Course Specification

Course Name: Advanced Mathematics

Course Code: MAT71

Grade: Grade 12 Advanced

Aim: The course is based on MOE/CCSS standards and mainly covers calculus. This
course builds upon the precalculus knowledge acquired in the previous years and
prepare students for a challenging calculus course that revolves around limits and
continuity, differentiation, applications of differentiation, integration, applications of
the definite integral, and first order differential equations. The course requires that
students further develop the logic necessary for abstract problem solving and
cultivate a deep conceptual understanding of mathematical relationships and concepts
they will need to succeed in school and in life.

Content-related biweekly online class assignments on connect calculus (LMS) /Khan

Academy are an essential part of their curriculum to support content mastery and
develop independent learners’ skills.

Course Outline:

Topic Number of
Periods
Topic 1: Limits and Continuity 22
● Subtopic 1.1 The Concept of Limits 4
● Subtopic 1.2 Computations of Limits 6
● Subtopic 1.3 Continuity and its Consequences 6
● Subtopic 1.4 Limits Involving Infinity, Asymptotes 6
● Subtopic 1.5 Formal Definition of the Limit Enrichment
● Subtopic 1.6 Limits and Loss of Significance Errors Enrichment
Topic 2: Differentiation 52
● Subtopic 2.1 Tangent Lines, Length of a Curve, and Velocity 6
● Subtopic 2.2 The Derivative 6
● Subtopic 2.3 Computation of Derivatives: The Power Rule 6
● Subtopic 2.4 The Product and Quotient Rules 5
● Subtopic 2.5 The Chain Rule 6
● Subtopic 2.6 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 5
● Subtopic 2.7 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 6
● Subtopic 2.8 Implicit Differentiation and Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7
● Subtopic 2.9 The Hyperbolic Functions Enrichment
● Subtopic 2.10 The Mean Value Theorem 5

Topic 3: Applications of Differentiation 6

● Subtopic 3.1 Linear Approximations and Newton’s Method Enrichment
● Subtopic 3.2 Indeterminate Forms and Hospital’s Rule 6
MAT71 – Course Specification Page 1 of 17
 Term 2
Topic 3: Applications of Differentiation (Continued) 33
● Subtopic 3.3 Maximum and Minimum Values 6
● Subtopic 3.4 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 5
● Subtopic 3.5 Concavity and 2nd Derivative Test 4
● Subtopic 3.6 Overview of Curve Sketching 6
● Subtopic 3.7 Optimization 5
● Subtopic 3.8 Related Rates 5
● Subtopic 3.9 Rates of Change in Economics and the Sciences 2
Topic 4: Integration 30
● Subtopic 4.1 Antiderivatives 6
● Subtopic 4.2 Sums and Sigma Notation 2
● Subtopic 4.3 Area 4
● Subtopic 4.4 The Definite Integral 5
● Subtopic 4.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 7
● Subtopic 4.6 Integration by Substitution 6
● Subtopic 4.7 Numerical Integration Enrichment
● Subtopic 4.8 The Natural Logarithm as an integral Enrichment
Term 3
Topic 5: Applications of the Definite Integral 19
● Subtopic 5.1 Areas between Curves 6
● Subtopic 5.2 Volume: Slicing, Disks and Washers 7
● Subtopic 5.3 Volume by Cylindrical Shells Enrichment
● Subtopic 5.4 Arc Length and Surface Area 1
● Subtopic 5.5 Projectile Motion 5
● Subtopic 5.6 Application of Integration to Physics and Engineering Enrichment
● Subtopic 5.7 Probability Enrichment
Topic 6: Integration Techniques 30
● Subtopic 6.1 Review of Formulas and Techniques 6
● Subtopic 6.2 Integration by Parts 6
● Subtopic 6.3 Trigonometric Techniques of Integration 5
● Subtopic 6.4 Integration of Rational Functions using Partial Fractions 4
● Subtopic 6.5 Integration of Tables and Computer Algebra Systems Enrichment
● Subtopic 6.6 Modelling with Differential Equations 4
● Subtopic 6.7 Separable Differential Equations 5

