as well, causing issues for
you too.

But also, look at it in other regards as

well. It can even protect you from bad
situations. For example, let’s say that
you’re running a bank or a credit card
service. These companies and
businesses will look at any withdrawal
and spending of a certain person at any
time. If they suddenly see countless
amount of money withdrawn from there,
it actually can be grounds for fraud. This
is why cards will get cancelled, because
they notice the problem and take action.
Think about it, you wouldn’t want to
wake up with a severely negative
balance, would you? This is used for
your own protection, and these
businesses know that.

Furthermore, perhaps you have an

employee that seems fine, but upon data
analysis, you see that they have been
embezzling from you for a bit now. You
can stop this situation from happening to
the point where you catch them before
they blow off the company and you’re
left with nothing.

Now, a business also needs this not just

for protection, but for their products as
well. Let’s say you have an online
business that sells different types of
clothing. Maybe you have the data on all
of the articles of clothing and you see
that some are being sold more than other
products. These data analyses will
allow you to see which products your
customers will buy more or less, and
you can adjust this accordingly so that
you’re not wasting money. In this day
and age, many of these analytics have
dashboards that showcase these data
streams so that you can see them in real
time.

When you get right down to it, it’s

downright essential to have data
analytics. After all, have you ever tried
running a business with no information
on what’s good and bad, no idea on what
will and won’t sell? You don’t. You sit
there wondering why in the world you
don’t have customers, why your business
is failing and why you’re not doing the
best. Plus, it can be used in the other
way as well. It can tell you just what you
need. A business needs this, because it
will showcase to them what they need to
fix before it’s too late. This can utterly
save you, and while you might not have
liked doing this back in high school
during math class, it’s one of the most
important things you can do for your
company.

So, at the bottom of all of this is the

essential notion that you data analytics.
It’s imperative to the survival of your
business. If you refuse to put in the effort
of analyzing your business, then you’re
simply losing out. In the other hand,
properly disseminating data can truly not
only make your business successful, but
also make you stand out from the rest of
your competition.
Chapter 2: How to Handle
Large Amounts of Data and
the Benefits of It

With data analytics, you’ll be looking at

the various amounts of data, and it seems
terrifying at first. You might wonder
what you should do in this case, and how
to handle it. Well, this chapter will go
over how you can handle these large
amounts of data, and how you can use
this to benefit from it.
Handling the Data

With small businesses, it might not be as

bad, but with large businesses, you might
start to wonder how you’re going to
handle something so immense. Well, you
got a few options, and these are essential
to your understanding of data analytics,
and in turn it can save your bacon in
terms of understanding and using this for
your own personal success.

- Online analytical processing:

this is referred to as OLAP, and
this is a computer processing
software that allows the user to get
data from different points of view.
For example, you can have the
data analyzed on a spreadsheet in
one case to look at the revenue of
one product in comparison to
another. OLAP software is a
multidimensional database, and
this will consider every single
data attributed as something else.
You can look at this from a grand
level, such all of the products that
you have sold in specific regions
in order to display them. These
can be used on a much broader
scale in order to find out various
facets of it.
- Real-time analytics: This is
essentially taking all of the
available data at the time and
looking at it immediately. For
example, this will give you all of
the sales for the day based on the
data entered into the system. It will
also be based by the hour and by
the minute depending on what
interval is most needed to you.
This is definitely great if you want
to know how things are doing in
real time and this is essential for
any sort of data that is volatile in
their nature. If you’re doing
anything with investment, real-time
analytics is important to have in
order to be successful with this. A
good example of this being used is
in customer relations management
that can tell you about of the
customers are and the interaction
and how they’re actually feeling
about the services rendered to
them in order to precut whether or
not you can fix the issue with
certain people, or if there is
anything to fix at all.

- Dynamic analysis: Dynamic

analysis is an offline version of
looking through the data as it
changes over time. This is used to
debug programs and allows you to
create situations in order to
produce either errors or
corrections. This type of analysis
allows you to forecast specific
needs of your business. By doing
this, you can presumably reduce
the cost of the testing and the
maintenance of something. It can
also look for the unnecessary parts
of your business, and makes sure
that it’s tested properly in a given
amount of time. Because it is
offline, you would need prior data
to use this type of analysis.
However, you can run this
simultaneously with real time, and
essentially dynamic analysis takes
the data that is there, changes it so
that it can be used for future usage.

- Statistical analysis: This type

of analysis involves collecting and
disseminating every data from
every sample set. Simple
statistical analyses consist of
graphs, charts, and anything that
has visual aspects of statistics. It
also includes the measures of
average, location, skews,
variance, and standard deviations.
These are essential in analyzing in
sort of information and are one that
most adults are aware of. Many
statistical packages will include
type of analysis already. Excel is
one of the most used and basic
software for statistical analyses.
However, it does lack advance
statistical analyses like
multivariates, statistical errors, in
depth hypothesis testing,
associations, test statistics, and
other correlational evidence.
Though these are more complex
and advanced type of statistics, a
good software to have in analyzing
your business is SPSS.

