1. Define ES6.

----------1M—-----
ES6, also known as ECMAScript 2015, is a major update to the JavaScript language, introducing significant
enhancements and new features.
2. Define let and const keywords.
The let keyword is used to declare variables that are block-scoped, allowing them to be limited in scope to the block,
statement, or expression in which they are defined. The const keyword is similar to let, but it creates a constant
whose value cannot be reassigned.
3. Discuss spread operator in ES6.
The spread operator (...) in ES6 allows an iterable (like an array or a string) to be expanded into individual elements.
It's commonly used in array literals or function calls to spread elements.
4. Describe TypeScript ?
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static typing and other features to the language. It allows developers
to write and maintain large-scale JavaScript applications more easily by catching errors early in the development
process and providing enhanced tooling support.
5. How many ways can we declare variables in TypeScript?
In TypeScript, variables can be declared using the var, let, or const keywords, similar to JavaScript. Additionally,
TypeScript introduces type annotations, allowing variables to be explicitly typed using syntax like let variableName:
type = value;. This provides more clarity and robustness to the codebase.
6. Define Scope in AngularJS.
Scope in AngularJS refers to the context in which data is available to the templates. It acts as a glue between the
controller and the view, holding the data that the view displays and the functions that manipulate the data. Scopes
form a hierarchical structure, allowing data to be inherited and shared among different parts of the application.
7. Define AngularJS and what are its key features?
AngularJS is a JavaScript framework developed by Google for building dynamic web applications. Its key features
include:
Two-way data binding: Allows automatic synchronization of data between the model and the view.
Dependency injection: Facilitates the development of modular and maintainable code by injecting dependencies
into components.
Directives: Extends HTML with custom attributes and elements, enabling the creation of reusable UI components.
MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) architecture: Separates the concerns of the application into different layers for
easier maintenance and testing.
Templating: Provides a powerful templating engine for dynamically generating HTML content based on data.
8. Define $scope in AngularJS.
In AngularJS, $scope is an object that serves as the context for the application's data. It is a JavaScript object that
binds the view (HTML) with the model (JavaScript objects). Controllers in AngularJS use the $scope object to expose
data and functions to the view.
9. Define $rootscope in AngularJS.
$rootScope in AngularJS is the parent scope for all other scopes in the AngularJS application. It acts as the global
scope and is available throughout the entire application. Variables or functions defined on $rootScope can be
accessed by any scope that inherits from it. However, it's recommended to minimize the use of $rootScope to avoid
polluting the global scope and potential conflicts.
10. Define NodeJS
Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a
web browser. It allows developers to build server-side and networking applications using JavaScript. Node.js uses an
event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, making it lightweight and efficient for building scalable applications.
11. What is the REPL terminal in Node.js? The REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop) terminal in Node.js is an interactive shell
that allows you to enter JavaScript code, evaluate it, and see the results immediately. It provides a quick way to
experiment with Node.js code, test functionality, and debug scripts without needing to create a separate file or run a
full-fledged application.

1
12. What setTimeout() does in NodeJS.
The setTimeout() function in Node.js is used to schedule the execution of a callback function after a specified delay,
measured in milliseconds. It is part of the timers module in Node.js and is commonly used for implementing
asynchronous operations, such as delaying the execution of code or performing tasks at regular intervals.
13. List the different technologies that make up MEAN stack .
The MEAN stack consists of the following technologies:
MongoDB: A NoSQL database system that stores data in a flexible, JSON-like format.
Express.js: A web application framework for Node.js that provides a robust set of features for building web and
mobile applications.
AngularJS (or Angular): A JavaScript framework for building dynamic web applications, developed and maintained by
Google.
Node.js: A JavaScript runtime environment that allows developers to run JavaScript code on the server side.
ES6, also known as ECMAScript 2015, is a major update to the JavaScript language, introducing significant
enhancements and new features such as arrow functions, classes, template literals, destructuring assignments, and
modules.
14. Explain what ng-app does in AngularJS application.
In an AngularJS application, the ng-app directive defines the root element of the AngularJS application. It initializes
and bootstraps the AngularJS framework within the HTML document, indicating where AngularJS should start
processing and compiling the application.
15. Compare and contrast the syntax of an ES6 function with its TypeScript. ---2M----
ES6 Function Syntax: ES6 introduced arrow functions, which provide a concise syntax for writing anonymous
functions. For example: javascript
const add = (a, b) => {
return a + b;
};
TypeScript Function Syntax: TypeScript supports arrow functions as well, but it also allows for defining function types
and interfaces. Additionally, TypeScript enables static typing, which allows developers to specify the types of
function parameters and return values. For example:
typescript
const add = (a: number, b: number): number => {
return a + b;
};
16. Discuss the symbol in ES6 with an example.
In ES6, the symbol is a primitive data type introduced to create unique identifiers. Symbols are often used as
property keys to avoid naming collisions in objects. For example: Javascript
const mySymbol = Symbol('description');
const obj = {
[mySymbol]: 'value'
};
console.log(obj[mySymbol]); // Output: value
17. Compare and contrast the example of an ES6 arrow function with its TypeScript.
ES6 Arrow Function:
javascript
const square = x => x * x;
TypeScript Arrow Function:
typescript
const square = (x: number): number => x * x;
Both examples define a function that takes a parameter x and returns the square of x. The TypeScript example
includes type annotations for parameter and return types, providing type safety and documentation.