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 2 of 17

 Topic 1 Limits and Continuity
1.1 Subtopic: The Concept of Limits
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 2.2 The Concept of Limit
1.1.1 Evaluate a limit Numerically, from the left and right sides, using tables as 𝒙 approaches 𝒙𝒐 .
1.1.2 Evaluate a limit Graphically, from the left and right sides, on a function’s graph as 𝑥 approaches 𝒙𝒐 .
1.1.3 Define the condition of limit existence at 𝒙𝒐 :
L.H.L = R.H.L , use the mathematical notation: 𝐥𝐢𝐦" 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦# 𝐟(𝐱)
𝐱→𝐱 𝐨 𝐱→𝐱 𝐨
1.1.4 Show cases where one-sided limits disagree. (limit Does Not Exist – DNE)
1.1.5 Show cases where one-sided limits agree (limit exists)
1.1.6 Cover estimation examples where a limit exits or not, for:
Rational functions,
Piece-wise functions,
Functions with an absolute value component,
Functions with a radical component,
Functions with an exponential, logarithmic or trigonometric component,
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱
and f(x) = 𝐱 at 0.
1.2 Subtopic: Computations of Limits
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 2.3 Computation of Limits
1.2.1 Explain the Properties of limits to evaluate limits of functions:
- 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐚 (constant)
- 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱
- 𝐚. 𝐟(𝐱)
- 𝐟(𝐱) ± 𝐠(𝐱)
- 𝐟(𝐱) ∙ 𝐠(𝐱)
𝐟(𝐱)
- 𝐠(𝐱)
- [f(x)]+
- $5f(x)
1.2.2 Evaluate limits by direct substitution (polynomials and other types…)
1.2.3 Evaluate limits of rational functions using factoring and simplifying.
1.2.4 Evaluate limits by rationalizing: multiplying by the conjugate technique.
1.2.5 Evaluate limits for the six basic trigonometric functions.
1.2.6 Evaluate limits for functions inclusive of 𝐞𝐱 , 𝐥𝐧(𝐱), and inverse trig. functions (domain restricted)
1.2.7 Given examples where some properties of limits do not hold because one of the limits fails to exist
1.2.8 Evaluate limits for piece-wise defined functions and functions with an absolute value component.
1.2.9 Evaluate limits using the Squeeze (or Sandwich) Theorem.
1.3 Subtopic: Continuity and its Consequences
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 2.4 Continuity and Its Consequences
1.3.1 Define the continuity at a point: LHL = RHL = 𝒇(𝒙𝒐 ).
1.3.2 Discuss graphically the types of discontinuity: hole, removable, jump, infinity.
1.3.3 Identify the intervals where a given function is continuous given its graph.
1.3.4 Determine the continuity of a function on a closed interval.
MAT71 – Course Specification Page 3 of 17
 1.3.5 Discuss the continuity for the composition, sum, difference, product and quotient of functions.
1.3.6 Study the continuity of polynomial, rational (including case of removable hole), and radical
functions defined algebraically as 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙).
• Determine whether a given function is continuous. If possible, extend the function to a new
function that is continuous on a larger domain
• Explain why a given function fails to be continuous at a given x-value by indicating which
of the 3 conditions of continuity is/are not met
• Identify intervals where a given function is continuous
1.3.7 Find the missing parameters that would make piece-wise functions continuous.
1.3.8 Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to verify that a function has a zero in an interval.
1.3.9 Numerical math application:
Apply the Intermediate Value theorem to estimate the zero/root of a polynomial by the method of
bisections – 10 steps. (tabular or spreadsheet application)
1.4 Subtopic: Limits Involving Infinity, Asymptotes
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 2.5 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes
1.4.1 Find the limit of functions at 𝒙 = 𝒂:
- Rational functions – cases where one-sided limits agree, disagree.
,
- f(x)= tan x, at x = - .
- Functions inclusive of e. , ln(x) , and trigonometric components.
- Function inclusive of radical components.
1.4.2 Find the limit of functions as x→ ±∞ , for:
- Polynomial and Rational functions
- Functions inclusive of e. , ln(x) , and trigonometric components.
- Functions inclusive of radical components.
- Inverse Trig. Functions inclusive of radical components.
1.4.3 Find the equations of Horizontal and vertical asymptotes.
1.4.4 Find the equations of Oblique/Slant asymptotes.
1.4.5 Use limits to solve and interpret real-life examples
1.5 Formal Definition of a Limit
1.6 Limits and Loss of Significance Errors