- Predictive analysis: After all

the data has been collected, it’s
simply used to predict something
 in the future. This in turn will
allow you to see what needs to be
fixed, and from there, you can
determine the idea of where things
will go at this point. This branch
of analytics includes data mining,
modeling, machine learning, and
artificial intelligence to analyze
and scrutinize current data to make
predictions about the future.
Chapter 4 touches upon this
subject.

The Process of Handling

When handling large amounts of data,
you’ll easily get overwhelmed. It’s
obvious how this is, and in general, it’s
best if you get software for this to asset
you. That’ll be discussed in detail later,
but this section will go over how to
handle this when it hits you.

First, is to be calm. The sheer amount of

this is enough to make anyone go mad.
But you shouldn’t get frustrated. Instead,
you should take everything that you’re
reading, analyze it, determine what to do
with it next, and then go from there.
Don’t overwhelm yourself, because it’ll
just hurt you later on. Take everything
with a grain of salt and ask yourself,
“how will all this data benefit me?”
Take the statistics of those that are the
most important first. We’ll go over the
data that is most important and see
where that leads to. You should look this
over, see how things are changing with
the company, and then go from there.

Make sure to visualize this data. Get

graphs and charts out so you can see this.
Numbers do communicate some aspects
of this, but don’t let that be the defining
point of it all. Instead, let that be a part
of this, and from there, you can go over
what you should do as a result of this
newfound information.
If you see that there is something going
on, don’t despair, but instead, take what
you see, get it written down, and handle
that. Remember, these statistics do
change. You’re the one who changes
them. It won’t magically happen by
looking at it, you’ve got to do something
about it. Even if it means firing a bad
employee or getting rid of a product that
you’ve been selling, it does make all the
difference.

Make sure to pay attention to these

numbers and look to compare, not just
recently, but far back. A common
problem with those who handle large
amounts of data, is they will only look at
the temporary instead of the long term. If
you do that however, you will not get to
the level, or beyond the level that you
are in right now. Extrapolate data from
days ago, weeks ago, but more
importantly, extrapolate data from years
ago. Many businesses do not see how
important it is to do this. You’ll be stuck
in that range if you look at data from a
short time period, so make sure that you
have the whole picture painted for you
before you make a decision.

When you’re analyzing this, get someone

else to help you, such as an assistant or
someone who knows how to read the
charts. You’ll thank yourself later,
because for one, this can be
overwhelming. Plus, sometimes having
the second person there can be essential.
It can tell you whether or not the
decision that you’re about to make is the
best thing to do, and if you should go
through with the actions at hand. It could
save your business if you look at it in
that way, and you’ll feel better about it
too. Plus, sometimes having someone
else there will help fester new ideas, so
if you want to take a different approach
to a problem in your business, hiring
someone else like a statistician or a data
analyst is definitely worth investing.

Benefits of Handling data analytics

yourself

It is apparent that there are many benefits

to handling these large amounts of data,
but did you know the extent of this? This
chapter will go over the bigger picture,
the reason as to why you need to become
comfortable with the parts of collecting
the data you need and looking at it to
form a conclusion, for it can save your
business.

- It’ll accelerate the time that it

takes and you will make faster
decision-making. What many
people don’t realize is that many
times, decision-making falls upon
making some decisions not based
on facts. That’s wrong, and
instead, you need to do this based
off the information that you have at
hand. It’ll allow for better, more
smarter decisions that will impact
the business. Of course, the biggest
problems many analyst go thru is
using the data at hand or using your
gut feeling. Inevitably you’re going
to have to make decision based on
your instincts but at the same time,
a savvy business man or woman
will make those gut decision after
the data has been analyzed.
- It’ll optimize the business to
best suit your needs. You might not
be running at the peak efficiency of
the business, and sometimes, even
the smallest changes will make a
difference. Make sure that your
business is optimized for success
so that you’re not sitting there
scratching your head as you
wonder why your business
revenue is down and why
production is lacking. Remember,
you’re the one who makes the
difference in the big picture.

- Increasing personal efficiency

is another major benefit. Let’s face
it, we can all get more efficient in
life. We could all do better, but
what if we managed to make
ourselves better? By tackling this
and looking at the big picture, you
can make a difference, and it does
show itself with time. Make sure
that you’re working towards
success and efficiency as well,
and don’t sit around dawdling on
the small stuff instead of doing
something good for yourself. One
of the best advice for any business
owner is assign someone to do the
minuscule task of small data
management and allow yourself to
make those big decisions.
- Getting new revenue and
driving in various new revenue
sources can be a major benefit to
this. Sometimes with data
analytics, we might end up
discovering a whole new line of
income we didn’t know about
before, and it does make a
difference. Some people might
have missed that one revenue
source of place that they weren’t
viewing before, and they could
end up screwing themselves over
because of this.