2
18. What are the Differences between TypeScript and JavaScript?
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static typing, allowing for type checking during development.
TypeScript supports features like interfaces, enums, and access modifiers, which are not available in JavaScript.
TypeScript code must be transpiled to JavaScript before execution, while JavaScript code can be executed directly in
the browser or Node.js runtime.
TypeScript offers better tooling support with features like code navigation, intelligent code completion, and
refactoring capabilities.
19. Explain steps to execute “Hello World” program in TypeScript.
Install TypeScript globally using npm: npm install -g typescript
Create a TypeScript file (e.g., hello.ts) with the following code:
console.log("Hello, World!");
Compile the TypeScript file to JavaScript using the TypeScript compiler (tsc): tsc hello.ts
This will generate a JavaScript file (hello.js) equivalent to the TypeScript code.
Run the JavaScript file using Node.js: node hello.js
20. What are the advantages of using TypeScript?
Enhanced tooling support with features like static typing, intelligent code completion, and error checking.
Improved maintainability and scalability of codebases, especially in large projects.
Early detection of errors and bugs during development, reducing the likelihood of runtime errors.
Better documentation and self-documenting code with type annotations.
Compatibility with existing JavaScript code and libraries, as TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript.
21. List out any two advantages of AngularJS over other JavaScript frameworks.
Advantages of AngularJS over other JavaScript frameworks:
Two-way data binding: AngularJS facilitates automatic synchronization of data between the model and the view,
reducing the need for manual DOM manipulation and making it easier to develop interactive applications.
Dependency injection: AngularJS provides built-in support for dependency injection, allowing components to be
loosely coupled and making it easier to write modular, testable code.
22. Explian AngularJS MVC Architecture.
Model: Represents the data and business logic of the application. In AngularJS, the model is typically managed by
services or factories.
View: Represents the presentation layer of the application, responsible for displaying data to the user. In AngularJS,
views are typically defined using HTML templates with embedded AngularJS expressions.
Controller: Acts as an intermediary between the model and the view, handling user interactions and updating the
model accordingly. In AngularJS, controllers are JavaScript functions that are responsible for setting up the initial
state of the scope and defining behavior.
23. What is directives in AngularJS?
Directives in AngularJS:
Directives in AngularJS are a powerful feature that allow you to extend the HTML vocabulary with custom attributes
and elements. They enable the creation of reusable UI components and provide a way to encapsulate behavior and
presentation logic.
Directives can be used to manipulate the DOM, attach event listeners, perform data binding, and more. They are
often used to create custom widgets, implement dynamic behavior, and enhance the functionality of HTML
elements.
AngularJS provides built-in directives such as ng-model, ng-repeat, and ng-click, but developers can also create their
own custom directives to suit specific application requirements.
24. List any four differences between Node.js and JavaScript?
Runtime Environment:
JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language that is primarily executed in web browsers.
Node.js: Node.js is a runtime environment for executing JavaScript code outside of a web browser, typically on the
server side.
Platform:
JavaScript: JavaScript runs in a web browser and is used to enhance the functionality and interactivity of web pages.
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 Node.js: Node.js runs on various platforms (such as Windows, macOS, and Linux) and is used to build server-side
applications, command-line tools, and more.
Standard Library:
JavaScript: JavaScript has a limited standard library that includes features for manipulating the DOM, handling
events, and working with data types.
Node.js: Node.js has a rich standard library, including modules for file I/O, networking, cryptography, and more,
making it well-suited for building server-side applications.
Concurrency Model:
JavaScript: JavaScript in web browsers typically uses a single-threaded, event-driven concurrency model, where
asynchronous operations are handled using callbacks or promises.
Node.js: Node.js uses a single-threaded, event-driven concurrency model as well, but it also supports non-blocking
I/O operations using asynchronous functions and event loops, making it highly scalable and efficient for handling
large numbers of concurrent connections.
25. Explain NodeJS Web Server.
A Node.js web server is an application that uses Node.js to handle HTTP requests and responses. It allows you to
create dynamic web applications and serve web content directly from the server.
To create a basic Node.js web server, you can use the built-in http module, which provides functionality for creating
HTTP servers and handling HTTP requests and responses. Here's a simple example of a Node.js web server:
javascript
Copy code
const http = require('http');
// Create a server object
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
// Set the HTTP header with a status code of 200 and content type of text/plain
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
// Send the response body "Hello World!"
res.end('Hello World!\n');
});
// Listen on port 3000
server.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running at http://localhost:3000/');
});
In this example:
We import the http module, which provides functionality for creating HTTP servers.
We create a server object using the http.createServer() method, which takes a callback function as an argument. This
callback function is called whenever the server receives an HTTP request.
Inside the callback function, we use the res.writeHead() method to set the HTTP header with a status code of 200
and content type of text/plain.
We use the res.end() method to send the response body "Hello World!".
Finally, we use the server.listen() method to make the server listen on port 3000. When the server starts listening, it
logs a message to the console indicating that the server is running.
26. What is a module in NodeJS? Lists some of the important core modules.
Some important core modules in Node.js include:
fs: Provides file system-related functionality, such as reading and writing files.
http: Allows you to create HTTP servers and clients, enabling you to build web applications.
path: Provides utilities for working with file and directory paths.
os: Provides operating system-related information, such as CPU architecture and memory usage.
util: Contains utility functions that are commonly used in Node.js applications, such as formatting strings and
working with objects.
events: Allows you to create and handle custom events.

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27. What is REPL terminal in nodeJS?List out any four REPL commands
REPL Terminal in Node.js:
REPL stands for Read-Eval-Print Loop. It is an interactive programming environment that allows you to enter
JavaScript code, evaluate it, and see the results immediately. The REPL terminal in Node.js provides a convenient
way to experiment with JavaScript code, test functionality, and debug scripts without needing to create separate
files or run a full-fledged application.
Four REPL commands in Node.js:
.help: Displays a list of available REPL commands and their descriptions.
.break or Ctrl + C: Exits out of a multi-line expression or statement.
.clear or Ctrl + L: Clears the current REPL session.
.save <filename>: Saves the current REPL session to a file with the specified filename.
28. Explain Mean Stack Architecture.
The MEAN stack is a full-stack JavaScript framework used for building dynamic web applications. It consists of four
main components:
MongoDB: MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in a flexible, JSON-like format. It is used as the backend
database in MEAN stack applications, allowing developers to store and retrieve data efficiently.

