The performance of a political system is effective and efficient due to Political Development. As the result shows in Table No. 4.1.37 and Table No. 4.2.36. So, political parties of Pakistan should enhance the level of political development for the effectiveness of political system. Building of democracy is the process of political development. As the result shows in Table No. 4.1.31 and Table No. 4.2.30. So, political parties should effectively take part in the process of democratization. Mass mobilization enhances the political development. As the result shows in Table No. 4.1.34 and Table No. 4.2.33. So, political parties should work for the mass mobilization of the society. Political stability enhances political participation and political development. As the result shows in Table No. 4.1.33 and Table No. 4.2.32. So, political parties should always maintain political stability in Pakistan, Political development and political participation are directly linked with each other. As the result shows in Table No, 4.1.24 and Table No, 4.2.23. The greater political participation results greater political development. So, political parties should encourage the participation of the masses into the political system of Pakistan, 208 230families and their leadership is automatically inherited by the next generation. The most relevant examples in this regard are PPP, PML-N, ANP, JUL-P. Finally, the structure of political parties has to be reformed urgently to promote the democratic norms in the country. They should give education to their supporters. Inira-party elections are very essential which should be held in the truest sense, on a regular basis. There is also a critical need to abolish the genetic leaders from the political parties and to provide opportunities to visionary and efficient persons with real leadership qualities, Hence researcher was of the opinion that political parties increase the political development and it is very useful platform to achieve political stability. So this is verified that my stance is strong. Literally all of above opinions support the stance that political parties in some extent do contribute to increase the political development in Pakistan. Political parties also promoted the political development by providing different functions but in contrast there is hostile and adverse evidence that political parties are less knowledgeable and are not competent up to as much optimum level as it was assumed. Recommendations Keeping in view the literature review and data analysis of questionnaire, following suggestions are recommended to the political parties to enhance the level of political development in Pakistan. + Political development could be accomplished only through strong institutions. As the result shows in Table No. 4.1.42 and Table No. 4.2.41. So, political parties of Pakistan should make the state institutions strong and resilient. Political parties reflect the political culture and social norms of the society. As the result shows in Table No, 4.1.6 and Table No. 4.2.5. So, political parties should construct a rich political culture and virtuous social norms in Pakistan. Imbalance civil-military relations restrict the growth of _ political institutionalization in Pakistan, As the result shows in Table No. 4.1.43 and Table No. 4.2.42. So, political parties should stimulate the good working relationships between military and elected democratic governments. 207 229institutions would perform their activities according to the law. There was no consensus on a fair and equitable resource distribution system, so the 7th NFC Award was declared for the allocation of revenues and resources among the provinces. Immediately, the total 497 billion rupees were given to the provinces. Political parties develop from the society and also reflect the political culture and social norms of the society. Political parties of Pakistan merely condense the awkward local socio-economic arrangements that involve Pakistani society, even when political parties are restricted from their programs in the military regimes. The political parties of Pakistan can change only gradually. In the overall development of a country, political parties play a vital role. Indeed, they are especially working for a genuinely democratic process and development in general. The expressions of masses are raised by the political parties in a democratic society. They are the best medium for bringing their demands before the government in office. The strength of democracy lies in the strong and structured political parties. The multi-party political system is essential in a multi-ethnic country like Pakistan. The ECP registered so many political parties; however, their role in the political development is not in keeping with the standards that they expected to play as key players of Pakistan’s democratic system. They encourage dissolution, broaden the disparity between the elite and the masses and produce social revulsion stead of building integration and solidarity. Modifications in the working of parties are urgently needed to enhance democratic values and the development procedure. Moreover, the political parties of Pakistan never promote a democratic culture. Democratic, they call themselves and in genuineness they do not have the spirit of democracy. Intra-party elections are simply eyewash because they only meet the needs of the ECP. Basically, the authoritarian nature prevails in all political parties of Pakistan, While multi-party systems are appropriate for Pakistan due to their multi-ethnic desig they always insist on the regionalism and pro \clalism. They instil in ordinary people venom for hatred and thus continue to polarize society. In the final analysis, it breaks down society’s every social and political fabric. Another crucial issue in Pakistan is dynastic and hereditary politics. Most political parties are controlled by specific 206 228in the constitution. According to this amendment, modifications were made in 97 articles out of total 280 articles. The amendments which were subverted in the military rule were restored. Personal discretion of the executive was reduced, fundamental rights were again reinforced and provincial assemblies and the parliament were strengthening. The 19" constitutional amendment was passed about which the new way for the appointments in judiciary was introduced. In the provinces as well as in the centre, to look the future elections, the selection of a caretaker government was paved by the 20" amendment. The PPP took steps to improve the political system of Pakistan and to bring political development like, constitutional reforms which includes the restoration of constitution of Pakistan in its inventive form and also make 18", 19", and 20" amendments that provide relocation of presidential supremacies to parliament, provincial autonomy, selection of caretaker governments and to dissolve the assemblies by striking down of power of president. The PPP government also provides self-autonomy to the ECP. Important decisions and steps were also taken by this government against the terrorism including in Swat and other military operations in tribal areas. The 21" amendment bill modified the Article 175 of the constitution and has also contained a sunset clause which will be expiring after two years. This amendment generated military courts for the speedy trial of terrorists. The decision to amend the constitution came after the incident of Army Public School Peshawar. Due to the 22" amendment, the retired Judges and bureaucrats will also be eligible for appointment as a member or Chief Election Commissioner in ECP. Maximum age for appointment as. a member of ECP is (65 years) and Chief Election Commissioner (68 years) is also being fixed The smoothly working of national assembly played an important role in the political development of Pakistan. Therefore, all the issues and problems were resolved through negotiations including the 7" NFC Award, Balochistan package, important legislation on different issues of terrorism, fundamental human rights and women harassment bill were all passed by mutual settlement. So all the legislation performed by the parliament, strengthen the principle of separation of powers, in this way all the state 205 227political development was 21.03, average mean score of mobilization and political participation was 30,02, average mean score of democracy was 8.62, average mean score of political stability was8.35, average mean score of mobilization and exercise of power was4.11, average mean score of social change was 8.23, average mean score of political system and political development was 12.6, average mean score of political institutionalization was 16.88 and average mean score of political developments in Pakistan was 12.96 (As shows in the Table No. 4.2.46). The weakness of the political parties is a significant issue in the democratic processes and political development in Pakistan. The active democratic processes are strengthening the political parties, and the democratic processes are reinforced by strong political parties. The irony is that there is no strong popular base for the political parties. In addition, the political leaders could not develop any consensus regarding the outlines of the nation’s politics, In general, most political parties of Pakistan are considered to be patronizing rather than relying on certain policy-making. This is an outcome of patronage-based economy, where the prosperity of public is generally linked to the influence of landlords rather than merit, It is therefore essential for individuals to improve patronage relationships with local leaders of the party to solve daily issues. In terms of ideology, the PML-N, PML-Q, and JUI-F represent conservative politics whereas the PPP, PTI and MOM are liberal and progressive parties. An elected government completed its term first time in Pakistan’s political history. From 2008 to 2013, five years of PPP government were completed. Before the PPP government, only a government of PML-Q could complete its term of five years but that was under the dictatorship of the General Musharraf and so it was also not an independent democratic government who complete its term. After the general elections of 2013, smooth democratic transition was made possible and PML-N came into government. For playing a constructive and positive role to bring major changes in the constitution of 1973, the political parties were commended contributions in the process of legislation. In the form of 18" constitutional amendment, major changes were taken place 204. 