- You can also improve the

competitiveness over other
business rivals. Some businesses
do use this, but some do not, and
that is a fatal mistake. Some
people won’t catch their issues or
see the benefits until it’s too late.
They go around thinking that
everything is fine, when in
essence, they’re in denial. Always
tackle problems head on. It’s easy
to let problems slide but a good
businessperson will not let any
stone unturned. Analyze everything
and find out the problem. Once you
solve, you’ll thank yourself later in
the future for that one small
problem may have turned into
something that is unmanageable in
the future.
- It helps as well to showcase
business problems. Sometimes
some of these problems might be
eating away at the business, but if
you look at this, seeing the large
amounts of data that are going on,
you’ll see the difference it does
make, and you’ll be able to see
that the business problems that
will be addressed because of this.
It can really help showcase major
issues and allow you to see just
what in the world is going on as
well.
Chapter 3: Types of Data
Analytics

With data analytics, it's important to

understand that some types of data
analytics are not the same as others.
Remember, that this big data can help
with fraud detection as said before, the
competitive analysis on a complex level,
optimizing various structures such as
call centers, seeing customers feel on a
real-time level, improving the traffic
management of various intelligence, and
also to even help manage other such
items. All of these things can be used
with data analytics, and big data is
definitely something that you need in
order to help you fully understand your
business.

But did you know that there are types of

data analytics underneath all of this.
There are various factors that are part of
both, and it’s important to realize just
what they are, the versions of this, and
examples of their use. You don’t want to
let things go by the wayside when trying
to understand something. This chapter
will go over the four major types of big
data analytics, and also some of the
factors of what they entail, along with
examples on how these fit into the real
world, and how they’re used.
Three Factors

Now all big data analytics does have

three various parts to these, and these
are what make up big data and data
analytics.

The first is volume. You will see with

big data that it’s hard to handle all of this
at once. That’s why you’re given various
different types of data analytics, and
you’ll be able to use these for various
potions. With smaller businesses
sometimes this concept of volume does
come in, but as your business tends to
grow and shape itself, you’ll see that this
element of volume does play a part. Too
little volume doesn’t show much of a
change, but too much can really be a
problem for you. That’s why with big
data analytics, and data analytics in
general, you must take into account the
volume of things.

Then there is the velocity. This is how

fast the data is flowing in and out. Now
some places might have data analytics
that are easy to see, since the data is
moving at a speed comfortable for a
human’s pace. But, in certain other
cases, like in the case with a call center
or an electric company’s power grid,
you’ll notice that the data moves
unbearably fast. Big-time companies
need to watch this section of data
analytics like a hawk, because while you
can certainly sift through the big stuff,
but becomes problematic over time if
you don’t manage the speed of this, and
that’s why it’s a major factor in the way
the business is conducted at the core.

Then there is the variety. The variety is

the difference in handling the big data.
With smaller companies, it’s all pretty
cut and narrow, with very little
difference but as you start to grow, you
will start to develop departments, and
various other functions. These
departments and the like will have
functions under that which need to be
measured. For example take a look at
AT&T and the traffic they possess, and
see if there is a way for them to handle
all of that without big data analytics?
There isn’t, and that’s why it’s important
to realize that you do need this in order
to help you make sure that you get the
most results from this. So you need big
data analytics to see just from the sheer
variety of them all, and you’ll see why
this is important and ties into the other
two when we go over the four types.

Four Types of Data Analytics

From what you saw earlier, big data
basically is what you use to manage the
organization effectively. You need to
make sure that the analytics are put in as
well, and you need these analytics to
have a place in the company, because if
you don’t, you won’t be able to see the
hidden patterns or anything that is wrong
along with the relationships of various
elements. But with this, you need to
know of the various types as well, and
that’s what will come next.

- Descriptive: Descriptive
analytics was described earlier in
the chapter. Essentially, this is the
type of data analytics that is said
to be based upon what’s happening
now with the data that is coming
in. Typically, to look for this type
of analytics, you will use a
dashboard that displays all of this
data. Location of averages, ranges,
standard deviation are some of the
basic descriptive statistics and
analytics that are covered in this
topic.

- Diagnostic: This is the type of

data analytics that will look to past
performance and will tell you
what was going on, why that was,
and the result of it. The question
this type of analytic asks is, “Why
did it happen?”