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 4 of 17

 Topic 2 Differentiation
2.1 Tangent Lines, Length of a Curve, and Velocity
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 2.1 A Brief Preview of Calculus
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.1 Tangent Lines and Velocity
2.1.1 Estimate the slope of the curve at a certain point (Numerically)
2.1.2 Estimate the length of the curve on a given interval (Numerically)
2.1.3 Find the slope of the tangent line to a given curve at a certain point using the definition formula
2.1.4 Approximate the slope of the tangent line graphically
2.1.5 Find average and instantaneous velocity
2.1.6 Demonstrate an ability to interpret the rate of change in a real-life situation
2.1.7 Use graphical and / or numerical evidence to explain why a tangent line to a given graph at a certain
point doesn’t exist
2.2 Subtopic: The Derivative
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.2 The Derivative
2.2.1 Explain the graphical meaning of the Limit definition of the derivative at an unspecified point:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
f / (𝑥) = lim
0→1 ℎ
2.2.2 Find the derivative (by definition) of a function at an unspecified point, and then at a given point
(replacing x with its specific value) in the limit for:
-polynomials (degrees 1, 2 and 3)
-simple rational functions,
-square root functions
-piece-wise functions
2.2.3 Recognize the alternative derivative notation (Leibniz’s df/dx)
2.2.4 Realize that every differentiable function is continuous and give examples why the converse is not
always true
2.2.5 Sketch the graph of f’ given the graph of f and vice versa
2.2.6 Discuss where is the function un-differentiable through the graphs and algebraically by applying the
definition formula (jump discontinuity, vertical asymptote, a cusp, a corner, a vertical tangent)
2.2.7 Numerical math application:
Approximating a derivative numerically – use a tabular or spreadsheet application.
2.3 Subtopic: Computation of Derivatives: The Power Rule
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.3 Computation of derivatives: The Power
Rule
2.3.1 Building on the Limit definition of the derivatives of functions, deduce the Power Rule.
Showcase for a constant function, the Identity function, a simple monomial.
2.3.2 Find the derivatives of functions using the power rule:
2
(𝑎𝑥 4 ) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑛. 𝑥 456 , extend from the integer power n to any non-zero real power r.
23

2.3.3 Find the derivatives of functions using the constant multiple rule.
2.3.4 Find the derivatives of functions using the sum and difference rules – rewrite the function where
needed prior to derivation.
2.3.5 Find an equation of the tangent line.
2.3.6 Compute higher order derivatives and highlight the different notations (Prime vs Leibniz)
2.3.7 Use derivatives to solve real-life applications: velocity, acceleration, jerk, etc.

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 5 of 17

 2.3.8 Demonstrate an ability to find missing variables or equations of polynomials given information
related to slopes of tangents and / or selected values of the function and its derivative at given points
2.3.9 Use the graph of 𝒇 to graph 𝒇′′
2.4 Subtopic: The Product and Quotient Rules
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.4 The Product and Quotient Rules
2.4.1 Find the derivatives of functions using the Product rule.
𝑑
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔) = 𝑓 / ∙ 𝑔 + 𝑔/ ∙ 𝑓
𝑑𝑥
2.4.2 Find the derivatives of functions using the Quotient rule. (g being non null in the domain)
𝑑 𝑓 𝑓 / ∙ 𝑔 − 𝑔/ ∙ 𝑓
V W=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑔-
2.4.3 Highlight cases were the product and quotient rules aren’t needed if the function is re-written.
2.4.4 Find equations to tangent lines to the graphs of functions expressed as a product or quotient of other
functions or terms
2.4.5 Use derivatives to solve real-life applications: Change in revenue, enzyme activity, gas usage…
2.5 Subtopic: The Chain Rule
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.5 The Chain Rule
2.5.1 Define and understand the Chain rule regardless of the notation styles
𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒈
[𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)]′ = 𝒇/ [𝒈(𝒙)] ∙ 𝒈′(𝒙) or 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒅𝒈 ∙ 𝒅𝒙
2.5.2 Extend the Chain rule to the General Power Rule shortcut.
2
U= U(x) being an inner function of x: 23 (𝑎 ∙ 𝑈 4 ) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑈 456 ∙ 𝑈′(𝑥)
2.5.3 Find the derivatives of the different function types using the chain rule.
2.5.4 Find the derivatives of functions using the chain rule and other rules.
2.5.5 Find the derivatives of functions involving multiple chain rules.
2.5.6 Find equations to tangent lines to the graphs of functions using the chain rule.
2.5.7 Find derivative of a function at a certain point given a graph
2.5.8 Find higher order derivatives
2.5.9 Compute derivative of inverse function
2.6 Subtopic: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.6 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
2.6.1 Find the derivatives of the six Trigonometric functions –
Showcase some proofs: derivatives of sin, cos and tan functions.
2.6.2 Find the derivatives of functions inclusive of trigonometric elements using the chain rule and other
rules.
2.6.3 Find equations of tangent / normal lines to the graphs of trigonometric functions.
2.6.4 Find higher order derivatives
2.6.5 Use derivatives of trigonometric functions to solve real-life applications: spring-mass systems…
2.7 Subtopic: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.7 Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
2.7.1 Convert exponential and logarithmic functions with general bases into the natural – base e – format:
𝐥𝐧 𝒙
- 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙∙𝒍𝒏𝒂 , 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒃 , where a, b > 0
- Review the properties of exponentials and logarithms:

