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25 views14 pages

En Course Tests

Uploaded by

louisalhi2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conditional Statements

Mohamed MESSABIHI
mohamed.messabihi@gmail.com

University of Tlemcen
Department of Computer Science

https://sites.google.com/site/informatiquemessabihi/
Objectves

In this chapter, you will learn about:


• Conditions
• The if-else statement
• Nested if statements
• The switch statement
• Common programming errors
The if... Statement
The if statement is the most basic conditional structure, and it can be
found in all programming languages (with different syntax). It allows
executing a series of instructions if a condition is true.

Example:
if ( condition )
{
// List of instructions ;
}

if ( grade >= 10)


{
printf ( " You are admitted ! " ) ;
}
The if...else... Statement

The if...else statement allows executing another series of instructions


if the condition is not true.
Example:
if ( condition )
{
// List of instructions ;
}

else
{
// Another block of instructions ;
}
Conditions

Conditions refers to an expression or a combination of expressions built


using comparison operators.

Example:
int age = 20;

if ( age >= 18) {


// This is a condition : ( age >= 18)
printf ( " You are an adult .\ n " ) ;
} else {
printf ( " You are a minor .\ n " ) ;
}
Logical Operators
Logical operators allow combining logical expressions (conditions).

Example:
int main () {
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int z = 5;
int i1 = 1;
int i2 = 0;

if ( x == y && x == z ) {
printf ( " x is equal to y and z .\ n " ) ;
} else if ( x == y || x == z ) {
printf ( " x is equal to either y or z ( or both ) .\ n " ) ;
} else if (!( x == y ) ) {
printf ( " x is not equal to y .\ n " ) ;
}

printf ( " i1 || i2 = % d " , i1 || i2 ) ;


printf ( " i1 && i2 = % d " , i1 && i2 ) ;
printf ( " negation (1) = % d " , !(1) ) ;
}
Nested conditional statements 1/3
We want a program to determine whether the integer given by the user is
positive, negative, or zero and displays the corresponding message
Example:
int main () {
int value ;

printf ( " Enter an integer : " ) ;


scanf ( " % d " , & value ) ;

if ( value > 0) {
printf ( " The value is positive .\ n " ) ;
}
if ( value < 0) {
printf ( " The value is negative .\ n " ) ;
}
if ( value == 0) {
printf ( " The value is zero .\ n " ) ;
}

return 0;
}
Nested conditional statements 2/3
• A nested conditional statement refers to the practice of placing one
if-else statement inside another if-else statement.
• This is done to create more complex and structured decision-making
processes based on multiple conditions.

Example:
int main () {
int value ;

printf ( " Enter an integer : " ) ;


scanf ( " % d " , & value ) ;

if ( value > 0) {
printf ( " The value is positive .\ n " ) ;
} else if ( value < 0) {
printf ( " The value is negative .\ n " ) ;
} else {
printf ( " The value is zero .\ n " ) ;
}

return 0;
}
Nested conditional statements 3/3
• A nested conditional statement refers to the practice of placing one
if-else statement inside another if-else statement.
• This is done to create more complex and structured decision-making
processes based on multiple conditions.
Example:
int main () {
int value ;

printf ( " Enter an integer : " ) ;


scanf ( " % d " , & value ) ;

if ( value > 0) {
printf ( " The value is positive .\ n " ) ;
} else {
if ( value < 0) {
printf ( " The value is negative .\ n " ) ;
} else {
printf ( " The value is zero .\ n " ) ;
}
}

return 0;
}
The switch Statement (1/3)

The switch statement allows multiple tests on the values of the same
variable.
Syntax:
switch ( Variable ) {
case Value1 :
// List of instructions ;
break ;
case Value2 :
// List of instructions ;
break ;
case Values ... :
// List of instructions ;
break ;
default :
// List of instructions ;
}
The switch Statement (1/3)
Example :
int main () {
int choice ;
printf ( " Menu :\ n " ) ;
printf ( " 1. New Game \ n " ) ;
printf ( " 2. Load Game \ n " ) ;
printf ( " 3. Options \ n " ) ;
printf ( " 4. Quit \ n " ) ;
printf ( " Enter your choice : " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & choice ) ;
switch ( choice ) {
case 1:
printf ( " Starting a new game ...\ n " ) ;
break ;
case 2:
printf ( " Loading a saved game ...\ n " ) ;
break ;
case 3:
printf ( " Opening options menu ...\ n " ) ;
break ;
case 4:
printf ( " Quitting the application ...\ n " ) ;
break ;
default :
printf ( " Invalid choice . Please select a valid option .\ n " ) ;
break ;
}
}
A Shorter Way to Test
You can use a more concise structure to perform tests.
(condition) ? instruction if true : instruction if false
• The condition should be enclosed in parentheses.
• When the condition is true, the left instruction is executed.
• When the condition is false, the right instruction is executed.
• Additionally, the ?: structure returns the value resulting from the
test.

Example:

if ( average >= 10)


printf ( " Admitted " ) ;
else
printf ( " Failed " ) ;

( average >= 10) ? printf ( " Admitted " ) : printf ( " Failed " ) ;

admitted = ( average >= 10) ? 1 : 0;


In Summary

• The value True can be equated to the numerical value 1 or any


non-zero value.
• The value False can be equated to the numerical value 0.
• Don’t forget the parentheses when using if statements.

Example 1:
if (1)
{
printf ( " This is true " ) ;
}
else
{
printf ( " This is false " ) ;
}
An example to conclude
Example :

int main () {
int hour = 0;

// Prompt the user for input


printf ( " Enter the hour (0 -23) : " ) ;
scanf ( " % d " , & hour ) ;

if ( hour < 0 || hour > 23) {


printf ( " Invalid hour . Please enter a valid hour between 0
and 23.\ n " ) ;
} else {
if ( hour >= 6 && hour < 12) {
printf ( " Good morning !\ n " ) ;
} else if ( hour >= 12 && hour < 17) {
printf ( " Good afternoon !\ n " ) ;
} else if ( hour >= 17 && hour < 20) {
printf ( " Good evening !\ n " ) ;
} else {
printf ( " Good night !\ n " ) ;
}
}

return 0;
}

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