- Prescriptive: Prescriptive
analytics will tell you when it’s
time to take action. Now, this is
the most important one of them all,
because this is the data analytics
that will tell you what needs to be
done next, and it’s sort of what
will determine the next step of the
company. This is the type of data
analytics that either lets the
company go under, or will let the
company spring forward as a
result.

- Predictive: this is more of a

prediction of what’s going on in
order to determine the future
course of action and the scenarios
that might happen as a result of
this. This is a sort of predictive
forecast is important because it
tells you what to do and where to
go before you begin with changing
or starting things up in your
business.
Examples of These Analytics
A big part of understanding data
analytics is not just reading about I, but
seeing examples of it. This chapter will
discuss each of the various types of data
analytics, and how they’re used in big
businesses.

Prescriptive analytics, as said before,

are the most valuable, but it’s not the
most used. For example, only 13% of the
organizations reporting on this type of
data analytics use predictive, but only
3% are using prescriptive.
For example, many people like to use
this to predict what’s going on, but the
prescription of the correct action can
make a difference. When you have big
data analytics that talks about a certain
subject, these prescriptive analytics will
give you a focus on the various
questions. Let’s take for example the
health care industry, and you’re working
on the hospital’s analytics based on the
sick people that are coming in. Maybe
you want to manage the amount of obese
person cases to see how you can work
on focusing the treatment. You can look
at the various types, such as bad
cholesterol, diabetes, or other disorders,
and you should use this to focus on the
type of treatments they should take.
Maybe you want to go over the problems
with inner-city youth as well. You can
use prescriptive analytics to give you a
bright picture on what is going on.

Predictive analytics are used for the past

patterns that have come up with the
purpose to predict the future. For
example, you can use predictive
analytics to use for sales lead scores.
Some companies can use this to see
where the best sorts of sales leads come
from, and you can use this for the entire
sales process, such as the amount and
types of communications, the presence of
social media, and other such factors.
Predictive analytics is helpful to bolster
up the sales and to support them so that
they get better, improve the marketing
that is going on, and improve sales
forecasts as well.

Diagnostic analytics is used to see why

something happened. This is important
especially when you start to have big
changes. For example, let’s say that you
have a social media campaign going on
within Facebook. You might start to see
a spring up in numbers, and you might
wonder why. Well, if you use diagnostic
analysis, you can see the posts,
followers, various mentions, the types of
fans, how many people viewed the page,
any sorts of reviews, any sorts of
favoring, and other such things. You
might start to see a whole lot of various
mentions, but sometimes that one sort of
mention might be what caused the whole
situation to progress, and that’s why as a
social media manager, it can be improve
to have this going on.

Finally there is descriptive analytics,

and this is basically the lowest one on
the data value chain. This is basically
getting the information in order to look
for various patterns in order to give
insight to this sort of thing. For example,
you can look at a person’s credit history
to see the credit risk of them before you
allow them to get money out of you.
Maybe you look through the background
of a person before hiring, in order to see
what they were like beforehand. These
are important, and if you have this, you
can sometimes use it to build onto the
other three types of analytics.

Understanding big data analytics adds a

ton of value towards your business. In a
sense, it does tell a story, because it will
reduce a lot of complexities to actual
actionable items in order to help you
make better business decisions. If you
know how to use this, then you can
increase your business by tenfold.
Chapter 4: Big Data, Data
Mining, Data Warehousing,
and Data Visualization

Now that you know a bit about what data

analytics are and the nuances of them,
it’s time to go over the other parts of
this, such as how it’s used, and other
such factors. This chapter will go over a
few concepts, and it’ll help you
understand how this is used in a
company.

Big Data
The first thing to go over is big data. Big
data, as sad before, is data that doesn’t
have a small amount. It spans over a ton
of various areas, and that’s what data
analytics does with it. With big data,
you’re looking at a much bigger picture
than you expect it to be.

Big data can sometimes be big in the

sheer volume of it all. If you take for
example a call center, you will see how
big that data is. The call center is a
large sort of structure, with many people
working within it, and because of how
big it is, there needs to be a way to look
over the data.
Big data helps larger companies make
the correct decisions when it comes to
future endeavors. It’s sort of a security
against wrongly-made decisions, and
sometimes, when you have a large
amount, you’re able to pinpoint the
patterns of things, seeing how various
smaller patterns affect the larger ones at
time. You’ll be able to see the various
transactions and everything that goes
along with it in order to form a rightful
conclusion as a result.

Big data is really what you use to collect

it, and you need to use data mining in
order to find everything that you need to
find.