Express.js: Express.js is a web application framework for Node.js that provides a robust set of features for building
web and mobile applications. It is used as the backend web server in MEAN stack applications, handling HTTP
requests and responses, routing, middleware, and more.
AngularJS (or Angular): AngularJS is a JavaScript framework developed by Google for building dynamic web
applications. It is used as the frontend framework in MEAN stack applications, providing features such as two-way
data binding, dependency injection, and templating for creating interactive user interfaces.
Node.js: Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that allows developers to run JavaScript code on the server
side. It is used as the backend runtime environment in MEAN stack applications, enabling server-side logic, data
processing, and integration with other systems.
In the MEAN stack architecture, MongoDB is used to store and retrieve data, Express.js provides the backend web
server and API endpoints, AngularJS handles the frontend user interface and interactions, and Node.js serves as the
runtime environment for the entire stack.
29. Explain AngularJS MVC Architecture.
In AngularJS, the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture is used to organize and structure the codebase of web
applications. Here's how it works:
Model: The model represents the data and business logic of the application. In AngularJS, the model is typically
managed by services or factories, which encapsulate data and provide methods for accessing and manipulating it.
View: The view represents the presentation layer of the application, responsible for displaying data to the user. In
AngularJS, views are typically defined using HTML templates with embedded AngularJS expressions, directives, and
data binding.
Controller: The controller acts as an intermediary between the model and the view, handling user interactions and
updating the model accordingly. In AngularJS, controllers are JavaScript functions that are responsible for setting up
the initial state of the scope and defining behavior.
In the AngularJS MVC architecture, the model encapsulates the application's data and business logic, the view
displays the data to the user, and the controller handles user interactions and updates to the model.
30. What are the template literals in ES6? ---4M-----
Template Literals in ES6:
Template literals in ES6 are string literals that allow for embedded expressions and multiline strings. They are
enclosed by backticks () instead of single or double quotes. Template literals support interpolation, allowing
variables and expressions to be embedded directly within the string using ${}` syntax. For example:
const name = 'John';
const greeting = `Hello, ${name}!`;
console.log(greeting); // Output: Hello, John!

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31. Discuss Destructuring Assignment in ES6 with Example.
Destructuring Assignment in ES6:
Destructuring assignment in ES6 allows you to extract values from arrays or objects and assign them to variables in a
more concise and readable way. With destructuring assignment, you can extract multiple values from an array or
object simultaneously and assign them to separate variables. For example:
// Array Destructuring
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const [a, b, c] = numbers;
console.log(a, b, c); // Output: 1 2 3
// Object Destructuring
const person = { name: 'John', age: 30 };
const { name, age } = person;
console.log(name, age); // Output: John 30
32. How to create a class in ES6?
In ES6, you can create classes using the class keyword. Here's how you can create a class in ES6:
class Animal {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} makes a noise.`);
}
}

const animal = new Animal('Animal');

animal.speak(); // Output: Animal makes a noise.
33. Explain Inheritance in ES6 with example;
Inheritance in ES6:
In ES6, you can use the extends keyword to create a subclass (child class) that inherits from a superclass (parent
class). Here's an example of inheritance in ES6:
class Dog extends Animal {
constructor(name, breed) {
super(name);
this.breed = breed;
}
speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} barks.`);
}
}
const dog = new Dog('Buddy', 'Golden Retriever');
dog.speak(); // Output: Buddy barks.
In this example:
The Dog class extends the Animal class using the extends keyword.
The constructor method of the Dog class calls the super() method to call the constructor of the Animal class and
initialize the name property.
The speak() method of the Dog class overrides the speak() method of the Animal class. When called on a Dog
instance, it outputs a bark sound specific to dogs.