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 6 of 17

 sum, difference, multiplication, division , power.
2.7.2 Find the derivatives of exponential functions: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 .
2.7.3 Find the derivatives of the logarithmic functions : f(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙.
2.7.4 Find the derivatives of functions including exponential functions using the chain rule and other
rules.
Generalize: 𝑈 = 𝑈(𝑥) being an inner function of x and c is constant:
2 2
23
(𝑐 ∙ 𝑒 A ) = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑒 A ∙ 𝑈′(𝑥) and 23 (𝑐 ∙ 𝑎A ) = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑎A ∙ 𝑈 / (𝑥). 𝑙𝑛𝑎
2.7.5 Find the derivatives of functions including logarithmic functions using the chain rule and other
rules.
2 A % (3)
Generalize: 𝑈 = 𝑈(𝑥) being an inner function of x: (𝑐 ∙ ln 𝑈) = 𝑐 ∙
23 A(3)
( U positive on its domain )
2.7.6 Find equations of tangent and normal lines to the graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions.
2.7.7 Find the value(s) of 𝒙 where the function has a horizontal tangent.
2.7.8 Find derivatives using logarithmic differentiation
2.7.9 Use derivatives of exp / log functions to solve real-life applications such as analyzing change in
chemical concentration, population growth and decay.
2.8 Subtopic: Implicit Differentiation and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.8 Implicit Differentiation and Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
2.8.1 Differentiate between an explicitly and implicitly defined function.
2.8.2 Find derivatives implicitly: break down the sequence of steps needed to isolate y’.
Include cases involving trigonometric, radical, exponential, and logarithmic elements.
2.8.3 Show examples of finding the second derivative y’’, implicitly.
2.8.4 Find the slope and equation of tangent line by using implicit differentiation.
2.8.5 Find the derivative for any rational exponent – explain the proof as an application of implicit
differentiation.
2.8.6 Paying attention to the domain restrictions:
Find the derivatives of the six inverse-trigonometric functions.
2.8.7 Apply the formulas to find derivatives of composition of functions that include
inverse-trigonometric components. (chain rule and other rules involved)
2.8.8 Use Inverse and Implicit Differentiation to solve real life applications such as change in a
ballplayer’s gaze, volume change with respect to pressure, etc.
2.9 The Hyperbolic Functions
2.10 Subtopic: The Mean Value Theorem
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan Advanced Stream Mathematics – G12 ADV Lesson 3.10 The Mean Value Theorem
2.10.1 Explain and apply the Rolle’s Theorem.
2.10.2 Explain and apply Mean Value Theorem.
2.10.3 Find the value of c that satisfies Rolle’s Theorem of a function on a closed interval.
2.10.4 Find the value of c that satisfies Mean Value Theorem of a function on a closed interval.
2.10.5 Use the Intermediate Value Theorem and a subsequent theorem from Rolle’s to determine the
number of zeros of a given function
2.10.6 Realize that if two non-identical functions have the same derivative on an open interval I then they
differ by a constant on the same interval I

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 7 of 17

 Topic 3 Applications of Differentiation
3.1 Subtopic: Linear Approximations and Newton’s Method
3.2 Subtopic: Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s rule
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.2 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s
Rule
3.2.1 Define the indeterminate forms of limits:
1 B
Namely 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B .
Show few examples for both forms where:
factoring, multiplying by the conjugate or linear approximations (case of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥/𝑥 ) helps find the
limits.
𝟎 B
3.2.2 Explain how to apply L’Hôpital’s Rule for the two indeterminate forms 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 B .
Re-solve the same above limits examples using the rule this time – notice the time saving quality.
𝟎 B
3.2.3 Solve 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 B limits problems that require the use of L’Hôpital’s rule, include cases of:
- multiple successive applications of the rule.
- an erroneous successive application due to hypothesis breach.
- Rewrite expressions before a L’HR
3.2.4 Rewrite to solve using L’Hôpital’s Rule, few limits problems with other indeterminate forms:
-∞−∞
-0∙∞
- 1B
- 01
- ∞1