Data mining

Now, since you have all of this data

there for you, sometimes you need to
find what you’re looking for. Remember,
not all data is made equally, especially
in the realm of looking at big data. You
don’t necessarily need the data from
everything right there in front of you, but
you need some sort of semblance of
understanding of it, and you need
realistic data to discuss what to do next.
This is where data mining comes in. in
essence, data mining is looking at
various types of data from different sort
of sources and perspectives and then
putting into summary the information that
is seemed useful to the business. In
essence, this is the data that will
increase the revenue of the business,
reduce the costs that you have, or even
sometimes both. Often, data mining is
done with software and other analytical
tools that can be used to find the data.
This will allow users to look at data
from different types of angles, put it into
categories, and then put in summary the
relationships that you see. In essence,
data mining is looking for correlations
and patterns in their larger databases.

So, you have all of this information here,

correct? You will see that this
technology is much more powerful, and
with the aid of computers, it’s able to
soft through many different scanners and
such, and you can look at the processing
of order in order to see what is working
to increase the revenue of the business,
and what is working to hurt the business
as a result.

With data mining, you’ll be able to get

the data from various resources, allow
yourself to look at various internal
factors that you might o tee at the onset,
and you’ll be able to change things or
leave them the same, which in turn can
have a significant impact on the sales of
such items, the satisfaction of a
customer, and even profits in a sense. At
the end of it, you’re pretty much putting
everything there into summary and
various transactional segments in order
to make sure that you have the right
ideas. For example, various video rent
services can change up the database in
order to get more rentals that will
increase the amount of customers
renting. In a sense, this takes the big
data as talked about before, sifts through
it, and with the powerful software, you
get a full and cohesive idea on what
exactly you’re going for, and the results
of it as well. Remember, that data
mining is definitely the link between the
transactions and the systems, and it will
look for those relationships based on the
transactions in order for form an
analytical conclusion thus from these
relationships.

Data warehouse

Now, once you have all of that data, you

need to figure out where it’s supposed to
go, right? Well, there is an option for you
to find this, and in essence, it’s a
software known as the data warehouse.
This is a system that is used when you
have a data analysis, and in a sense, it’s
where all of the information is stored
when going through various data
analysis. This is another major
component of business intelligence, and
for a good reason.

A data warehouse is a group of

repositories that are putting data into
different areas from sources that aren’t
always the same. This takes for example
various historical data and even some
data on recent events in order to create a
good, analytical report for those what
are working in the business. For
example, it will take the quarterly
comparisons that a business might have,
and then put the trends up next to the
detailed sales analysis done daily. From
there, you can take the information from
the data warehouse, and the current
information you’ve gotten from mining,
and you’ll be able to use this in order to
form connections.

Now, the data warehouse is essentially

uploaded onto the computer from the
various operational systems. The
marketing, sales, and the rest of the
important facets of the business will
soon be integrated into there. The data
will then go towards a sort of
operational data store in order to go to
the data warehouse in order to report it
later on.

Now, what this will do is that it’ll take

the data from various sources into one
database in order to present data, and
along with that it’ll help with the
problem of database isolation contention
with the transitions. This will be able to
allow the transactions to still happen
despite it all.

Also, look at it in a sort of data history

sense. If you really need to go back, you
can look at it. This will also help
because sometimes the transactions
systems might not have the data that you
need, and you might have to do some
digging. It saves the time and you’ll be
able to look for this easily, and without
fail.

It also works to help improve the data

quality. Often, when you’re going
through a lot of data, there are some bad
data that comes about, and sometimes the
codes and descriptions are off.
However, with a data warehouse, you’ll
be able to have all of that consistently
put into there, and there is anything
wrong with it, you’ll be able to fix some
of the bad data and even take it down.
From there, you can then present this in a
more consistent manner, and then change
up the structure in order to make it easier
to the various users of the business. A
data warehouse, from there, will allow
you to make various decisions and
queries about various facets of this much
easier, and over time, you’ll be able to
take the receptacle of this useful
information, put it all out there nicely,
and from there, form a good, cohesive
decision one very thing that you will do
with it.

Data warehousing is very important with

a big data situation, because it’ll allow
you to make it easier on yourself, make it
easier on others, and you’ll be able to
take all of this and have a good idea of
where it all fits much easier.

Data Visualization

Now, this is sort of the final picture and

part of all of this. This is data
visualization. In essence, when you’re
dealing with big data, the sheer amount
and velocity of it, not to mention the fact
that it can be all over the place, can
make you feel like you’re going mad.
Well, if you feel confusion when looking
at all of those numbers, wouldn’t it make
sense to visualize them? The best thing
to do is to use data visualization, which
is the display graphically of various
abstract information for two different
reasons. It’s used to help you make sense
of various patterns and other elements
for one, which is called data analysis,
and the other reason is communication to
others. If you want to get something done
and fixed up, you’ve got to communicate
this effectively, and that’s where data
visualization comes in. Many
companies will live off of this data, and
for many people, the data visualization
will allow you to understand what is
going on, along with understanding how
to present them to other people. The
information is abstract, because it is
statistics and not physical things. Sure,
statistics might represent physical
products or information, but it’s really a
statistic and some numbers at the bottom
of it all. These visualizations really
work for anything, such as sales,
performance, or the like, and when it
doesn’t pertain to the physical world,
these can still be used, because it’ll give
form to something that doesn’t have any
form. Many of these will translate form
abstract to visual through the visuals
given to yourself. You can look at the
designs of these as well.