6
34. What are modules in TypeScript?
Modules in TypeScript:In TypeScript, modules are used to organize and encapsulate code into reusable components.
They allow you to break up your codebase into smaller, more manageable pieces, making it easier to maintain and
scale your application. TypeScript supports various module formats, including CommonJS, AMD, UMD, and ES
modules (ES6).
Modules in TypeScript can contain classes, functions, interfaces, and other types of declarations. They provide a way
to structure your code and manage dependencies between different parts of your application. Modules can be
imported and exported using the import and export keywords, allowing you to share functionality between different
files and modules.
35. Explain Type narrowing in TypeScript.
Type narrowing in TypeScript is a mechanism that allows you to refine the type of a variable within a certain code
block based on runtime checks or type guards. It helps TypeScript infer more specific types for variables, improving
type safety and enabling more precise type checking.
One common way to narrow types in TypeScript is by using control flow analysis, where TypeScript analyzes the flow
of control in your code and narrows the type of a variable based on conditional statements. For example:
function printLength(input: string | string[]) {
if (typeof input === 'string') {
console.log(input.length); // Here, input is narrowed to type 'string'
} else {
console.log(input.length); // Here, input is narrowed to type 'string[]'
}
}
In this example, TypeScript narrows the type of the input variable within each branch of the if statement based on
the type guard typeof input === 'string'. As a result, TypeScript is able to infer that input is of type string within the
first branch and of type string[] within the second branch, allowing you to access properties and methods specific to
each type without type errors.
36. What is TypeScript Decorator? What are the types of Decorators ?
A TypeScript decorator is a special kind of declaration that can be attached to classes, methods, properties,
parameters, or accessor declarations. Decorators are a design pattern in TypeScript that allow you to add metadata
to your code and modify the behavior of classes or class members at runtime. They provide a way to extend and
modify the functionality of existing code without modifying its underlying implementation.
Types of Decorators:
There are three types of decorators in TypeScript:
Class decorators
Method decorators
Property decorators
Parameter decorators
37. Give an Example of any one of Class Decorators?
Example of Class Decorator:
function MyDecorator(target: Function) {
// Modify or extend the behavior of the class constructor
console.log('Class decorated!');
}
@MyDecorator
class MyClass {
constructor() {
console.log('Class instance created!');
}
}
// Output:
// Class decorated!
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 // Class instance created!
In this example:
MyDecorator is a class decorator function that takes the constructor function of the class as its target.
The @MyDecorator syntax applies the decorator to the MyClass class.
When MyClass is instantiated, the decorator function is called before the class constructor, allowing you to modify or
extend the behavior of the class.
38. Demonstrate Generics in TypeScript with suitable example.
Generics in TypeScript allow you to create reusable components that work with a variety of types. They provide a
way to define functions, classes, or interfaces that can operate on different types without sacrificing type safety.
Here's an example of generics in TypeScript:
// Generic function to return the length of an array
function getArrayLength<T>(arr: T[]): number {
return arr.length;
}
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const strings = ['hello', 'world'];
console.log(getArrayLength(numbers)); // Output: 5
console.log(getArrayLength(strings)); // Output: 2
In this example:
The getArrayLength function is a generic function that takes an array of type T as its parameter.
The <T> syntax before the parameter list indicates that T is a type parameter.
Inside the function, T represents the type of elements in the array.
When calling getArrayLength, TypeScript infers the type of T based on the type of the argument passed to the
function.
39. What are Interfaces in TypeScript explain with Examples?
Interfaces in TypeScript are used to define the structure of objects and provide a contract for implementing classes.
They allow you to specify the shape of an object, including the names and types of its properties and methods.
Here's an example of an interface in TypeScript:
interface Person {
name: string;
age: number;
greet(): void;
}
class Student implements Person {
constructor(public name: string, public age: number) {}
greet() {
console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I am ${this.age} years old.`);
}
}
const student = new Student('John', 25);
student.greet(); // Output: Hello, my name is John and I am 25 years old.
In this example:
The Person interface defines the structure of a person object, including name and age properties and a greet
method.
The Student class implements the Person interface, providing implementations for all of its properties and methods.
Instances of the Student class must adhere to the structure defined by the Person interface.
40. What are Type guards in TypeScript.
Type guards in TypeScript are used to narrow down the type of a variable within a certain code block. They allow you
to perform runtime checks to determine the type of a variable and narrow its type accordingly.
Here's an example of a type guard in TypeScript:
function isString(value: any): value is string {
8
 return typeof value === 'string';
}
function printLength(value: string | string[]) {
if (isString(value)) {
console.log(value.length); // Here, value is narrowed to type 'string'
} else {
console.log(value.length); // Here, value is narrowed to type 'string[]'
}
}
printLength('hello'); // Output: 5
printLength(['hello', 'world']); // Output: 2
In this example:
The isString function is a type guard that checks if a value is of type string.
Inside the printLength function, the isString type guard is used to narrow down the type of the value variable based
on the result of the runtime check.
41. Explain following TypeScript datatypes. 1. Unknown 2. Any 3. Void 4. Never
1. Unknown: The unknown type in TypeScript represents a type-safe counterpart of the any type. It is used to
indicate that the type of a value is not known at compile time or that the value may come from a dynamic source.
Variables of type unknown can store any value, similar to the any type, but you cannot perform operations on values
of type unknown without first asserting or narrowing their type.
2. Any: The any type in TypeScript is a special type that represents any value, allowing you to opt out of type
checking and type safety. Variables of type any can store values of any type, and you can perform operations on
them without encountering type errors. While any provides flexibility, it undermines the benefits of TypeScript's
type system by allowing potentially unsafe code.
3. Void: The void type in TypeScript is used to indicate that a function does not return a value. It is typically used as
the return type of functions that perform side effects but do not produce a result. Variables of type void can only be
assigned undefined or null.
4. Never: The never type in TypeScript represents a value that never occurs. It is used to indicate that a function will
never return (e.g., due to an infinite loop or a throw statement) or that a variable cannot have any value (e.g., due to
exhaustive type checking). Variables of type never can only be assigned to other variables of type never, making it a
bottom type in the TypeScript type system.
42. Explain AngularJS Components with suitable example.
In AngularJS, components are a way to organize and encapsulate UI elements and behavior into reusable building
blocks. A component in AngularJS consists of a template, which defines the view, and a controller, which defines the
behavior and logic of the component. Components promote modularity, reusability, and maintainability in AngularJS
applications.
Here's an example of an AngularJS component:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<title>AngularJS Component Example</title>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-controller="MyController">
<my-component></my-component>
</div>
<script>
angular.module('myApp', [])
.component('myComponent', {
template: '<h1>Hello, {{ $ctrl.name }}!</h1>',
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 controller: function() {
this.name = 'World';
}
})
.controller('MyController', function() {
// Controller logic here
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
In this example:
We define an AngularJS module called myApp and create a component called myComponent.
The component has a template that displays a greeting message using the name property from the component's
controller.
We use the component <my-component></my-component> within the HTML to render the component.
43. What is Controller in AngularJS explain with suitable example.
In AngularJS, controllers are JavaScript functions that define the behavior and logic of a particular view or UI
element. They are responsible for setting up the initial state of the scope and defining functions and properties that
are used within the view. Controllers are used to separate the concerns of the view and the model, promoting
separation of concerns and reusability of code.
Here's an example of a controller in AngularJS:
angular.module('myApp', [])
.controller('MyController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = 'Hello, AngularJS!';