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 8 of 17

 Term 2
3.3 Subtopic: Maximum and Minimum Values
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.3 Maximum and Minimum Values
3.3.1 Identify the absolute extrema of a function and use graphs to locate them
3.3.2 Showcase functions with no absolute extrema.
3.3.3 Identify and apply the Extreme Value Theorem to find absolute extrema of continuous functions on
closed intervals
3.3.4 Define the Critical Value c of functions:
𝒇’(𝒄) = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒇’(𝒄) is undefined (corner or vertical slope)
3.3.5 Define local extrema (min & max) of functions
3.3.6 Recall the following:
- If 𝒇’(𝒄) = 𝟎, then f has a horizontal tangent line at x=c
- If 𝒇’(𝒄) is undefined, then f has a vertical tangent at x=c
3.3.7 Demonstrate a thorough understanding of Fermat’s Theorem:
- Suppose f(c) is a local extremum, then c must be a critical number (i.e., 𝑓’(𝑐) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓’(𝑐) is
undefined)
- This doesn’t say that there is a local extremum at every critical number. Notice the below
examples:
o 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 D has a critical number at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓 has a horizontal tangent at 𝑥 = 0,
however, 𝑓 has no local extrema 𝑥 = 0
&
o 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ' has a critical number at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓 has a vertical tangent at 𝑥 = 0, however, 𝑓
has no local extrema at 𝑥 = 0
3.3.8 Find the critical number(s) and local extrema of certain functions:
- quadratic polynomials
-cubic polynomials
- with fractional exponents
- rational functions
3.3.9 Find the absolute extrema of certain functions on a closed interval.
- quadratic polynomials
-cubic polynomials
- with fractional exponents
- rational functions
3.4 Subtopic: Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.4 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
3.4.1 Define increasing and decreasing regions of functions by using graphs, real life examples, and
through the use of any two points on an interval (formal definition)
3.4.2 Use the First Derivative Test on different function types to:
- make tables of variation (with growth/decay direction arrows for their behavior shape)
- find intervals where function is increasing / decreasing
- locate local extrema
3.4.3 Demonstrate an ability to sketch a graph of a function given properties related to the function and its
derivative.
3.4.4 Recall finding the asymptotes of a function

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 9 of 17

 3.5 Subtopic: Concavity and 2nd Derivative Test
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.5 Concavity and the Second Derivative
Test
3.5.1 Define the Concavity and the point of inflection of a function.
3.5.2 Find points of inflections and determine intervals on which graphs of different function types
concave upwards or downwards.
3.5.3 Build overlapping Tables of Concavity and Tables of Variation summarizing the behavior and
concavity of different functions.
3.5.4 Use the Second Derivative Test – on different function types – to determine whether a local
extremum is a local maximum or minimum. Showcase when this test is inconclusive.
3.5.5 Demonstrate an ability to sketch a graph of a function given properties related to the function, its
first derivative, and its second derivative.
3.5.6 Apply to functions modeling economical – production applications: sales, worker efficiency, cost,
etc.
3.6 Subtopic: Overview of Curve sketching
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.6 Overview of Curve Sketching
3.6.1 Discuss and understand the summary of steps for curve sketching techniques:
- domain.
- first and second derivative.
- critical values / first derivative test.
- inflections values / concavity / second derivative test.
- overlapping summary behavior tables of variation and concavity.
- table of values for few points.
- sketching.
3.6.2 Analyze and sketch graphs for different functions:
- polynomials.
- rational functions.
- with fractional powers of x.
- with radicals.
- with trig. Or exp. Or log. Components.

3.7 Subtopic: Optimization

Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.7 Optimization
3.7.1 Understand and breakdown the guidelines for solving optimization problems – modeled by
mathematical functions that can be reduced into functions of one variable.
3.7.2 Solve a variety of optimization problems, including (but not limited to):
- area/print area optimization.
- volume optimization.
- distance minimization.
- material economy or reduction in design of products.
- maximizing the power absorbed by an electronic circuit.
3.8 Subtopic: Related Rates
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.8 Related Rates
3.8.1 Understand the guidelines – steps for solving related rates problems:
- make a representative sketch of the situation.
- setup the equation relating the relevant quantities.
MAT71 – Course Specification Page 10 of 17
 - different implicitly both sides with respect to the same variable.
- substitute all know values.
- solve for the aimed rate.
3.8.2 Solve a variety of related rates problems such as (but not limited to):
- radial spill/ change
- sliding ladder
- radar speed detection
- economics
- angle changes
3.9 Subtopic: Rates of Change in Economics and the Sciences
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 4.9 Rates of Change in Economics and the
Sciences
3.9.1 Compute and analyze the marginal cost in production.
3.9.2 Compute and optimize the average cost in production.
3.9.3 Model rates of changes in chemical reactions.
3.9.4 Compute linear mass densities.
3.9.5 Model electric currents as changes in circuits’ electric charges.
3.9.6 Compute rates of change for logistic growth functions.