Typically, these are measured in graphs

more than anything. As said, a picture is
worth over 1000 words, and that is the
case with this. You can look at this, and
you will start to see the way things
change.

Now, you could look at these numbers

without it. I don’t recommend it very
well, but sometimes, you just need to
look at an actual representation in order
to fully comprehend that. Big data uses
these visuals, and often they are a graph
with some statistics point, and from
there, you’ll be able to see the various
values that are contained within this, and
from there, you’ll see the trends
necessary within this, which will allow
you to be more successful with this.
In essence, the visualization is the final
step in this before making the decisions.
It’s what will showcase the data in order
to improve the conditions, and it’s what
you need in order to be successful.

Now, data mining and the other parts of

big data are used altogether in order to
effectively create the picture that you’re
looking for. This chapter allowed you to
see the ways these all worked together,
and how they can continue to work
together in order to form great and
understanding sorts of situations for you
to use with data analysis as well.
Chapter 5: How to Conduct
Data Analysis on Your Own
Business

Now that you know of data analysis and

what it’s all about, it’s time to go over
how to do it yourself on your own
business. Now, you probably won’t need
to use a big software to do this. After
all, we’re not going after big data as of
yet, but this chapter will go over how to
do it in order to be successful in a step-
by-step fashion
1) Get an electronic
database and organize your
data. The best resource to use
this for is Microsoft Excel. This
will allow you to work in a
new file that you can edit. You
should copy the data into there.
Don’t do this in the master file
because this could cause
possible corruption while
analyzing. You can then
organize all of the data into
there, along with using filters to
make it easier for you to see the
difference. You should make
sure that you take your time
with this, because the last thing
you want to do is to put it in the
wrong places.
2) Now, you will then
need to code your text
responses with numbers. What
this means is that for some
answers, you will need to code
these into various numbers
before you analyze it. You can
develop your own coding for
this, based on the formation that
you get with the data. For
example, let’s say you’re
analyzing sales data. You have
three products. Assign number
one to the first product, two to
the second, and three to the
third.
3) Once that’s done, start
to create a good system to
group it all. If you’re working
with actual human responses,
which you might be, or maybe
just products, you might want to
protect the confidentiality by
putting some numbers or letter
by this. You should try to keep
all of the groups on separate
various sheets within the
document, or in different
columns and rows if you’re
using the same sheet. You
should make sure that the
people or items are rightfully
grouped together before you
analyze.
4) At this point, check it
all for mistakes. Sometimes,
when you’re putting data in and
copying various items, you
might not check the master file.
You should do this periodically,
because it’s not unheard of that
some people mix up numbers or
put them in the wrong place,
and if that happens, your data
becomes useless. Don’t do that,
and instead check it before you
move on.
5) Now, you can compare
the various tests by doing a t-
test. These are typically used to
compare the averages of these
samples. You have a sample
test to determine what to do in
order to see where it falls in the
value. You can use a two-
sample t-test in order to test that
the groups are different. For
example, you can use the one-
sample in product
manufacturing in order to see
the values so you can see the
difference, but if you’re doing a
clinical study, try out a two-
sample t-test.
6) You can now use
ANOVA in order to look at the
various results of the groups in
order to compare the means of
these groups. It’s typically used
in biomedical, but it’s good for
any sort of group. If you’re
using a one-way ANOVA, you
might use that to compare the
means of many groups to the
control group. You can use the
two-way ANOVA in order to
compare the different means
between various groups. This
can be used if you have a
various product with different
variables, or maybe you’re
looking at the performance and
hours of various workers in
comparison to the results of the
company for that week.
7) You can now use
linear regression in order to see
the variation in the dependent
variable, which is what
basically another relies on.
The test is used to check out the
strength between both of these
variables, much as maybe if you
were looking at the speed of a
sale to the speed of getting a
product out, and in that case you
would choose to use linear
regression for this.
8) From this point, you
use ANCOVA in order to
compare the relationships of the
two various groups to the same
variable that you have out. This
will allow you to control the
difference of the variation
between the independent
variable and both of the
groups. You can check to see if
the two groups of products had
the same sales rates at the
different times with this. You’ll
have to use two different linear
regression lines to look at it, so
make sure that you keep that
before you continue on.
9) Now, you can check
out other sorts of data
collecting sight, such as OHLP
and other sorts of statistical
collecting sites that can assist
you. There are a lot of tests out
there, and while there are some
common ones, there are
variations of these tests that
might be best for your data. You
should look online or for other
sorts of software to help with
this.
10) Next, you define the
research questions. You should
never lose focus of the study
that you’re doing or the
analysis, and you should make
sure that you stick to the
research that you’re given and
the variables of this. You
should make sure that you
collect the right data that will
answer your questions, and you
will start to see the answers as
you work with this.
11) At this point as well,
it might be best to get that other
person in. Now, with big data
statistics, these get very
complicated, very fast,
especially if the data sets are
huge and unchanging. With a
dashboard of these, you’ll be
getting them in real time, and
make sure that you do talk with
someone who knows of the stats
and have a consolation before
you continue so that you can
make sure that you make the
correct decision of this. You
should look to see if you need
to change things, if one area
was overlooked, or the like,
because you don’t want to make
the incorrect decision which
could cost it all for you.
12) Now, from here, you
can then implement the action.
Chose the action that you’ve
done based off of the analysis,
whether it be taking out a
product, implementing a new
sales campaign, or firing
someone. From there, you
should then run the test to see
how things go.
13) Now, you can then
come back to this, put in the
new data into the data
warehouse, take the past data,
compare it, and from there,
make further decisions.
Sometimes, you can even work
on more data and graphs in
order to have a better visual
representation of things and to
have quality figures for this.
You should make sure that you
have all of these there before
you make the final call so you
do make the best decision
possible.
14) You should make sure
that if you come across data that
is similar, that you group it
together. If you don’t, you might
end up overlooking it, so do
take the time to get this started
out.
15) From here, you can
 call on other software and tests
as necessary, but it’s not
necessarily the case. Just
continue to watch the patterns
and trends, make models of the
regression of these various
points, and from there, continue
to make a decision on what to
do with the data at hand.
With various big data and the analysis of
tit, it can be quite hard to get a grip on it.
However, this chapter showed you a bit
more on how you go about utilizing big
data in order to be efficient with it, and
how to use it for your own personal
success and well-being.
Chapter 6: How to use
Social Media, Software, and
other Tools to Sustain Your
Business
Now that you know a bit about big data
and how to conduct a data analysis, it’s
time to talk about other forms of help
you have. There is software, and there is
also the form of social media and other
tools. This chapter will go over what
they are, how they can help, and when to
use them.