$scope.showMessage = function() {
alert($scope.message);
};
});
In this example:
We define an AngularJS module called myApp and create a controller called MyController.
The controller function takes $scope as a parameter, which is used to interact with the view.
We define a property message on the scope and a function showMessage that displays an alert with the message.
44. What is module in AngularJS explain with suitable example.
In AngularJS, modules are used to organize and structure the code of an application into cohesive units. They
provide a way to define reusable components, services, directives, and controllers and manage dependencies
between them. Modules help keep codebase organized, promote modularity, and facilitate code reuse and testing.
Here's an example of a module in AngularJS:
angular.module('myApp', []);
In this example:We define an AngularJS module called myApp using the angular.module function.
The module does not have any dependencies, so we pass an empty array [] as the second parameter to the
angular.module function.
45. Explain syntax and purpose of following 1) ng-model 2) ng-bind 3) ng-repeat 4)gn-init
ng-model:
Syntax: <input type="text" ng-model="variableName">
Purpose: Binds the value of an HTML control (such as input, select, textarea) to a variable in the scope. It provides
two-way data binding between the view and the model.
ng-bind:
Syntax: <div ng-bind="expression"></div>
Purpose: Binds the inner HTML of an element to the value of an expression in the scope. It dynamically updates the
content of the element based on changes to the expression.
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 ng-repeat:
Syntax: <div ng-repeat="item in items">{{ item }}</div>
Purpose: Iterates over a collection (such as an array or object) in the scope and generates HTML elements for each
item in the collection. It allows you to dynamically create repeated elements in the view based on the data in the
scope.
ng-init:
Syntax: <div ng-init="variable = expression"></div>
Purpose: Initializes a variable in the scope with an initial value or expression. It is commonly used to initialize
variables before using them in the view
46. What is AngularJS - Pipes. Explain the following pipes within a single application. Currency Pipe,Date Pipe,JSON
Pipe
Pipes in AngularJS are used to transform data before displaying it in the view. They allow you to format, filter, and
manipulate data in a declarative and reusable way. AngularJS provides several built-in pipes for common data
transformations.
Example of AngularJS Pipes:
Currency Pipe:
Syntax: {{ value | currency }}
Purpose: Formats a number as currency using the locale-specific currency symbol, thousands separator, and decimal
separator.
Date Pipe:
Syntax: {{ value | date: format }}
Purpose: Formats a date or timestamp into a human-readable string using the specified format.
JSON Pipe:
Syntax: {{ value | json }}
Purpose: Converts a JavaScript object or array into a JSON string for display.
47. Demonstrate AngularJS Routing with suitable example.
example of AngularJS routing:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<title>AngularJS Routing Example</title>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular-route.min.js"></script>
<script>
angular.module('myApp', ['ngRoute'])
.config(function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider
.when('/', {
template: '<h1>Home Page</h1>'
})
.when('/about', {
template: '<h1>About Page</h1>'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo: '/'
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<nav>
11
 <ul>
<li><a href="#/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#/about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div ng-view></div>
</body>
</html>
In this example:We define an AngularJS module called myApp and inject the ngRoute module as a dependency to
enable routing.We configure routing using the $routeProvider service, defining routes for the home page (/) and the
about page (/about).Each route specifies a template containing simple HTML (<h1> tag) for the home and about
pages.
We use hash-based URLs (#/ and #/about) for navigation links (<a>) within the navigation menu (<nav>).
We use the <div ng-view></div> directive to specify where the routed views should be rendered within the main
layout.
When you navigate to the home page (#/) or the about page (#/about), AngularJS will load the corresponding
template and render it within the <div ng-view></div> element.
48. Explain Node.js Process Model
In Node.js, the process model is based on an event-driven, non-blocking architecture that allows for concurrent
handling of multiple connections and operations. The key components of the Node.js process model include:
Single Threaded Event Loop: Node.js operates on a single-threaded event loop model, where a single event loop is
responsible for handling all I/O operations and callbacks. This event loop continuously checks for events, such as
incoming requests or data, and executes callback functions asynchronously.
Non-blocking I/O: Node.js uses non-blocking, asynchronous I/O operations to handle requests without blocking the
event loop. This allows Node.js to efficiently handle concurrent connections and perform I/O-bound operations
without waiting for one operation to complete before starting another.
Event-Driven Architecture: Node.js is built around an event-driven architecture, where events trigger the execution
of callback functions. This allows for efficient handling of asynchronous operations and enables developers to write
highly scalable and responsive applications.
49. What is Blocking and Nonblocking means in NodeJS give an example.
In Node.js, blocking and nonblocking refer to the behavior of I/O operations. Blocking operations are synchronous
and block the execution of subsequent code until the operation completes, while nonblocking operations are
asynchronous and allow the execution of subsequent code without waiting for the operation to finish.
Example of Blocking:
const fs = require('fs');
// Blocking operation (synchronous)
const data = fs.readFileSync('file.txt');
console.log(data.toString());
console.log('File read operation completed.');
Example of Nonblocking:
const fs = require('fs');
// Nonblocking operation (asynchronous)
fs.readFile('file.txt', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data.toString());
});
console.log('File read operation initiated.');
In the blocking example, the execution of subsequent code is blocked until the file read operation completes. In the
nonblocking example, the file read operation is initiated asynchronously, allowing the execution of subsequent code
without waiting for the operation to finish
.
12
50. Explain the HTTP module with an example.
The HTTP module in Node.js allows you to create HTTP servers and clients, enabling you to build web applications
and interact with HTTP resources. It provides classes and methods for handling HTTP requests, responses, headers,
and status codes.
Example of HTTP Server:
const http = require('http');
// Create HTTP server
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Hello, World!\n');
});
// Listen on port 3000
server.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running at http://localhost:3000/');
});
In this example, we create an HTTP server using the http.createServer() method, which takes a callback function as
an argument to handle incoming requests. Inside the callback function, we set the HTTP status code and content
type headers using res.writeHead(), and send the response body using res.end(). Finally, we call server.listen() to
make the server listen on port 3000.
51. Explain the FS module with an example.
FS Module in Node.js:
The FS (File System) module in Node.js provides methods for working with the file system. It allows you to read from
and write to files, create directories, manipulate file metadata, and perform other file-related operations.
Example of FS Module:
const fs = require('fs');
// Asynchronous file read operation
fs.readFile('example.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('Asynchronous Read:', data);
});
// Synchronous file read operation
const data = fs.readFileSync('example.txt', 'utf8');
console.log('Synchronous Read:', data);
52. Describe Synchronous and Asynchronous approach of handling file in nodeJS.
Synchronous and Asynchronous Approach:
Synchronous Approach: In synchronous file handling, the execution of subsequent code is blocked until the file
operation completes. It uses synchronous methods like fs.readFileSync() which waits until the file is read completely
before moving to the next line of code. Synchronous operations are easier to understand but may block the event
loop, leading to decreased performance and scalability.
Asynchronous Approach: In asynchronous file handling, the execution of subsequent code continues without waiting
for the file operation to complete. It uses asynchronous methods like fs.readFile() which initiates the file read
operation and executes a callback function once the operation completes. Asynchronous operations do not block the
event loop, allowing for better performance and scalability, especially in I/O-bound applications.
53. Explain the URL module with an example.
The URL module in Node.js provides methods for parsing and formatting URL strings. It allows you to extract various
components of a URL, such as the protocol, hostname, port, path, query parameters, and fragment identifier.
Example of URL Module:
const url = require('url');
// Parse URL string
const urlString = 'https://www.example.com/path/to/resource?param1=value1&param2=value2';
const parsedUrl = url.parse(urlString, true);
13
 console.log('Protocol:', parsedUrl.protocol);
console.log('Hostname:', parsedUrl.hostname);
console.log('Path:', parsedUrl.pathname);
console.log('Query:', parsedUrl.query);
54. Explain custom/local module with an example.
A custom or local module in Node.js is a JavaScript file that encapsulates reusable code and functionality. It allows
you to organize your code into separate modules, making it easier to maintain, reuse, and test.
Example of Custom Module:
Let's create a module named math.js that exports functions for performing basic mathematical operations:
// math.js
exports.add = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};
exports.subtract = function(a, b) {
return a - b;
};
Now, let's use this custom module in another file:
// app.js
const math = require('./math.js');
console.log('Addition:', math.add(5, 3)); // Output: 8
console.log('Subtraction:', math.subtract(5, 3)); // Output: 2
In this example, we create a custom module math.js that exports functions for addition and subtraction. We then
import this module into another file app.js using the require() function and use its exported functions.
55. Explain CallBack function in NodeJS with an example.
In Node.js, a callback function is a function that is passed as an argument to another function and is invoked after
the completion of an asynchronous operation or some other event. Callback functions are a fundamental concept in
Node.js, used extensively to handle asynchronous operations such as file I/O, network requests, and database
queries.
Example of Callback Function:
javascript
Copy code
function fetchData(callback) {
// Simulate asynchronous operation
setTimeout(() => {
const data = 'Hello, Callback!';
callback(data);
}, 1000);
}
fetchData((result) => {
console.log(result); // Output: Hello, Callback!
});
In this example, the fetchData function simulates an asynchronous operation using setTimeout. It takes a callback
function as an argument and invokes it after one second, passing the result to the callback. We call fetchData and
provide a callback function that logs the result to the console.
56. Explain Promises in NodeJS with an example.
Promises in Node.js are objects that represent the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation.
They provide a cleaner and more structured way to handle asynchronous code compared to callback functions.
Promises allow you to chain multiple asynchronous operations together and handle success and error cases
separately.