226economic, and cultural capacity of society can be applied. But democracy and political parties in Pakistan are facing with some serious problems. Political parties undertake an important role in the democratic societies to articulating the aspirations of the public. They help as an indispensable link between the state and society after obtaining government assistance and electoral trust. However, an entirely different picture has been showed in the political history of Pakistan. There are one hundred and twenty-two political parties treasuring nationalist and religious ethos while the mainstream political parties are very limited. Although fact is that the nation gives off an impression of being productive impresses for improvement of parties, due to various mechanisms, very few would have been acceptable in a severe description of an appropriate political association. The main objectives of political parties are to develop well defined people friendly ideology, produce strong coordination, develop their organizational network, impart democratic education to masses, perform structurally and operationally democratic, give training to their party workers and provide attitude of political objects which could make the environment of democracy, protect the state institutions, and counter the constitutional interruptions through public support. For any good legal and constitutional political system to operate flawlessly, mature political parties are crucial. They develop honest and proficient leadership and grow the democratic force from which future leaders are drawn, They ensure the consistency of the local, provincial and national levels political processes. Therefore, they also ensure the constitution’s proper functioning, Political parties are properly organized public groups which pursuing for political power. Three key roles are to be performed: mobilization; identifying fundamental issues; and developing political programs and alliances. If they win elections, the Foremost duty of parties is to execute governance in the country. In carrying out these functions, different political parties display different organizational features and program structures, Parties are the main means of exercising political power. Governments are made up of political party members. Organized political parties are seen to perform a numb« of important functions in parliamentary democracy such as Pakistan. People with similar 202 224formulated its first constitution, There was a legislative assembly and presidential elections, but General Ayub remained the country’s strongest executive. In 1969, when Pakistan’s first national political party, PPP was able to take people from every part of the country to street agitation, it was forced to resign. The subsequent democracy only lasted six years, however, and then in 1977 General Zia enforced martial law. Almost all political parties were able to solve the constitutional issues during the year-long democratic interval. The third constitution was promulgated in 1973 and is laid down as Pakistan’ s Constitution in 1973. In 1977, the martial law of Zia takeover and pushed until 1988. Political parties continued to be banned until 1986, but in 1985, a non-party parliament was elected, Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif came to power twice one after the other for very short periods between 1988 and 1999. None of the democratic governments could complete their term of office and each changed on the charge of corruption by the then President. Almost every scholar believes that the reasons for Pakistan’s political problems have been spread since its independence. They discuss the miscarriage of the main political parties particularly the Muslim League, which represented Pakistan’s idea, to build the full backing of the public. Pakistan’s political parties have remained immature and the key issues are authoritarian political culture, weak political institutions, deterioration in social norms, and an imbalance of power. Therefore, the state and society of Pakistan have failed and could not contribute significantly towards democratization. Political parties in Pakistan are currently fronting with certain issues. They have failed because the absence of a clear political vision, non-existence of democratic rules and values, weak party structures, discourage the evolution of substitute leadership and always concemed with the single purpose of grabbing power. The issue of political development is essential in developing nations. Political development is demarcated as a move towards a structure capable of responding to people’s demands. When a political system loses this ability for responding to these demands and system’s behaviour is criticized or refused, the legitimacy crisis occurs. To achieve legitimacy requires paying attention to the prerequisites of the people. The system should allow the masses to take part in the political process. In this process political parties play an important role. It is believed that democratic politics is a speci feature of political development. Democracy is a tactic that within the political, socia 201 223Western democratic methods, Le., vote, political parties, free media, some legislative institutions, and written constitutions. An enhanced appeal for political participation is a feature of political development. Generally speaking, political participation is good for political development. ‘The greater political participation results greater political development and the greater political development always results greater political stability. The equations of Huntington describe if political institutionalization is greater than the political participation and political institutionalisation is directly associated to political development, it will strengthen political development. Political parties through political participation stimulates voters’ turnout which shows the strengthening of political development in the country (As shows in the Figure 3.3) The work of Almond and Powell provides an analytical supplement to analyse the such issues like political culture, political socialization, and political change in the developing nations. Political development has been a complex process. ‘The particular institutional forms of government, the organization of the polity, and the spirit of the political culture are the minimum qualifications for political development in a country. Political parties played a significant role in the process of democratization and institutionalization in Pakistan. Political parties also help in the change of political dynamics and effects political participation in the country. Pakistan’s political history reflects the least concern to institutionalize the political system for democratic stability and shows that political stability and institutionalization was not the priority of past governments (As four Democratic governments dismnissed from 1988 to 1999). Similarly, the involvement of military into politics are also a hurdle in the growth of political system. However, despite the continuity of old patterns, major political parties of Pakistan displayed enough maturity to save the political system through cooperation in political matters, these efforts considered to strengthen the federation of Pakistan. Pakistan has struggled to formulate a coherent governance structure sin independence in August 1947 that can reflect the demands of its citizens. The country has been ruled by four dictators for over half of its life. The first martial law was enforced by General Ayub in 1958. In 1962, in Pakistan a narrow group of military bureaucrats 200 222Chapter 5 SUMMARY ‘The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of political parties in the democratic process of Pakistan. Political parties are the significant stake holders for the evolution of political development in any country. The reinforcement of parliamentary norms, free and fair elections, independent judiciary, provincial autonomy and democracy are the main prerequisites to ensure proper political development of the state. Political parties in Pakistan played a vital role in the political development of the country. The mainstream ‘political parties of Pakistan have suffered through the instable political situation and have remained weak during the entire political history of Pakistan. This study examined the institution building approach of political development, which outfits better because it concentrates on the concepts of political participation social mobilization, economic development, political institutionalization and modernization, Huntington presented three equations to