Software for Success

If you’re looking to get into major detail
on the type of data you’re looking at,
consider checking out software. There
are a lot of software options at the
forefront, and it’s imperative to make
sure that you do look at these options as
well. This section will go over but a few
of the software options that you can
check out for big data collection.

- NCA calculator and Software:

this is a free calculator and
package in order to help you to
calculate necessary conditions that
are present within datasets,
although they might not be
sufficient. The software is an R
package that is used for this. Both
of these are great to help you with
conditions that might be present,
but haven’t been discussed.
- Data applied: this is an online
data mining and isolation type of
software. This is good for when
you don’t feel like doing the
calculations yourself, so you let
this software mine if for you, and
from there, it’ll display the
visuals.
- DataMelt: this is a java-based
framework with a community of
developers that will give a
multiplatform sort of data analysis
of the information that is given.
- ELKI: this is another data
mining sort of framework that is
also Java supported that contains
data-mining visuals and the
functions that go with this.
- KNIME: this is the Konstanz
Information Miner. This is a user-
friendly sort of comprehensive
data-analysis framework that will
allow you to perform data
analytics in order to find various
issues.
- MEPX: this is a tool that is
cross-platform that will allow you
to use it for regression and various
class problems
- Orange: this is a visual
programming sort of tool that gives
you interactive data visual ions so
you can look at the information
provided there along with ways to
analyze statistical data, various
data mining, and various learning
of machines.
- QSoas: this is a command-
driven program that is used for
analyzing various data in order to
remove the noise, correct the
baseline, fit the data within global
solutions, and to use the
differential equations of various
schemes involving kinetics, and
more of this. There are binaries
available for this as well that
work for Mac and Windows if you
so want this.
- R: this is a program that is a
language software as well that is
used to compute various statistics
in computing, along with various
graphical tools.
- ROOT: this is a C++ data
analysis framework that was
developed by CERN
- Dotplot: this is a visual
designer that is cloud based and
works on the cloud drive in order
to create analytic and visual
models of the data presented to
this sort of thing.
- DevInfo: this is a database that
 was supported by the UNDG that
is used to look at and check out
human development. This is a
great sort of data analytics
software and tool that can be used
in order to help those look over
the various facets of human
development

All of these software and tools that you

see here can be put into the computer in
order to help with analyzing data. By
using this, you’ll facilitate the ability to
look for plausible solutions to various
problems, and from thee, you’ll be able
to formulate the solutions that are
necessary in order to help generate
better results from the statistical analysis
that is coming about.