Example of Promise:
14
 javascript
Copy code
function fetchData() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// Simulate asynchronous operation
setTimeout(() => {
const data = 'Hello, Promise!';
resolve(data);
}, 1000);
});
}

fetchData()
.then((result) => {
console.log(result); // Output: Hello, Promise!
})
.catch((error) => {
console.error(error);
});
In this example, the fetchData function returns a Promise that resolves with the result after one second. We use the
then method to handle the successful completion of the Promise and the catch method to handle any errors that
occur during the execution of the Promise.
57. List out commonly used events in Streams explain with an example.
Commonly Used Events in Streams:
data: Fired when data is available to be read from the stream.
end: Fired when there is no more data to be read from the stream.
error: Fired when an error occurs while reading from or writing to the stream.
close: Fired when the stream is closed, indicating that no further events will be emitted.
finish: Fired when all data has been flushed from the stream and the underlying resource has been closed.
Example:
const fs = require('fs');
const readStream = fs.createReadStream('input.txt');
readStream.on('data', (chunk) => {
console.log('Data:', chunk);
});
readStream.on('end', () => {
console.log('End of File');
});
readStream.on('error', (error) => {
console.error('Error:', error);
});
readStream.on('close', () => {
console.log('Stream Closed');
});
readStream.on('finish', () => {
console.log('Stream Finished');
});
In this example, we create a Readable stream from a file (input.txt) and attach event listeners for the data, end,
error, close, and finish events. These events are fired at different stages of the stream's lifecycle, allowing us to react
accordingly and handle data processing, errors, and stream completion.
15
58. Compare and contrast the program of an ES6 arrow function with its TypeScript.
ES6 Arrow Function:
javascript
const add = (a, b) => {
return a + b;
};
TypeScript Arrow Function:
typescript
const add = (a: number, b: number): number => {
return a + b;
};
Similarities: Both ES6 and TypeScript arrow functions provide a concise syntax for writing function expressions. They
both use the => syntax and support implicit return for single expressions.
Differences:
Type Annotations: TypeScript allows you to specify parameter types and return types for arrow functions, providing
type safety and better documentation.
Type Inference: TypeScript can infer the types of parameters and return values based on the context, reducing the
need for explicit type annotations.
Compilation: TypeScript code needs to be compiled to JavaScript, while ES6 arrow functions are directly supported
by modern JavaScript engines.
59. Create a Login page using HTML and ExpressJS.
login page using HTML for the frontend and ExpressJS for the backend:
HTML (login.html):
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Login</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Login</h1>
<form action="/login" method="POST">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required><br><br>
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" required><br><br>
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>
ExpressJS (server.js):
const express = require('express');
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }));
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.sendFile(__dirname + '/login.html');
});
app.post('/login', (req, res) => {
const { username, password } = req.body;
// Perform authentication logic here (e.g., check username and password)
16
 if (username === 'admin' && password === 'password') {
res.send('Login successful!');
} else {
res.status(401).send('Invalid username or password');
}
});
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is listening at http://localhost:${port}`);
});
This example creates a simple login page with fields for username and password. When the form is submitted, the
data is sent to the ExpressJS server. The server handles the login logic (authentication) and sends a response back to
the client.
60. Develop a simple AngularJS calculator application that can perform basic mathematical operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division) based on user input.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" ng-app="calculatorApp">
<head>
<title>Calculator</title>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-controller="CalculatorController">
<h1>Calculator</h1>
<input type="number" ng-model="num1" placeholder="Enter number 1"><br><br>
<input type="number" ng-model="num2" placeholder="Enter number 2"><br><br>
<button ng-click="add()">Add</button>
<button ng-click="subtract()">Subtract</button>
<button ng-click="multiply()">Multiply</button>
<button ng-click="divide()">Divide</button><br><br>
<p>Result: {{ result }}</p>
</div>
<script>
angular.module('calculatorApp', [])
.controller('CalculatorController', function($scope) {
$scope.add = function() {
$scope.result = $scope.num1 + $scope.num2;
};
$scope.subtract = function() {
$scope.result = $scope.num1 - $scope.num2;
};
$scope.multiply = function() {
$scope.result = $scope.num1 * $scope.num2;
};
$scope.divide = function() {
if ($scope.num2 !== 0) {
$scope.result = $scope.num1 / $scope.num2;
} else {
$scope.result = 'Error: Division by zero';
}
};
});
17
 </script>
</body>
</html>
61. What is MEAN stack?
MEAN stack is a full-stack JavaScript framework used for building dynamic web applications. It is an acronym for
MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS (or Angular), and Node.js. Each component of the MEAN stack provides a different
layer of the application architecture, enabling developers to create modern, scalable, and maintainable web
applications entirely using JavaScript.
62. List out any 4 advantages of Mean Stack.
Single Language: MEAN stack allows developers to use JavaScript for both the client-side and server-side
development, promoting code reuse and consistency across the entire application stack.
Full-stack JavaScript: Being a full-stack JavaScript framework, MEAN stack offers a seamless development experience,
with JavaScript used for frontend, backend, and database interactions. This reduces context switching and simplifies
development workflows.
JSON-based Communication: MEAN stack components communicate with each other using JSON (JavaScript Object
Notation), making data exchange efficient and lightweight. This simplifies data manipulation and enables seamless
integration between frontend and backend components.
Scalability and Performance: MEAN stack applications are highly scalable and performant, thanks to the event-driven
architecture of Node.js, the non-blocking I/O operations, and the flexibility of MongoDB for handling large volumes
of data. Additionally, AngularJS (or Angular) provides a robust framework for building interactive and responsive user
interfaces.
63. List out the different technologies that make up the MEAN stack .
Technologies in the MEAN Stack:
MongoDB: A NoSQL database that stores data in a flexible, JSON-like format, providing scalability and flexibility for
handling large volumes of data.
Express.js: A minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a set of features for building web
applications and APIs, such as routing, middleware support, and template engines.
AngularJS (or Angular): A frontend JavaScript framework maintained by Google, used for building dynamic and
interactive single-page applications (SPAs). AngularJS (or Angular) provides features such as data binding,
dependency injection, and component-based architecture.
Node.js: A server-side JavaScript runtime environment built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. Node.js allows
developers to run JavaScript code outside the browser, enabling server-side scripting, networking, and non-blocking
I/O operations.
64. What is ExpressJS? List some reasons to Choose ExpressJS for your project.
Express.js is a minimalist web application framework for Node.js. It provides a robust set of features to develop web
and mobile applications. It facilitates the rapid development of server-side web applications and APIs using Node.js.
Reasons to Choose ExpressJS for Your Project:
Minimalistic and Flexible: Express.js follows the "less is more" philosophy, providing a minimalistic and
unopinionated framework that allows developers to build applications according to their requirements. It offers a
flexible architecture and does not impose strict conventions, giving developers more control over their code.
Middleware Support: Express.js has built-in middleware support, allowing developers to easily integrate third-party
middleware or write custom middleware functions to handle various tasks such as logging, authentication, error
handling, and request processing. Middleware functions can be chained together to create a robust request
processing pipeline.
Routing: Express.js provides a powerful routing mechanism that allows developers to define routes for different
HTTP methods and URL patterns. It supports dynamic route parameters, route handlers, route chaining, and route
modularization, making it easy to organize and manage application routes.
HTTP Utility Methods: Express.js provides utility methods for working with HTTP requests and responses, such as
parsing request bodies, setting response headers, sending status codes, redirecting requests, and serving static files.
These utility methods simplify common HTTP operations and enhance productivity.