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 11 of 17

 Topic 4 Integration
4.1 Subtopic: Antiderivatives
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 5.1 Antiderivatives
4.1.1 Explain the anti-derivative concept as a way to undo differentiation:
- If f(x) is the derivative of F(x), then F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x). (sometimes called Primitive)
- Antiderivatives are not unique due to a constant c addition.
4.1.2 Use the Indefinite integral notation for antiderivatives.
Specify the:
integration process, integral symbol, integrand, variable of integration, constant of integration.
4.1.3 From few simple polynomial examples, deduce the Power Rule of integration:
6
∫ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 4E6 𝑥 4E6 + 𝑐
4.1.4 Find antiderivatives (indefinite integrals) using the power rule. Include cases with:
- negative exponents
- radicals / fractional exponents
4.1.5 Based on the reversal property of the anti-derivative, summarize non polynomial indefinite integrals
for:
- the basic six trigonometric functions.
- the six inverse-trig. Functions.
- the exponential function.
- the functions of the fractional form 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥) .
4.1.6 Use the general sum/difference rule of to combine basic integration formulas.
4.1.7 Use initial conditions to find particular solutions of indefinite integrals.
Apply to Physics – object trajectory problems. (position/velocity/acceleration)

4.2 Subtopic: Sums and Sigma Notation

Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 5.2 Sums and Sigma Notation

4.2.1 Explain the summation notation:

- the sigma/ sum symbol
- the index of summation
- its linearity expansion property: ∑4FG6[𝑎 ∙ 𝑓(𝑖) + 𝑏 ∙ 𝑔(𝑖)] = 𝑎 ∑4FG6 𝑓(𝑖) + 𝑏 ∑4FG6 𝑔(𝑖)
4.2.2 Prove by mathematical induction the three summations:
- ∑4FG6 𝑐 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑐
4(4E6)
- ∑4FG6 𝑖 = -
4(4E6)(-4E6)
- ∑4FG6 𝑖 - = H
4.2.3 Compute sums using the summation rules.
4.2.4 Compute the sum of linear /quadratic functions values evaluated at equally spaced x’s.

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 12 of 17

 4.3 Subtopic: Area under a Curve and Integration
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 5.3 Area
4.3.1 Use the summation technique to approximate with rectangles the area under the curve of a
continuous quadratic function.
4.3.2 Use the evaluation rules (left endpoint, right endpoint, and the midpoint) to approximate the area of
different functions on a given interval using n rectangles.
4.3.3 Realize as 𝒏→∞ the sum computes the exact area under the curve.
4.3.4 Define the limit of the Riemann sum to compute bounded areas under curves of f(x):
𝐴 = lim ∑4FG6 𝑓(𝑐F ) ∙ ∆𝑥
4→B

Discuss graphically the difference between the evaluation points 𝑐𝑖 being placed:
- to the left-end of the partition subinterval
- to the right-end of the partition subinterval
- at the midpoint of the partition subinterval
and how regardless of the position they all converge to the same sum(area) as 𝑛→∞.
4.3.5 Use Riemann sum to compute exact areas under the curve.

4.4 Subtopic: The Definite Integral

Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 5.4 The Definite Integral
4.4.1 Define the definite integral as the limit of a Riemann sum evaluated over a continuous function on
[a, b] as:
4
I
𝐴 = r 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 t 𝑓(𝑐F ) ∙ ∆𝑥
J 4→B
FG6
- a and b are called respectively the lower and upper limits of integration
4.4.2 Realize (but don’t compute sums) that the definite integral of a function over an interval is the
signed area between the function and the x-axis and maybe positive or negative. The total area
between the function and the x-axis is always positive. Notice the below examples (Also, use a
graphical tool such as GeoGebra or Desmos to clearly illustrate the difference).
-,
o Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [0, 2𝜋]. The definite integral ∫1 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∑4FG6 𝑓(𝑐F ) ∙ ∆𝑥 is the signed area between the graph and the x-axis (2 + (−2) = 0).
4→B
However, the total area between the function and the x-axis is (2 + |−2| = 4).

o If an object is moving on a straight line with a certain velocity, the total distance traveled
between two points of time is an example of finding total area. However, finding the
displacement is an example of signed area.