understand the notion of political development. He describes political stability as political development and political instability as political decay. So political development and political stability has a direct ink on each other. Huntington places great emphasis upon the stability of governmental institutions which could be achieved, according to him, by balancing mass mobilization and governmental institutionalization. Being concerned with stability, he criticizes modernization on the ground that it is destabilizing the whole system. On the other hand {nstitutionalization is inter-linked with political development and organizations get value and stability due to this process. According to Huntington, strong institutions provide the strength for political development. We have seen that most political development theorists have stressed in one way ‘or the other the significance of increasing political participation in the developmental process. There is almost a consensus that political participation is one of the most important problems that every developing country is going to face at sometimes during the process of its development. Disagreements, however, arise about the way in which the problem of political participation should be solved. Several scholars have suggested the increase of popular participation, some of whom have encouraged the adoption of the 199 221the second, when General Ayub was completely took over the control. General Ayub became the Pakistan’s second President on 27" October 1958 (Ziring, 1997; Malik, 2008), In 1958, Ayub Khan’s coup brutally put a stop to the eleven years of constitutional debate. The martial law had banned all political parties (Talbot, 2012). But General Ayub presented an inclusive structure of local government which was commonly called as ‘Basie Democracies’. The ‘Basic Democracies Order’ was announced by General Ayub in May 1959, and coincided from 27" October 1959 (Ziting, 1997; Khan, 2012). While announcing it, Ayub pointed out that the democratic norms of West could not be enforced or transplanted upon a land that was not prepared for its healthy sustenance and development, The idea behind this system was to gradually involve the people of Pakistan into the democratic processes (Talbot, 2012) Basic Democracies was intended to merge all aspects of Pakistani life. It was the device slated to bring together the different sectors of society and its many structural arrangements; it was meant to pool and blend the talents and skills of the more sophisticated with the most common in the nation’s teeming population. Basic Democracies envisaged an integrative system of operative representative bodies that functioned without resort to political parties. More apolitical in form and content, Basic Democracies was designed as an inclusive system whereby ordinary people could assume responsibility for their own development (Ziring, 1997) Basic Democracies was a political and administrative experiment, but it also was a foray into grassroots economic reform and social change. In introducing the programme General Ayub declared: “We have given the name Basic Democracies for the ebvious reason, that we want it to grow and evolve from the very first rung of the political ladder so that it finds roots deep among the people starting at the village level in rural areas and at the mohaila level in towns” (Ziring, 1997). ‘The argument behind the adoption of such a system was the quarrel ingrained in the mind of Pakistani military argument that the people of Pakistan were not “fit” for democracy. Not only that the military further believe that the Pakistani politicians were corrupt, dishonest and therefore, not trustworthy to run the affairs of the state. It 113 135Feroze Khan Noon replaced Chundrigar as prime minister. He was the leader of the Republicans. He was the last amongst the seven prime ministers before the proclamation of first martial law. His tenure was from December 1957 to October 1958 (Afzal, 1976). From 1947 up to 1958 the political parties and the bureaucratic system of Pakistan had fought the battle of supremacy and tried their best for promoting Pakistani polities (Anwar & Baig, 2012). 3.22 Political Developments in Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 Ten years after the transfer of power, Pakistan was still in search of its destiny. However, political instability and the issues of floor crossing continuously ensued. The politicians had played at representative government for a little more than a decade, and the patience of Pakistan Army exhausted. The magnitude of the military intervention pointed to a carefully planned country-wide operation that was months in preparation. Martial law was imposed on 7" October 1958, throughout the country under the authorite of President Iskandar Mirza, who declared that General Ayub Khan had been made Chi Martial Law Administrator. President Mirza issued the proclamation that abrogated the constitution of 1956, dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies, and banned the political parties and all political activities. But it was General Ayub who controlled the armed forces, as well as the civil bureaucracy (Ziring, 1997; Malik, 2008; Khan, 2017). President Mirza intended to use martial law to stabilize the political process. His address to the nation, he stated as: “The mentality of the political parties has sunk so low that I am unable to believe that elections will improve the present chaotic interim situation and enable us to form a strong and stable Government capable of dealing with the innumerable and complex problems facing us today” (Maluka, 1995). The coup had been engineered by both President Mirza and General Ayub but it was obvious that the General, not the President, was the key figure. Moreover, the two ‘men represented views at variance with one another. General Ayub’s capacity to attract support from President Mirza’s constituency exposed the weakness of his presidency. Therefore, on 27" October 1958, General Ayub decided to rid himself of President Mirza and assume complete control over the affairs of the state, Actually, the military takeover was completed in two phases. First, when President Mirza declared the martial law and 112 134Since no single party was in a position to command a majority, the various groups lost no time in seeking alliances. Therefore, a coalition of the Muslim League and the United Front was ultimately formed Choudhary Muhammad Ali as prime minister (Afzal, 1976) The second assembly was also able to achieve its goal by granting the country with the first Constitution of Pakistan in 1956, One of the main decision of this assembly was that the West Pakistan should be set up as one unit to ensure equality. The draft of the constitution was presented in the assembly on 9" January 1956 and passed on 29"" February 1956. On 2™ March 1956, the Governor General gave his approval. So, after nine years of effort, Pakistan succeeded in framing a constitution which became effective on 23" March 1956 (laffrelot, 2004), Under the Constitution of 1956, the National Assembly equally divided East and West Pakistan with 300 members. Five women’s seats were reserved for each of these two wings, This brings the total number of members to 310. On the adaption of the constitution, General Iskandar Mirza was elected as the first President of Pakistan (Kamran, 2008), Choudhary Muhammad Ali proved an immature politician and failed to control his own party which led to his downfall, He resigned from his office in September 1956. Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy was the one of the few leaders of national stature from East Pakistan. He was most experienced and qualified for the office of prime minister. President Mirza had agreed to having Suhrawardy as prime minister, His tenure was from September 1956 to October 1957 (Mahmood, 2000). Suhrawardy was replaced by Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar as Prime Minister. Chundrigar and his cabinet fully supported “One Unit’ and separate electorate, Due to this reason, the Republicans dropped their support to Chundrigar as prime minister, So, Chundrigar had to resign in December 1957, His ministry proved to be the shortest in the history of Pakistan lasting only two months, Since enforcement of the constitution on 23" march 1956, three prime ministers had been forced to resign in a period of a year and half (Belokrenitsky & Moskalenko, 2013; Talbot, 2012), au 133Lord Mountbatten addressed the Pakistan constituent assembly, housed in the old Sindh legislative building, on 14% August 1947. Acknowledging the work of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan, the last of the British Viceroys asserted this was not the time to look back, but to consider the future and the role of Pakistan in a changing world ‘The transfer of power occurred on 14"* August 1947 and Pakistan became an independent state (Wynbranet, 2009). On 15" August, the last Friday in the month of Ramadan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah became Head of State, the Govemor General of the new state of Pakistan, Jinnah taken the oath of his office on 15" August 1947, by Mian Abdur Rashir 131 Chief Justices of Pakistan. Till his death, the Quaid stayed in this position (Malik, 2008 ‘Talbot, 2012). ‘The foremost assignment before the first constituent assembly is to shape the constitution of the country. The assembly adopted the objective resolution on 7 March 1949 which now assists as the primary principles for Pakistan. In preparation for a constitutional draft on the foundation of the objectives