18
 Template Engines: Express.js supports various template engines (e.g., Pug, EJS, Handlebars) out of the box, allowing
developers to render dynamic HTML content on the server side. Template engines facilitate the creation of dynamic
views and enable developers to inject data into HTML templates.
Middleware Ecosystem: Express.js has a vibrant ecosystem of third-party middleware modules available via npm
(Node Package Manager). Developers can leverage existing middleware modules to add additional functionality to
their applications, such as session management, security, compression, and caching.
Performance: Express.js is built on top of Node.js, which utilizes an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model. This
architecture makes Express.js highly performant and scalable, capable of handling thousands of concurrent
connections with minimal resource usage.
Community and Documentation: Express.js has a large and active community of developers who contribute to the
framework's development, provide support, and share best practices. The official documentation of Express.js is
comprehensive and well-maintained, containing detailed guides, API references, and examples to help developers
get started quickly and troubleshoot issues effectively.
65. How to start a server in ExpressJs explain step by step with an example?
Install Express.js:If you haven't already installed Express.js, you can do so using npm (Node Package Manager) by
running the following command:
npm install express
Create a Server File:Create a JavaScript file (e.g., server.js) where you will write your Express.js code.
Import Express.js:In your server.js file, import the Express.js module using the require function:
const express = require('express');
Create an Express Application:Initialize an Express application by calling the express function:
const app = express();
Define Routes: Define routes for handling different HTTP requests (e.g., GET, POST) using the methods provided by
the Express application object (app). For example:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('Hello, World!');
});
Start the Server: Start the Express server by calling the listen method on the Express application object, specifying
the port number to listen on:
const port = 3000;
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
Example:Here's a complete example of a basic Express.js server:
// server.js
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
// Define route for handling GET request
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('Hello, World!');
});
// Start the server
const port = 3000;
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
To run the server, execute the server.js file using Node.js:
node server.js
This will start the Express server, and you can access it by navigating to http://localhost:3000 in your web browser.