4.4.3 Write a given (total) area as an integral or sum of integrals

4.4.4 Express a given limit as an integral
4.4.5 Evaluate sign of integrals given graphs of functions.
4.4.6 Evaluate total areas using geometric formulas.
4.4.7 Write an expression of integrals as a simple integral
4.4.8 Find the value of a combination of two integrals using sum, difference, and multiplication by scalar

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 13 of 17

 4.5 Subtopic: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 5.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4.5.1 Explain and apply the Fundamental theorem of calculus – part I:
If f is continuous on [a, b], and F(x) is any anti derivative of f(x), then:
I
∫J 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
4.5.2 Apply properties of integration to compute definite integrals for a range of function types:
- polynomial, radical, rational, exponential, trigonometric, and defined by parts.
- when given elementary areas of functions to combine into a linear combination of given functions.
4.5.3 Find the average value of functions over an interval [a, b], using the formula:
𝒃
𝟏
𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = r 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒃−𝒂 𝒂
4.5.4 Explain and apply the Fundamental theorem of calculus – part II:
𝒙
If f is continuous on [a, b] and F(x) = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕, then F’(x)=f(x) on [a, b]

4.5.5 Explain and apply the general form of the Fundamental theorem of calculus – part II
(with the Chain rule):
𝒖(𝒙) 𝒅 𝒖(𝒙)
If g(x) = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 then → [ ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 ] = 𝒈 ’(𝒙) = 𝒇~𝒖(𝒙)€. 𝒖/ (𝒙).
𝒅𝒙

4.5.6 Find the position function from the velocity or acceleration functions and other initial values

4.5.7 Apply the Fundamental theorem of calculus to solve real-life applications.

4.6 Subtopic: Integration by Substitution

Reference Resource for AY 23-24:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 5.6 Integration by Substitution
4.6.1 Breakdown the general steps for the integration by substitution:
- choose a new variable u dependent on x
- compute 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢’(𝑥) ∙ 𝑑𝑥
- replace all terms in the original integrand to be in terms of u and du.
- evaluate the resulting u integral.
- replace back the u in the found antiderivative to make it back in terms of x.
4.6.2 Use substitution to find indefinite integral for different function types.
4.6.3 Use substitution to find definite integrals for different function types.
4.7 Numerical Integration
4.8 The Natural Logarithm as an Integral

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 14 of 17

 Term 3
Topic 5 Applications of the Definite Integral
5.1 Subtopic: Areas between Curves
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 6.1 Area Between Curves

5.1.1 Realize that areas between curves are always positive

5.1.2 Find the area bounded by two curves that do not cross on the interval 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃].
5.1.3 Find the area bounded by two curves that intersect at 𝒙 = 𝒄 in the interval 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃]
5.1.4 Find the area bounded by two curves where points of intersection are only approximate
5.1.5 Find the area determined by three curves, choose a suitable variable of integration
5.1.6 Find the area bounded by graphs of functions of y (with respect to y)
5.2 Subtopic: Volume: Slicing, Disks and Washers
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 6.2 Volume: Slicing, Disks and Washers

5.2.1 Find volumes by slicing using cross-sectional areas,

𝒃 𝒃
𝑽 = ∫𝒂 𝑨(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 or 𝑽 = ∫𝒂 𝑨(𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 .

5.2.2 Find volumes using the method of disks, revolving around x-axis, y-axis, or other axes.
𝒃 𝒃
𝑽 = ∫𝒂 𝝅[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙 or 𝑽 = ∫𝒂 𝝅[𝒈(𝒚)]𝟐 𝒅𝒚 .

5.2.3 Find volumes using the method of washers, revolving around x-axis, y-axis, or other axes.
𝒃 𝒃
𝑽 = ∫𝒂 𝝅[𝑹(𝒙)𝟐 − 𝒓(𝒙)𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒙 or 𝑽 = ∫𝒂 𝝅[𝑹(𝒚)𝟐 − 𝒓(𝒚)𝟐 ]𝒅𝒚 .

5.3 Subtopic: Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

5.4 Subtopic: Arc Length and Surface Area

Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 6.4 Arc Length and Surface Area

5.4.1 Compute a variety of arc lengths of curves using the formula:

I
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = ∫J 51 + [𝑓 / (𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)]- ∙ 𝑑(𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑒)
5.4.2 Compute a variety of surface areas generated by revolving curve f(x) around portions of the x-axis:
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋 ∙ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 , 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒.
I
𝑆𝐴 = ∫J 2𝜋 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 51 + [𝑓 / (𝑑𝑥)]- ∙ 𝑑(𝑥)
5.5 Subtopic: Projectile Motion
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 6.5 Projectile Motion

5.5.1 Understand that the motion of any object subject to gravity will satisfy :
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 / 𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦,
2(
→ 2P ( ℎ(𝑡) = −𝑔 , with varying initial conditions.