resolution, a committee of basic principles was established on the same day, consisting of 24 Members. On 16" October 1951, the first Prime Minister of the country, Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated, Govemor General Khwaja Nazimuddin transformed his office 10 Ghulam Muhammad and assumed the charge of Prime Minister on 17 October 1951 (Malik, 2008; Talbot, 2012) In March 1953, Nazimuddin alleged with justification and allowed Governor General Ghulam Muhammad to strike first. On 17 April 1953, when Nazimuddin hesitated in complying with the order to terminate his ministers, Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Nazimuddin and his entire cabinet (Ziring, 1997). Governor General Ghulam Muhammad responded swiftly with the opposition, On. 24 October 1954 he announced that ‘the constitutional machinery has broken down,’ and declared a state of emergency. Stating that “the Constituent Assembly as at present constituted has lost the confidence of the people and can no longer function” (Ch 1969), he effectively (although not explicitly in his Proclamation) dissolved the and reconstituted the Cabinet with individuals from outside the Assembly (Tall OB 2eT GY 4 4 Comment Highlight Draw Text — Fill & Sign More toolspower between the powerful state and weak political institutions. In Pakistan, political development is also changes sometimes into political decay due to the authoritarian political culture and underdeveloped political parties (Khan, 2017). 3.21 Political Developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958 Through the Independence Act 1947, the first constituent assembly of Pakistan made up of 69 members, subsequently rose to 79, including one female seat (Khan, 2017). On 10" August 1947, the first session of this assembly took place. The first President of this assembly of Pakistan was unanimously elected on um Aupust 1947. 103some degree, and political parties are strengthened by popular support. Consequently, parties encourage the prosperity of nation as a whole. The development of political ideology and the roots of democracy in a country, which is the central ingredient of political development, is essential (Adeney & Wyatt, 2004). Veena Kukreja and M.P. Singh expressed a very sober thought on the prospects and priority of democracy in Pakistan: “Our single minded preoccupation with the problems and prospects of democracy in Pakistan runs the risk of missing the woods for the tree. The fact is, democracy in a purely formal sense, is far less central to the current and future health of many Third World polities, including Pakistan, than many assume. In common with many post-colonial societies, what Pakistan requires before all else, is a strong framework of public and statutory institutions that is committed to upholding basic liberal values and freedoms, Contrary to what the proponents of democracy believe, these fundamental rights, commonly subsumed under the somewhat old-fashioned concept of tule of law, are neither synonymous with democracy nor necessarily guaranteed by it” (Kukreja & Singh, 2008) Political parties and political development are directly linked to each other. Th relevance of political parties is sometimes taken for granted but they are so critical in established democractes. In the political culture of Pakistan, many people view parties as nothing but extraordinary tools of democracy without much significance, Pakistan also have uneven political developments due to the military involvement into the politics. Political parties in Pakistan have remained underdeveloped courtesy the low level of development of Pakistani society, authoritarian political culture and an imbalance of power between the powerful state and weak political institutions, In Pakistan, political development is also changes sometimes into political decay due to the authoritarian political culiure and underdeveloped political parties (Khan, 2017). 3.21 Political Developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958 ‘Through the Independence Act 1947, the first constituent assembly of Pakistan made up of 69 members, subsequently rose to 79, including one female seat (Khan, 2017). On 10" August 1947, the first session of this assembly took place. The first President of this assembly of Pakistan was unanimously elected on 11" August 1947. 08 1303.20 Democracy in Pakistan Democratization as a process has not remained confined to Latin America but has spanned Asia as well. Pakistan is the latest examples of countries which have rejected authoritarian rule and now have popularly elected governments. It was not too long ago that popularly elected governments operating according, to legally enacted constitutions were swept away by military coups leading to the installation of authoritarian governments instead, Political institutionalization is a process by which people come to value their organizations and procedures which need nat necessarily be democratic Uaffrelot, 2004; Kukreja & Singh, 2005). Pakistan's political history represents the decay of political institutions and a thrilling pattern of progress. To gain the purpose of this scrupulous work there is a need to compact with the fundamental characteristics of political history of Pakistan which is most relevant and represents the democratic process in Pakistan and also provide a model of political communication, Obviously an integrated society plays a noteworthy function istructu in nation building, including the maturity of a state’s govemmental infi (Bahadur, 1998), Political parties have been argued to be an inevitable element of democracy, Within a democratic system, political parties provide the right ways for the Functioning ¢ a government. To enhance power by the ruling party or party alliances while other partie operate as opponents and try to influence government manipulations by majority parties, The citizens inform the government through political parties of their problems and needs. Prominently, political parties are a dynamic and important instrument which connects individuals with its government. The ruling party is alert to the presence of a viable and strong opposition, The political parties also have a duty to promote policies that inform people how a democracy works and to provide the electorate with different policy packages, The political parties allow individuals to some extent to defend their standards and people’s sustenance reinforces political parties. Therefore, these encourage the prosperity of the entire society, Political parties allow individuals to defend their rights to 107 129Pakistan is one of the rank examples of domination of the armed forces in the affairs of the state. It all began in 1954 with Govemor General Ghulam Muhammad’s proposal to General Ayub to impose martial law and take over the administration of the country. General Ayub at first refused but later accepted a place in the cabinet of Muhammad Ali Bogra in 1954 as Defence Minister. This was the turning point in the history of Pakistan when the leadership of the armed forces started considering the option of taking over power through a Coup (Khan, 2017). In October 1958, the martial law was imposed and the constitution was abrogated. From then onwards, governments have functioned and affairs of the state have been run under the shadow of the military, either by directly taking over the state power itself or by indirectly throwing its weight around to accomplish its desired objectives. The four military takeavers have been occurred in Pakistan, Their impacts on national affairs and disruptions in the constitution are very vast. There is no doubt in the public mind that it is the power that matters most in national affairs, It calls all the shots and has the final say on principal matters of national concern. It is pathetic to note that civilian authority over the years has meekly submitted to the domination of military authority (Malik, 2008) ‘The post-Zia stand-off in the civilian military relationship deserves some mention, General Zia and General Musharraf have insisted on a constitutional role for the armed forces in the affairs of the state, This impression was introduced under the PCO b General Zia and LFO by General Musharraf but later dropped under the Eighth an. Seventeenth Amendments respectively (Long, 2015) Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, it has failed to attain democratic consolidation. For only about thirty-seven years Pakistan has had democracy. There is the deficiency of democratic norms inside the political parties throughout the political history of Pakistan, This imperfection has facilitated the derailment of democracy by prolonged military regimes. In turn, these extended regimes have isolated the political parties from 106 128within the government calling itself the Pakistan Muslim League and was allowed much autonomy under Prime Minister Junejo. In October 1985, President Zia appeared to have reconciled to the idea of withdrawal and sought to prepare an indemnity law for it by asking the National Assembly to approve in the form of the Eighth Amendment to the constitution seeking protection against any retribution against himself and his collaborators. The Assembly approved this Amendment which vastly increasing the influences of the President in the parliamentary system stipulated by the 1973 constitution (Rose, 1989). The denial of the military to affect with the scheduled elections is suggestive of its assessment that the liberalization already presented was beyond its control. President Zia’s death steered to what can rightly be termed as a “resurrection of