Now, with software, you have to make

sure that it’s strong enough to put on the
computer. You should make sure that
your computer has the power to run this
sort of thing, and if not, you get a
computer that can. Through data
analytics and the tools mentioned here, it
could help you figure out what you need.
This software is all free, so you don’t
have to pay for it, and from there you’ll
be able to determine what sort of results
you get from this type of analysis.

With tools, really the tools were listed in

here, but if you have any Moe sort of
data calculation tools that you discover,
those are always good. Tools really just
help in the overall data coverage, and in
general they’re a good source to have if
you’re looking to father understand the
various nuances of a company or a set of
statistics that you see and want to learn
more about.

Social Media
Social media is another major part of
building a business these days, not just
because of the fact that everything is all
out there, but also because of the
analytics that go along with this. Social
media is used these days in order to
perform data analytics, and there are a
few reasons why.

For starters, you have all of the

information on every single thing that
you post on social media right there.
Now, the products and such might be
fine, but if you’re really looking to see
the progress of your company, you check
out the analytics.

With data analytics, you will be able to

look at the traffic and performance from
your page over the last month or so. You
can look in general at the performance
that you are presenting, and you can see
whether or not things have gotten better
or worse. You can see just how many
people you are reaching with the page
that you have, along with how many have
clicked on various ads and such, and
how many have agreed to follow you.
These statistics might not mean much,
but they can.

For example, if you get a specific sort of

mention from someone, and let’s say that
the mention alone got you say, twenty
followers, you will realize from this that
the correct course of action is to keep
working with that person. Perhaps you
took on a new person that is representing
your company in showcasing of
products, or a new model for your
clothing brand. If you do that, and let’s
say that thing start to jump all of a
sudden, you’ll be able to look at the
data, see where it came from, any other
sorts of variables and factors, and from
there, continue on with the successful
actions. In essence, this will allow you
to continue on with those successful
actions that are obviously creating
something good for yourself, and for
other people as well.

With social media, it’ll give you the

chance to really do an in-depth analysis,
and in many case, you can even go back,
I knew with Facebook in particular,
you’ll be able to go back at least a few
months, up to year, to see how the page
has progressed, and how things have
gotten better. At the end of it all, it can
certainly be something that can help you
out, and by then, you’ll be able to really
have a much better experience with this.

With social media and all of these other

tools, looking at your business and
actually changing it using analytics has
never been easier. For some people, it
might be rocky at first but once you start
to do the full analysis, looking over just
what you’re getting out of this, and doing
something about it, you’ll be able to
have way more success with this, now
and into the future as well as other sorts
of social media endeavors too.
Conclusion

Thank you again for downloading this

book!

I hope this book was able to help you to

see the power of data analytics and see
just what you can get out of this. Data
analytics is pretty mind-blowing at the
end of it all, and you’ll learn quite a bit
about it from this book. This book is the
beginning of it all, where you’ll be able
to start on your adventure with data
analytics. It’s important to know this,
because often, it can lead to many
different factors, one of them being the
very future and success of your business.
So yes, data analytics is very important
for that, and if you’re a business owner
looking to fortify your business and the
success that you know will hold true,
this is what you need to have.

The next step is to work on getting your

data analytics together. First, you need
to start collecting the data that you have,
mining it from all of the various facets of
the company. Work on keeping it
together, and form there, you can create
the visuals that are necessary for you to
showcase the data that you have. You
will soon notice the trends, what’s been
going on, what’s been wrong, and even
how to fix them. Sometimes the most
shocking things can be learning the truth
about your company and the fact that it’s
not doing well. Even so though, data
analytics will help you blow right on
past that, and you’ll be able to be much
more successful as a result of everything
that you’ve learned from this, and the
results that you’ve obtained.

Finally, if you enjoyed this book, then

I’d like to ask you for a favor, would you
be kind enough to leave a review for this
book on Amazon? It’d be greatly
appreciated!
Thank you and good luck!
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About the Author
Isaac D. Cody is a proud,
savvy, and ethical hacker from
New York City. Currently,
Isaac now works for a mid-
size Informational Technology
Firm in the heart of NYC. He
aspires to work for the United
States government as a
security hacker, but also loves
teaching others about the
future of technology. Isaac
firmly believes that the future
will heavily rely computer
"geeks" for both security and
the successes of companies
and future jobs alike. In his
spare time, he loves to analyze
and scrutinize everything
about the game of basketball.