19
66. What is routing in ExpressJS explain with an example?
Routing in Express.js refers to the process of defining how an application responds to client requests to a particular
endpoint (URL) and HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.). It involves mapping routes to specific handler
functions that are executed when a request matches the defined route.
Example:
// Define route for handling GET request to /students endpoint
app.get('/students', (req, res) => {
const student = { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', age: 20 };
res.json(student); // Send JSON response
});
In this example, we define a route for handling GET requests to the /students endpoint. When a client sends a GET
request to /students, the server responds by sending a JSON object representing a student. The res.json() method is
used to send a JSON response back to the client.
67. Write a code in ExpressJS that displays ‘Student’ JSON object when ‘get’ request hits the Server by Browser.
// Import required modules
const express = require('express');
// Create an Express application
const app = express();
// Define route for handling GET request to /students endpoint
app.get('/students', (req, res) => {
// Define student JSON object
const student = {
id: 1,
name: 'John Doe',
age: 20,
course: 'Computer Science'
};
// Send JSON response with student object
res.json(student);
});
// Start the server
const port = 3000;
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
To run this code, save it in a file (e.g., server.js) and execute the file using Node.js:
node server.js
Once the server is running, you can open your web browser and navigate to http://localhost:3000/students to see
the JSON representation of the student object.
68. What is ExpressJS middleware?
Express.js middleware are functions that have access to the request (req) and response (res) objects in an Express.js
application's request-response cycle. They can perform tasks such as modifying the request and response objects,
executing additional code, terminating the request-response cycle, or passing control to the next middleware
function in the stack.
Middleware functions in Express.js can be used for various purposes, including logging, authentication,
authorization, error handling, request processing, and more. They are executed sequentially in the order they are
defined, and each middleware function can either terminate the request-response cycle by sending a response or
pass control to the next middleware function using the next function.
Example:
// Example of a middleware function
const myMiddleware = (req, res, next) => {
20
 console.log('Middleware executing...');
next(); // Pass control to the next middleware function
};
// Using middleware in Express.js application
app.use(myMiddleware);
In this example, myMiddleware is a middleware function that logs a message to the console and then calls the next
function to pass control to the next middleware function in the stack. This middleware function can be used globally
(applied to all routes) using app.use() or locally (applied to specific routes) using router.use().
69. How to handle HTML get request in ExpressJS explain with an example?
To handle an HTML GET request in Express.js, you can define a route handler for the corresponding HTTP method
and URL endpoint. Express.js provides the app.get() method to define GET request routes.
Example:
// Define route handler for handling GET request to /example endpoint
app.get('/example', (req, res) => {
res.send('This is a GET request response');
});
In this example, when a GET request is made to the /example endpoint, the server responds with the message "This
is a GET request response". The res.send() method is used to send a response back to the client with the specified
message.
You can define route handlers for other HTTP methods (POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) in a similar manner using
app.post(), app.put(), app.delete(), etc., methods respectively.
70. Describe any four features of ExpressJS?
Four Features of Express.js:
Routing: Express.js provides a powerful routing mechanism that allows developers to define routes for handling
HTTP requests to specific endpoints. Routes can be defined for various HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and
URL patterns, making it easy to handle different types of requests.
Middleware: Express.js middleware are functions that have access to the request (req) and response (res) objects in
the request-response cycle. Middleware functions can perform tasks such as logging, authentication, request
processing, error handling, and more. They can be used globally or locally to specific routes, providing flexibility and
modularity in application development.
Template Engines: Express.js supports various template engines (e.g., Pug, EJS, Handlebars) for generating dynamic
HTML content on the server side. Template engines allow developers to create reusable HTML templates and inject
data into them dynamically. This enables the creation of dynamic web pages and views in Express.js applications.
Error Handling: Express.js provides built-in error handling mechanisms to handle errors that occur during request
processing. Error handling middleware functions can be defined to catch and handle errors, allowing developers to
customize error responses and perform appropriate actions (e.g., logging, sending error messages). Additionally,
Express.js provides error routing to centralize error handling logic and improve code organization.
71. Demonstrate how to define routes in an Express.js application and handle GET, POST HTTP methods.
Below is an example demonstrating how to define routes and handle GET and POST HTTP methods in an Express.js
application:
// Import required modules
const express = require('express');
// Create an Express application
const app = express();
app.use(express.json()); // Middleware to parse JSON requests
// Define route handler for GET request to /users endpoint
app.get('/users', (req, res) => {
// Logic to fetch users from database or any other source
const users = [
{ id: 1, name: 'John' },
{ id: 2, name: 'Alice' }
21
 ];
res.json(users); // Send JSON response with users
});
// Define route handler for POST request to /users endpoint
app.post('/users', (req, res) => {
// Extract data from request body
const { name, email } = req.body;
// Logic to save user data to database or any other source
// For demonstration purposes, just log the received data
console.log('Received user data:', { name, email });
res.send('User created successfully'); // Send response
});
// Start the server
const port = 3000;
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
In this example:
We create an Express application using express().
We define a route handler for the GET request to /users endpoint. This handler fetches user data from a database
(or any other source) and sends a JSON response with the users.
We define a route handler for the POST request to /users endpoint. This handler extracts data from the request
body, saves it to the database (or any other source), and sends a response confirming the user creation.
We start the Express server and listen on port 3000.
72. Explain the steps to connect to mongodb database using node js.
To connect to a MongoDB database using Node.js, follow these steps:
Install MongoDB: If MongoDB is not already installed, download and install it from the official MongoDB website
(https://www.mongodb.com/try/download/community).
Install MongoDB Node.js Driver: Install the MongoDB Node.js driver using npm by running the following command:
npm install mongodb
Create Connection: In your Node.js application, use the MongoClient class from the mongodb module to create a
connection to the MongoDB database. Specify the connection URL and options as needed.
Access Database: Once the connection is established, you can access the MongoDB database, perform CRUD
operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete), and execute queries using the methods provided by the MongoDB
Node.js driver.
Example:
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');
// Connection URI
const uri = 'mongodb://localhost:27017/mydatabase';
// MongoDB options
const options = {
useNewUrlParser: true,
useUnifiedTopology: true
};
// Create a MongoDB client
const client = new MongoClient(uri, options);
// Connect to MongoDB
client.connect((err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('Error connecting to MongoDB:', err);
return;
22
 }
console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
// Access database and perform operations
const db = client.db('mydatabase');

// Example: Insert document into collection

db.collection('users').insertOne({ name: 'John', age: 30 })
.then((result) => {
console.log('Document inserted:', result.insertedId);
})
.catch((error) => {
console.error('Error inserting document:', error);
});
});
In this example, we create a MongoDB client using MongoClient and connect to the MongoDB database specified by
the connection URI. Once the connection is established, we access the database (mydatabase) and perform
operations such as inserting a document into the users collection.

23