civil society” although the process had started earlier. The Supreme Court of Pakistan, during this intense political activity, detached the last difficulty in the process of democratization by not only declaring the action of the late President dissolving the assemblies as unconstitutional, but also announcing that political parties could not be excluded from contesting elections by using their own symbols and fielding their own candidates (Rizvi, 2003) To maintain power and also give democracy to the country, General Zia declarea. that he was going to hold a referendum which would give him the constitutional right to hold power. Therefore, General Zia had orchestrated a referendum on his Islamization policy which he said, would also be a test of his popularity. The overwhelming support given the agenda thus became the vehicle of legitimacy whereby General Zia would gover Pakistan for an additional five years (Mahmood, 2000). On 19” December 1984, the referendum was voted on. The MRD boycotted the referendum, The voter's tumout for the referendum was very low and some concerned groups were known to have voted more than once. As a result, the referendum showed that 62% of registered voters cast their votes, out of which 97% voted yes. So, the General Zia was there to stay for the next five years, It is remarkable to enlighten that the turnout for the referendum was higher than in any elections held so far in Pakistan. In addition, the high turnout occurred in a period when more than 80% of the people wanted General Zia to be thrawn out of office (Khan, 2017), 129 151hold the elections for the national and provincial legislatures, restore constitutional democracy, and would lift martial law (Wynbrandt, 2009). Starting with the constitutional order that addressed the people of Pakistan, by declaration and edict, particularly with the issuance of the Provisional Constitutional ‘Order of March 1981. General Zia revised the constitution of 1973 so that it could not challenge his authority, Having demolished the traditional role of the political parties, ‘General Zia spoke about the need for a constitutional provision. Finally, he went to great Jengths to allowed the political parties to function in the country. The new political system of General Zia resembled much of Pakistan’s past practices In the wake of civilian apposition and intemal divisions, a gradual process of liberalization was started in 1981. It initiated first with the establishment of a nominated Jegislature in that year and the referendum was conducted for the approval of Islamization policy of General Zia. On 24 December 1981, General Zia declared the formation of the Majlis-i-Shoora, calling it an interim arrangement to promote effective contact between ‘the people and the government, General Zia also introduced the Shariat Courts in 1979. A Federal Shariat Court was established in Islamabad and given authority to determine whether existing law was counter to or in violation of Islamic precepts and principles General Zia called the Shariat Courts a high priority item on his reform agenda, and 1 justified the aetion by insisting that Pakistan had been created for the purpose of providing Islamic justice. A Hudood Ordinance dovetailed with the one creating the Shariat Courts and placed emphasis on Islamic codes of behaviour. For those who convicted of breaking the law, harsh penalties in conformity with Islamic practices were to be imposed. Public lashings were carried out on numerous occasions following the implementation of the ordinance. Zakat was still another Islamic institution that General Zia wanted slavishly followed in Pakistan, General Zia explained that the introduction of Zakat, Hudood, and Ushr Ordinances was only the beginning of a long process, that Islamization remained the goal of the government and that in more tranquil times the Islamic state would flower in Pakistan (Ziring, 1997). Local bodies elections were held in 1983 without the involvement of political parties. General elections were held to the National Assembly in 1985, once again without political parties directly participating. A parliamentary group quickly emerged 28 150Having assumed the office of CMLA, General Zia declared that he wanted to make it absolutely clear that he neither had any political ambitions nor did the army want to be detracted from the profession of soldiering. In justifying his action, General Zia in address to the nation also described that “when the political leaders failed to rescue the country out of a crisis, it is an inexcusable sin for the armed forces to sit as had to intervene to save the country” (Rizvi, 1986). General Zia announced on 5" July 1977 that the assemblies elected in March 1977 election would be dissolved on 15" July and new elections to the national and all four provincial assemblies would be held on 8" and 10" October respectively. It has been admired that General Zia announced new date for the elections and the political activities were allowed from 1" August 1977, after which full-fledged political activities and election campaign started, The election campaigns intensified and became direct contest between the PPP and the PNA. ‘The PNA realized that Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was not yet undone, but was a potential danger as long as the elections loomed large an the horizor iqar Ali Bhutto Meanwhile, the military government felt constrained to stop eventual return to power (Long, 2015). Martial Law Regulations was issued on #" September, for inquiry into the assets of the national and provincial assemblies under the PPP regime, with the express purpose of disqualifying them from participation in the elections, On 29" September, General Zia announced that the decision on postponement of elections would be taken by 10" October. The PNA main leader, Mufti Mahmood also urged accountability before the elections. The further announcement carried out by General Zia on 1“ October, banning, all political activities. He announced that the process of accountability would be completed first and then a new date for elections would be fixed. By this time General Zia had started reneging on his promise to hold elections without saying it in so many words, He said that before elections could be held the country had to be put on a sound economic base (Khan, 2017). It was clear by February 1978 that General Zia and his colleagues in the military had decided to continue their rule and avoid elections on one pretext or the other. They had also. been legitimized by the Supreme Court. They had gone the whole hog against 148 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto and the other political leaders of PPP. The army have also fou 1263.25 Political Developments in Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 The opposition voiced over on the issue of rigging in the elections and subsequently boycotted the elections for the provincial assemblies. The opposition was quick to denounce the elections as a travesty, totally flawed and indeed, stolen by the government party, and particularly by its Chairman, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Since the opposition had agitated in the whole country and they did not take oath which results the severe political crisis. This resulted in demonstrations, incidents of confrontation with the police, and mass arrests of the PNA leadership. Clashes between the pro-Bhutto and anti- Bhutto forces after the elections reached at an alarming situation, This misuse of power ‘was also brought out in the anti-Bhutto movement of 1977 (Long, 2015) When the PNA leaders called for a countrywide strike that would shut down the nation at every level of public and private activity, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto desperately tried to stem the unrest without calling for army intervention, Believing he could manage the disturbances with the Federal Security Force, he was distressed to find the force failing in its responsibilities. The deaths of many protestors, and the arrest of many more, did ne end the altercations. And as the crowds jamming the streets and thoroughfares grew wit each passing day, the police and law enforcing agencies were even more hard put to protect themselves. Shoot to kill orders were more numerous and the escalation of deaths did nothing to buttress the Bhutto administration. The country was confronted with yet another version of civil war. Bhutto on his part stated that before things get out of hand a dialogue should began between the PPP and PNA. The PNA leaders, however, sensed the ‘weakness of the regime, and they sustained their efforts with calls to the citizenry to stop payment of their taxes, All these circumstances would take substantial pressure to convince General Zia to lead the coup. In this situation, the then Army Chief, General Zia was imposed the Martial Law on 5" July 1977 and the era of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was over. The armed forces led by Army Chief General Zia took over the administration of the country. The main political leaders were placed under protective custody. In his addressed to the nation on 5" July, General Zia said that elections would be held in ninety days and power would be transferred to the elected representatives of the people. However, all political activities were banned till further orders (Rose, 1989) 125 147and many people thought he was the fittest person among the available politicians to hold the government (Khan, 2017). On 7" March 1977, the second general elections were held and the party position and voter turnout was as follows: Table 3.5: Party Position in General Elections 1977 Political Party Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Total PPP 108) 32 8 7 155 PNA 8 1 7 0 36 Independents 0 0 8 0 8 Others 0 0 1 0 1 Total 116 a3. 