MAPS AND ATLASES(SCALE,CALCULATE DISTANCE)
World;maps of the world,maps of continents.
Local:maps of provinces,maps of one country
Regional:parts of a continent,e.g southern africa
DISTANCES
Distances on map =15cm
Scale=1000m
Distance=15cm x 1000m
=15000m 1000=1,5km
LINE SCALE;
RATIO SCALE
1:200 KM
SMALL SCALES COVER\PRESENT LARGER AREAS AND
LARGER SCALES COVER SMALLER AREAS
THE CLOSER YOU REACH THE GROUND;THE KILOMETRES
INCREASES ON THE MAP
LATITUDE ALSO CALLED PARALLELS WHICH RUN IN AN EAST
TO WEST DIRECTION.THERE ARE 89 OF THEM TO THE NORTH
OF THE EQUATOR AND 89 TO THE SOUTH.
THE EQUATOR IS THE IMPORTANT LINE OF LATITUDE.THE 90 TH
LINE WOULD BE TWO POLES.,NORTH AND SOUTH POLES
LONGITUDE ALSO CALLED MERIDIANS AND VERTICAL
LINES,WHICH RUN AROUND THE EARTH FROM THE NORTH
POLE TO THE SOUTH POLE AND DIVIDE THE WORLD INTO 360
DEGREES.THE PRIME MERIDIAN IS A LINE OF LONGITUDE
THAT RUNS THROUGH GREENWUCH AT 0 DEGREES.
1 DEGREE=60 MINUTES
LONGITUDE FIRST;LATITUDE AFTER.
SATELLITE IMAGES
GIVES A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF WHAT IS HAPPENING AT
EVERY POINT IN THE WORLD.SATELLITES SEND INFORMATION
TO RECIEVING CENTRES ON THE GROUND AND ARE MADE
FROM A COLLECTION OF DATA CONTAINED BY SENSORS ON
THE SATELLITE,WITHOUT THE DATA PREDICTING WOULD BE
DIFFICULT AS NOT HAVE SATELLITES AND CAN BE USED FOR
NAVIGATION,URBAN PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT.COMPUTERS PROCESS THE DATA AND
PRODUCE DIFFERENT IMAGES WE CAN VIEW AND INTERPRET.
TIME ZONES
PLACES TO THE EAST HAVE LATER TIMES AND PLACES TO THE
WEST HAVE EARLIER TIMES.
INTERNATIONAL DATELINE-THE 180 DEGREES LINE OF
LONGITUDE OPPOSITE THE GREENWICH MERIDIAN WHERE
TIMES CHANGE BY ONE DAY BETWEEN THE EASTERN AND
WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
DISTANCE FROM THE EQUATOR
THE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE EQUATOR A PLACE IS,THE
LOWER THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE.AND PLACES CLOSER
HAVE HIGHER TEMPERATURES THAN PLACES CLOSE TO THE
POLES.
THE AREA CLOSE TO THE EQUATOR RECEIVES DIRECT
HEATING FROM THE SUN CONCENTRATED OVER A SMALLER
AREA.THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH CAUSES THE SUNS RAYS TO
SPREAD OVER A LARGER AREA AT THE NORTH AND SOUTH
POLES.
EARTH IS TILTED ON ITS AXIS.THE POSITION OF THE EARTH
DURING ITS YEARLY REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN AFFECTS
HOW MUCH RADIATION CERTAIN AREAS RECEIVE FROM THE
SUN.
DURING THE WINTER SEASONS THE AREAS CLOSE TO THE
POLES RECEIVE VERY FEW HOURS OF SUNLIGHT.LACK OF
HEAT FROM THE SUN KEEPS TEMPERATURES LOW.
DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
TEMPERATURE RANGE:IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HIGHEST AN LOWEST TEMPERATURES.PLACES NEAR THE
COAST HAVE A SALLER TEMPERATURE RANGE THAN PLACES
FURTHER FROM THE SEA.IN SUMMER,LAND HEATS FASTER
THAN THE OCEAN,COOL WINDS FROM THE OCEANS BLOW
AND COOL THE COAST DOWN.
IN WINTER,THE SEA COOLS MORE,SLOWLY THAN THE
LAND.WAR WINDS BLOW ONSHORE WARMING COASTAL
REGIONS RESULTING IN COASTAL AREAS BEING WARMING IN
WINTER.SOLAR RADIATION CAN PENETRATE DEEP INTO
WATER AMD HEAT WATER LAYERS BELOW THE SURFACE.
HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL(ALTITUDE)
PLACES ABOVE SEA LEVEL ARE COLDER THAN PLACES AT SEA
LEVEL.THE HIGHER A PLACE IS,THE LOWER THE
TEMPERATURE.TEMPERATURES DECREASES WITH
ALTITUDE.THE AVERAGE DROP IN TEMPERATURE IS 6,5
DEGREES CELSIUS.HEAT TRANSFER IS LESS EFFICIENT,SO
TEMPERATURES ARE COLDER AT HIGHER ALTITUDES.
OCEAN CURRENT
ARE STREAMS OF WATER THAT MOVE THROUGH THE
SEA.SOME OCEAN CURRENTS ARE WARM WHILE OTHERS ARE
COLD.
CURRENTS AFFECT TEMPERATURE.A COLD CURRENT WILL
LOWER TEMPERATURES WHILE WARM CURRENTS WILL RAISE
THE TEMPERATURE.
AGULHAS CURRENT:
A WARM CURRENT WHICH PROMOTES MOISTURE ON THE
EAST COAST.
THE WARM AIR THAT BLOWS OFF THE COAST RESULTS IN
EXCESS PRECIPITATION RESULTING IN RAIN ALONG THE EAST
COAST.
BENGUELA CURRENT:
A COLD CURRENT RESULTS IN SINKING AIR WHICH DOES NOT
ALLOW FOR PRECIPITATION TO FORM RESULTING IN LITTLE
TO NO RAIN.
MOUNTAINS(RELIEF)
THE RELIEF OF THE LAND MEANS THAT SOME AREAS RECEIVE
MORE SOLAR RADIATION THAN OTHERS.SOME PLACES FACE
THE SUN WHILE OTHER PLACES FACE WAWAY FROM THE SUN
AND ARE IN THE SHADE FOR LONG PERIODS.PLACES THAT
RECEIVE MORE HOURS OF RADIATION DURING THE HOTTEST
TIMES OF THE DAY WILL HAVE HIGHER TEMPERATURES.
THE EFFECT OF MOUNTAINS ON RAINFALL:
MOUNTAINS CAN BRING RAIN TO SOME AREAS BY FORCING
AIR TO RISE AND RELEASE MOISTURE CONTENT AS
RAIN.MOUNTAINS CAN SHELTER OTHER AREAS FROM
STORMS PREVENTING THEM FROM RECEIVING AS MUCH
RAIN.WE CAN SAY THAT PLACES THE SHELTERED SIDE OF A
MOUNTAIN ARE IN RAIN SHADOW AREAS.RAINFALL AMOUNTS
INCREASE DRAMATICALLY AS YOU MOVE FURTHER UP THE
MOUNTAIN ON THE WINDWARD SIDE.
CLIMATE AROUND THE WORLD
READ PAGE 43-52
CLIMATE REGIONS OF THE WORLD PAGE 53-54
FINITE AND INFINITE VERBS
PUNCUATION
Common nouns
NAME PEOPLE,PLACES OR THINGS
AND ARE WRITTEN IN LOWER CASE LETTERS
PROPER NOUNS NAME A PARTICULAR PERSON,PLACE OR THING.THE
FIRST LETTER IS CAPITAL LETTER
ABSTRACT NOUNS MAY BE IDEAS,ACTIVITIES,OR FEELINGS
COLLECTIVE NOUNS DESRIBE GROUPS OF PEOPLE,ANIMALS OR
THINGS.E.G
A GROUP OF SHIPS IS CALLED A FLEET.
A GROUP OF COWS IS CALLED A HERD.
A GROUP OF PLAYERS IS CALLED A TEAM.
A GROUP OF ANTS IS CALLED A COLONY.
PRONOUNS ARE SMALL WORDS WHICH TAKE PLACE OF A NOUN IN A
SENTENCE.E.G:THEY,SE,HE,WE,THE,HERS,THEM,YOURS,ETC…
REPORTED SPEECH.
HOMONYMS:WORDS THAT ARE SPELT THE SAME,WORD THAT
SOUND THE SAME,WORDS THAT DIFFER IN MEANING.
HOMOPHONES:WORDS THAT SOUND THE SAME,WORDS THAT
ARE SPELT DIFFERENT AND WORDS THAT DIFFER IN
MEANING.
HOMOGRAPHS:WORDS THAT ARE SPELT THE SAME,WORDS
THAT ARE NOT PRONOUNCED THE SAME.