5.5.2 Find the velocity and height equations of objects moving vertically (1 dimension)

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 15 of 17

 5.5.3 Understand and find the below for vertical motions:
velocity at impact
maximum height
amount of time an object spends in the air
5.5.4 Find initial velocity required by a vertically moving object to reach a certain height
5.6 Subtopic: Application of Integration to Physics and Engineering
5.7 Subtopic: Probability

Topic 6 Integration Techniques

6.1 Subtopic: Review of Formulas and Techniques
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan – Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 7.1 Review of Formulas and Techniques

6.1.1 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐠. 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(𝐚𝐱). 𝐝𝐱

6.1.2 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐞𝐱𝐩(𝐚𝐱). 𝐝𝐱
6.1.3 Compute integrals that yield to inverse trigonometric functions
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
6.1.4 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
6.1.5 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 . 𝐝𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
6.1.6 Compute integrals of the form ∫ . 𝐝𝐱
[𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

6.2 Subtopic: Integration by Parts

Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan - Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 7.2 Integration by Parts

6.2.1 Understand and apply the rule for the integration by parts: ∫ 𝐮 ∙ 𝐝𝐯 = 𝐮 ∙ 𝐯 − ∫ 𝐯 ∙ 𝐝𝐮
6.2.2 Compute examples of integration by parts with integrand of the type:
∫ 𝒙𝒏 . 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒈 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒙). 𝒅𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 . 𝒆𝒌𝒙 . 𝒅𝒙
à Explain the tabular technique and when it works best.
6.2.3 Compute examples of integration by parts such as ∫ 𝒙𝒏 . 𝒍𝒏𝒙. 𝒅𝒙
6.2.4 Compute the integration by parts with an integrand with a single term such as ∫ 𝐥𝐧𝐱 ∙ 𝐝𝐱
6.2.5 Compute the integration by parts for a definite integral.
6.3 Subtopic: Trigonometric Techniques of Integration
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan - Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 7.3 Trigonometric Techniques of
Integration
6.3.1 Solve integrals of the form ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙. 𝒅𝒙
• If m is an odd positive integer, isolate one factor of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 and use the Pythagorean identity
to replace any actor of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 with 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 and make the substitution 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
• If n is an odd positive integer, isolate one factor of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 and use the Pythagorean identity
to replace any actor of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 with 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 and make the substitution 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
• If m and n are both even positive integers, use the below formulas:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐
6.3.2 Solve integrals of the form ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒎 𝒙 . 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝒙. 𝒅𝒙

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 16 of 17

 •If m is odd, isolate one factor of 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 and replace any factors of 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 with 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 −
𝟏 and make the substitution 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
• If n is even, isolate one factor of 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 and replace the remaining factors of 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 with
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 and make the substitution 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
6.3.3 Solve unusual integrals such as ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙
6.3.4 Solve integrals that can’t be done using substitution or by parts and contain a term of the form:
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 , √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒐𝒓 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 > 𝟎
6.4 Subtopic: Integration of Rational Functions using Partial Fractions
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan - Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 7.4 Integration of Rational Functions Using
Partial Fractions
𝐍(𝐱)
6.4.1 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐃(𝐱) . 𝐝𝐱
where:
degree of D(x) > degree of N(x) and the denominator D(x) is factorable into distinct linear factors.
𝐍(𝐱)
6.4.2 Using partial fraction decompositions, compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐃(𝐱) . 𝐝𝐱
where:
degree of N(x) > degree of D(x) → division required first before using partial fractions
The denominator D(x) of the remainder is factorable into distinct linear factors.
𝐍(𝐱)
6.4.3 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐃(𝐱) . 𝐝𝐱
where:
degree of D(x) > degree of N(x) and the denominator D(x) is factorable with a repeated linear
factor.
𝐍(𝐱)
6.4.4 Compute integrals of the form ∫ 𝐃(𝐱) . 𝐝𝐱
where:
degree of D(x) > degree of N(x) and the denominator D(x) is factorable with a none further-
factorable quadratic factor.
6.5 Subtopic: Integration Tables and Computer Algebra Systems
6.6 Modelling with Differential Equations
Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan - Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 7.6 Modelling with Differential Equations
6.6.1 Identify a differential equation as an equation that involves the derivative of an unknown function
6.6.2 Solve simple differential equations in the form 𝑦 / = 𝑘𝑦 with given initial value
6.6.3 Solve exponential growth problems
6.6.4 Solve radioactive decay problems

6.7 Subtopic: Separable Differential Equations

Reference Resource for AY 22-23:
Al Diwan - Grade 12- Advanced Stream Mathematics – Lesson 7.7 Separable Differential Equations

6.7.1 Understand the form of a first-order ordinary differential equation.

6.7.2 Realize that a first-order ordinary differential equation is called separable if variables can be
separated i.e. it can be written in the form 𝒈(𝒚)𝒚/ = 𝒉(𝒙)
6.7.3 Solve first order separable differential equations - general solutions.
6.7.4 Solve first order separable differential equations with initial value problem.
6.7.5 Solve first order separable differential equations with initial value problem that has only an implicit
solution

MAT71 – Course Specification Page 17 of 17