34 7 200 ‘Source: (Gallup, 2013) Table 3.6: Voter Turnout in General Elections 1970 Province Total Registered Voters Total Casted Votes | Turn Out Punjab 18,962,947 12,214,583 64 Sindh 6,677,745 2,139,993 32 KPK 3,751,429) 1,580,418) a2 Balochistan 491,091 134,162 27 ‘All Pakistan 29,883,212 1,606,915,6 54 Source: (Gallup, 2013) The results gave PPP a landslide victory of 136 out of total 200 seats. The PPP won nearly four-fifths seats of the national assembly. The PNA managed to win less than one-fifth, while the remainder went to the independents. In fact, the success of PPP was even more impressive than the experts suggest. Moreover, counting the independents with the PPP gave the party 81.5% seats of the national assembly. The PPP received 58% of the total casted votes and the PNA got 35% votes, About seventeen million of the thirty- one million eligible voters cast their ballots, and it also came out as approximately 55% of the registered voters cast their votes (Khan, 2017), 146assembly on 10" April 1973. It was endorsed by the President on 12" April 1973 and executed in the country on 14" August 1973. On the same day, Fazal Ilahi Choudhary as the President and Zulfigar Ali Bhutto as the Prime Minister of Pakistan took their oaths. The Constitution of 1973 is perhaps by far the mast spectacular achievement of the Bhutto era (Aziz, 2018) According to the Constitution of 1973, it provides a parliamentary system in which the government’s executive power relies on the Prime Minister and the President is, Just at the apex, which signifying the unity of the state. The country had a unicameral legislative system from 1947 to 1973. Under the 1973 Constitution, Pakistan implemented the bicameral system at the federal level. This constitution also provides a five-year term of the National Assembly (Aziz, 2018) Although the Assembly was for five years as mentioned in the constitution, but Zulfigar Ali Bhutto announced on 7" January 1977, about the holding of elections before time. He also assured the nation that the elections would be free and fair. Therefore, he advised the President on 10" January 1977, to dissolve the assembly. The ECP appointed 7" and 10" March 1977 as election dates, respectively, for elections to the National Assembly and to the four provincial assemblies (Long, 2015). According to the Constitution, the National Assembly was dissolved and tw months were assigned for the election campaign. Once the elections were announced, all important parties such as: Jamiatul-Ulema-e-Islam (JUN; Tebrik-iIstiqlal (11); Pakistan Muslim League (PML); Jamaat-i-tstami (JI); Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP; and National Democratic Party (NDP), among others, united together to form an electoral alliance. On 21" January 1977, nine opposition parties make an alliance which called the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), against the PPP. This came as a shock to everyone, given the differences that existed between the parties. However, one thing the PNA showed was that the anti-Bhutto forces were going to do everything to get the PPP government out of office (Cohen, 2004) The PNA launched an energetic campaign and its public meetings gathered large crowds. It viewed that the contest would be dynamic, to say the least, and that the PPP would have to work hard to win. On the other hand, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was still popular 123 1453.24 Political Developments in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977 General Yahya saw the situation and he suffered personal abuse because he was prepared to take the courageous steps that the conditions demanded. Therefore, Zulfiqar ‘Ali Bhutto appointed as President and civil CMLA on 20" December 1971 (Long, 2015). Martial law remained in force after Bhurto’s swearing in ceremony as the new President of Pakistan. The duality and inter relationship of the two roles demonstrated the total power acquired by the PPP chairman (Ziring, 1997). On 14" April 1972, the frst session of the National Assembly was held after some delay caused by the separation of East Pakistan, All 144 members from West Pakistan participated in this session, The National Assembly approved the interim constitution on 17* April 1972, which provided the presidential form of goverment. This interim constitution came into force on 21" April 1972 on the withdrawal of martial law (Wynbrandt, 2009). The assembly also set up a constitutional committee to prepare the first draft of constitutional framework. This committee wes submitted the report with a draft of constitution on 31 December 1972. The constitution was unanimously passed by the ae assembly on 10" April 1973. It was endorsed by the President on 12 April 1973 and executed in the country on 14% August 1973. On the seme day, Fazal Ilahi Choudhery as the President and Zulfigar Ali Bhutto as the Prime Minister of Pakistan took their oaths. ‘The Constitution of 1973 is perhaps by far the most spectacular achievement of the Bhutto era (Aziz, 2018). According to the Corstitution of 1973, it provides a parliamentary system in Which the government's executive power relies om the Prime Minister and the President is {JUS at the apex, which signifying the unity of the state. The country had a unicameral Tegislotive system from 1947 to 1973. Under the 1973 Constitution, Pakistan Implemented the bicameral syst m at the Federal level. This constitution also provides a five-year term of the National Assembly (Aziz, 2018). Although the Assembly was for five years as mentioned in the constitution, but Zulfigar Ali Bhutto announced on 7" January 1977, about the holding of elections before time, He also assured the nation that the elections would be free and fair. Therefore, he advised the President on 10" January 1977, to dissolve the assembly. The ECP appointe 7" and 10" March 1977 as election dates, respectively. for elections to the ‘Assembly and to the four provincial assemblies (Long, 2015). According to the Constitution, the National Assembly was dissolved ‘months were assigned for the election campaign. Once the elections were announes important parties such as: Jamiatul-Ulema-e-Islam (JUD; Tehrik-i-Istiglal (TI); Pakistan 1453.13 Ingredients of Political Development The actions of political development, therefore, are awareness about politics, political participation, scope of political communication, scope of political socialization, psychological association with the consequences of political actions, level of political interest, belief in and recognition of the viable party system, support for the primary objectives of the state, free and fair elections, sense of political efficiency, strength of national identity, and self-accountability for the determination of forming a flawless political atmosphere (Alexander, 1978). Because of these achievements, it can be supposed that a state has accomplished three features in its political development. The: are as follows: > The evolution of responsive, extractive, regulative and distributive features of the political system. > A strong system based on separation of powers, rule of law, and checks and balances in the state, attached with the decentralization of authority or power at the grassroots level. > Increased political participation and greater identification of peoples in political system (Rodee, 1976). More specifically, it is possible to define the ingredients of political development which are as follows: > Democratization » Social harmony and preservation of law and order > National integration Political integration ® End of discrimination > Recognition of secular beliefs in the field of politics > Containment of the class and economic di > Rational distribution of economic and human resources > Greater nation building capacity > Specification and differentiation of political structures 116‘There are several other possible interpretations in addition to these aspects to the conceptualization of political development. Pye also describes, the common sense of national dignity and respect in global matters, or it can be drawn as implying the assessment that political growth should allude to a post-nationalist age when the country government is no doubt the basic entity of political existence. All these political development views highlight the challenges of defining this concept, based on all these perspectives, the interpretations lie in evaluating the common features of political development. In short, Lucian Pye successfully undertook this significant task. 3.12 Variables of Political Development There has been an effort to evolve variables of varying reliability of political development. But there are limitations to each of these exercises. At one stage; for ‘example, it was rather convincingly put forward that a heavy voter turnout was a measure ‘of political development. This has since been challenged by the critics who have argue that studied protest absenteeism by the voters reflected in low polling is itself an index « political development. Each index is thus subject to criticism. Yet political development ‘is apt to remain a faint, foggy and fuzzy concept in the absence of reasonably reliable indicators. “World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators” described the following variables of political development (Taylor et al., 1976) > Age of national institutions > Education expenditure > Defence expenditure > Military manpower > Internal security forces > Press freedom Party fractionalisation > Voter tumout > Electoral irregul ty ® Protest demonstration > Riots 93 115The figure 3.2 depicts that by using the political institutionalization and political participation, political development has been assessed. By relating stability to institutionalization and instability to participation, he has given the central attention in. above diagram to examine the political development. Huntington argues that political development is not an essential trajectory of advancement, but political instability is also a chance as shown in this diagram, alization. The level o” Huntington also proposes four criteria to measure institu institutionalization of any political system or any specific organisation and procedure ca be explained through “adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence” (Huntington, 1965), 3.10.2.1 Adaptability-Rigidity When an organization has the feature of adaptability, there is high level of institutionalization; while an organization has rigidity, there is low level of institutionalization, 3.10.2.2 Complexity-Simplicity When the political organizations have the feature of complexity, the system is highly institutionalized; while the political system has simplicity, that system is less institutionalized, 3.10.2.3 Autonomy-Subordination When the political organizations follow the autonomy that political system is highly developed, otherwise there is the chance of less institutionalization, 3.10.2.4 Coherence-Disunity When an organization or procedure has the feature of coherence, there is high level of institutionalization; while an organization or procedure has disunity, there is low level of institutionalization. 104Social Mobilization ine toe _Soctal Prostration tical P: ior Mobility Opportunities ~ POlttcal Participation Political Participation Political Institutionalization — *°8°*! Instability Above described three interactions basically mean that the gap between economic development and social mobilization leads to social frustration; the gap between mobility ‘opportunities and social frustration produces political participation; and the gap between political institutionalization and political participation produces political instability. 1 7] ()7] simplify Huntington’s argument, these interactions will be presented in three steps, as shown in the following diagram. Figure 3.1: Impact of Modernization on Political Stabilit ‘Source: Designed by the present author and based on the arguments of Huntington. ‘The above diagram shows that the rapid social mobilization has great influence on economic development and creates new standards of life. If the level of economic development is greater than the level of mobilization, the new aspirations and wants will 793.8.13 Foundation to the Democracy It is said that the political parties provide a foundation to the democracy. However, a party does not struggle with bullets and bombs like an army even though a fighting organization, On the other hand, it struggles peacefully and constitutionally. In modem politics, ballots have replaced bullets. The ballot box resolves on a political pparty’s destiny and privilege to be the government. Political parties thus take part in the democratization process. 3.8.14 Advancement of National Interests Political parties promote national interests rather than sectarian interests, class or communal interests. This is their vital characteristic and their fundamental assessment. This is the main feature which makes the political party different from a faction or a group of pressures, Whereas the party is generally aimed at the nation’s good in general, those factions focus on a section or a class, or a group of the state’s special interests or selfish ends. 3.8.15 Recruitment of Political Leaders Political parties’ basic role is to nominate and to elect as many candidates as possible for public office. These officials, once elected, try by means of legislative measures and program initiatives to achieve their party’s objectives. Although a lot of ‘people do not think of it like that, they register as a party member. Many followers have a quite supportive character, voting simply for contestants of their party in the elections. Several become more prominent and struggle to convince people to vote as party officials ‘or volunteers. The most idealistic supporters themselves may choose to take office. A party contests elections by recruiting the candidates. They control and train their members for the legislative procedures, 3.8.16 Announcing of Policies and Programs Each party has various policies and programs. Before the elections parties announce their policies and programs to attract the voters. Thus, voters choose them ‘according to their preferred policies and programs. 61 83help of those in their constituencies who are members of the other party. By solving the problems, political party can attract this support, Both groups and individuals are represented by political parties. Special concerns lie with those interest groups. The interests of a certain region may be represented. Traditionally, political parties have raised general public voices. The alternative is to vote for individual persons on their own unique or multiple issue programs based. an the general philosophies of political parties to select candidates. 3.8.10 Policy Making Policymaking organizations are not political parties alone, They certainly take positions on important political issues, particularly in order to provides options to any party’s position in power. If there is a party in government, his basic function is the policy making and implementation of these policies. This could mean that if a candidate wins by a large majority, the voters gave them a mandate to bring out the campaign programme. 3.8.11 Formation of Basic Opinions and Ideas Political parties orga e the public opinion and formulate the general will. People contrast in their views. They alter dissimilarities with one another and settle on definite views when they are living in a political society. When similar people agree on certain key political, economic and other aims, they are associated or joined together on several issues, thus forming the basic opinions and ideas. Public opinion is also farmed by political parties. 3.8.12 Symbol of Unity and Strength The political parties always want to achieve their objectives and goals, those with a similar views and principles should be organized into a political unit. In politics, without a proper organization, no tangible achievement is possible. Political parties give consistency, unity and strength in the country. 823.8.5 Selection of Candidates for Elections Political parties select the candidates for elections and these candidates are also nominated for governmental offices. They restrict the arena to a few trustworthy applicants from a multitude of desires, This streamlines the voting character and makes it possible to achieve a certain order in the chaotic electoral process. 3.8.6 Political Awareness Political parties inform their members and stimulate them. They are sending pamphlets, campaigning on the media, shutting doors and calling voters on the phone. In this way, parties actually spread political awareness in the country. Individual candidates are able to do the same thing, but parties maintain complex national and local networks ‘which can be pressured to serve their candidates immediately after a party appointment thas been secured, 3.8.7 Forming the Government Parties after winning the election, also form the governments. As members of the party, there are a ready group of politicians who will usually cooperate in their ‘enforcement and implementation of constitutional matters. They seek legislative practices to take power. This means that at the national level a novice parliamentarian arrives with a network of allies that assist and support in the forming of government. Furthermore, alliances between parties close the gap between the legislative and executive branches, 3.8.8 Playing the Role of Opposition Parties are also critical public watchdogs. The opposing relations between the political parties maintain that the out of authority party closely watches its opponent and notifies any misconduct or policy to the public. In a form of democratic government, the parties are so essential to monitor the government policies when they are in opposition. 3.8.9 Representative of Interest Groups The constituents are called individuals represented by elected officials. Whether voters from any political party inform their representatives of their concerns. Elected officials, in tum, must not only reflect their political party’s concerns but also seek the 59 81of support for policies is the distinctive and defining goal of a political party and it is especially related to interest aggregation. Interest articulation means that parties define and express the group’s needs in a way that the public and political system can understand, Interest aggregation means the process by which a party brings together various perspectives. Political parties arrange and modify the requirements on the political system, enabling the system to react to those demands more appropriately. Through this function, parties fulfil the needs and desires of the masses. 3.8.3 Political Socialization Political parties incline to indirectly strengthen the established system by assisting the prevailing political culture to interact a ses mn of society. Parties assist to maintain and create support for the political system by following accepted rules. They also assist in instructing fundamental norms and values. The political socialization mechanism is the induction of political behaviours and principles as kids become teenagers and perform functions for adolescents, Socialization is an ongoing continual process and converts the progression of maintaining and changing political cultures. 3.8.4 Political Mobilization and Political Participation The extreme variant of socialization is mobilization. The party is seeking rapid integration inte the political system for the whole public in order to develop public interest and support. Participations can be put in near association with socialization somewhere behind mobilization. According to Roy Macridis (1967), “that through the party in all systems a medium of expression of interest and participation in deliberation and choice of policies and leaders is open to all, A degree of prior socialization and mobilization is a precondition for participation.” The impact of political groups on the mechanism of political socialization is largely dependent on the sort of scheme. The method of socialization can be seen as achieving its pinnacle in dynamic and multi-party systems with involvement in the integrated political party and subsequently involvement in the political system itself. The most obvious function of political parties is getting people to vote and participate into the political system. 80political parties on the basis of ideologies. They have placed the radical parties on the left spectrum, the liberal parties in the centre and the reactionary and conservative parties on the right spectrum. 3.8 Roles and Functions of Political Parties Ina democracy, political parties carry out various tasks such as the parties carry out a significant task in the government, bring together people to gain governance, develop policies that support their interests or groups, organize and influence voters to elect their candidates. Even though political parties are usually involved in government operations at all levels, but the government itself is not political organizations (Haq, 1991; R. Jackson & D. Jackson, 1997; Roskin et al, 1994), The key roles and functions of parties are following as: 3.8.1 A Connection Between Public and Government A connection between public and government is provided by political parties. Parties are the main ‘inputting’ device for using a system expression that allows individuals to hear their wishes and needs from the government. Parties also perform as a link between individuals from various linguistic and ethnic groups, regions and provinces. In this way, they alsa provide the political system with stability. The leader of the local parties serves as the connection between the citizens and the government. Moreover, a ‘mechanism for individuals to participate in the political system is provided by political parties. 3.8.2 Interest Articulation and Interest Aggregation Interest articulation is a process of expressing interests (needs and demands to the government) by people and political groups. In large, established political systems, formal Interest groups are a primary means of promoting political interests. As societies become ‘more complex and scope of government grows, quantity and methods to articulate public interests have grown as well. While, interest aggregation is an activity in which the political demands of individuals and groups are combined into policy programs. How interests are aggregated is a key feature of the political process. In a democratic system, two or more parties compete to gain support for their alternative programs. Mobilization 57 7193.7 Kinds of Political Parties Generally speaking, at least four kinds of parties may exist in modem democratic states, ie. the reactionary, the conservative, the radical or revolutionary and the moderate or liberal (Haq, 1991). The detail of these kinds are following as: 3.7.1 Reactionary Parties It comprises of individuals who want to return to the ancient impressions, whether it was in the past, or just imaginary. These parties cling to the ald socio-economic values and political institutions, Hindu Mahasabha and Jan Sangh in India, JUL-F in Pakistan, and the Nazi Party in Germany are the examples of reactionary parties. 3.7.2 Conservative Parties This kind of parties pursues to get back to an old impression, while the old order remains unchanged. It is similar to reactionary parties and having one distinction. He seeks to maintain the status quo. Conservative party in UK, Republican party in USA, Congress party in India, JUL-F and Jl in Pakistan are the examples of conservative parties. 3.7.3. Radical or Revolutionary Parties This type of parties represents radical changes and unambiguous social and cultural progress in organizational and political life. These parties also have an intention to establishing a new order by overthrowing the existing institutions. Pakistan Awami ‘Tehrik (PAT) is an example of this type of parties. 3.7.4 Liberal or Moderate or Progressive Parties This type of parties always promotes social change, freedom and progress. These parties also have a purpose to reforming the existing institutions. The PPP, MQM and PTI in Pakistan are the examples of liberal and progressive parties In present times, these parties shade with each other sometimes, The reactionary parties may not differ greatly from the conservatives, whereas a conservative party may be actually focus on liberal views. Moreover, the thinkers present the classification of 56 78political instability in a country (Haq, 1991; R. Jackson & D. Jackson, 1997; Roskin et al., 1994) 3.6 Left and Right Spectrum of Political Parties A system of categorizing ideologies, political positions and parties is called left and right political spectrum. Left - wing ideology and right - wing ideology is almost always viewed as opposite, though one group or person may hold a right - wing viewpoint ‘on one matter and a left - wing viewpoint on another. There is also a centre ground where parties hold views from both the left and the right wings. The terms left wing and right wing were first used during the French Revolution of 1789. Those on the right backed the monarchy and those on the left backed the revolution (Gabel & Huber, 2000; Sigelman & Yough, 1978). Every party around the world has its own ideology which are distinguished as lefties and rightist. Indian National Congress, Democratic Party of USA, Labour Party of UK are the parties of left wing. While BJP, Shiv Sena, Republican Party of USA, Conservative party of UK are the parties of right wing, In case of Pakistan, the PPP, PKMAP, ANP, and MQM are the parties of left spectrum. While PML-N, PML-Q, JI, JULF are the parties of right spectrum, The main distinctions between the two spectrums would be as follows: Table 3.1: Main Distinctions Between Left and Right Wing of Political Parties Left Wing Right Wing Extreme focus on central planning Marginal focus on central planning Liberal policies far people and work 1 Liberal policies for economy and work to improve poor people’s life improve the economy The lefties always supporting the change | The rightist wanting to keep the status- quo continues ‘An expanded role of the government ‘X minimised role of the government Extreme left is communism ie. Joseph | Extreme right i fascism he” Adolf Flier Stalin (USSR) (Germany) ‘Source: (Barnes, 2002). i 5s - —3.5 Types of Parties in Competitive Systems After comprehend the Almond and Coleman’s classification of party systems and theories of the origin of political parties. It is obvious to understand the different types of party systems. The detail of political systems is following as: 3.5.1 One-Party System This system is a twentieth century phenomenon which is typically linked to authoritarian left or right regimes. The single party regulates all levels of gavernment and is the only party legally permitted in the country. There is no competition in this system. In this kind, there are only two options for the lone party to nominate the candidates and the electorates such as, not to cast the vote, or writing ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the names of the party’s nominees. In authoritarian regimes and communist countries like North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, and China have one-party political system, This system was also predominant in the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and in Italy from 1922 to 1943 (Haq, 1991; R. Jackson & D. Jackson, 1997; Roskin et al., 1994) 3.5.2 Two-Party System This system is most familiar to us and a hallmark of the English speaking world. The ‘two major dominant parties always change their power in this type of political system, Therefore, the frontrunner will have to get as many votes as possible to win the elections. However, please be attentive that a majority of votes is not the maximum number of votes. ‘The smaller parties incline to join or drop off elections with larger parties. The U.S.A, U.K, Australia and Canada all have a system of this kind in which the maximum number of seats is held by two parties (Haq, 1991; R. Jackson & D. Jackson, 1997; Roskin et al., 1994) 3.5.3 Multiparty System Multiparty system is the third and most prevalent method of governing. There are three or more parties in such a system that are able to gain government control separately or ina coalition, The multi-party system is being used by countries like Argentina, Germany, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Spain. Some thinks that a system of this type often leads to 54 76