SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 1

Social Science (087)

Class X (2024-25)

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:
1. The question paper comprises Six Sections - A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37
questions in the Question paper. All questions are compulsory.
2. Section A - From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B - Question no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying
2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q.25to Q. 29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
5. Section D - Question no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case based questions with three sub
questions and are of 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 100
words.
7. Section F - Question no. 37 is map based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a
from History (2 marks) and 37b from Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has
been provided in few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions must be
attempted.
Section A
1. The reason why Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference of [1]
December 1931, were:

a) For demanding poorna swaraj. b) The signing of the Gandhi-

Irwin Pact in March 1931.

c) The arrest of Ghaffar Khan and d) The violence of the Indian

Jawaharlal Nehru. people against symbols of the
British Raj like railways, police
posts.

2. In the year 2006, floods occurred in the states of: [1]

 a) Tamil Nadu and Andhra b) Gujarat and Maharashtra

c) Karnataka and Kerala d) Maharashtra and Karnataka

SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2019 [1]
3.
Gross National
Life Expectancy at HDI Rank in the World
Country Income
Birth (2018)
(2011 PPP)
Sri Lanka 12,707 77 73
India 6,681 69.7 130
Myanmar 4,961 67.1 148
Pakistan 5,005 67.3 154
Nepal 3,457 70.8 143
Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 134
As per the data given above which country has HDI rank close to India and also has
a better life expectancy?

a) Nepal b) Pakistan

c) Sri Lanka d) Bangladesh

4. Which of the following options represents the possible reality of the production of [1]
sugarcane, tea, or rubber in India?
i. They are grown in large areas and cover large tracts of land.
ii. Their production generally has an interface of agriculture and industry.
iii. Cultivation is done with the help of capital-intensive inputs and migrant
labourers.
iv. It is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

a) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct. b) Statement i and ii are correct.

c) Statement ii, iii & iv are d) Statement ii is correct.

correct.

5. ________ is a system of government in which the power is divided between a [1]

central authority and various constituent units of the country.
 a) Federalism b) Constitution

c) Parliament d) Unitary

6. Read the following statements about power sharing arrangement in Belgium and [1]
choose the correct option.
I. Brussels has a separate govt. with equal representation.
II. Dutch & French speaking ministers are equal in Central Govt.
III. Community Govt. is elected by People belonging to one language.
IV. Series of majoritarian measures adopted in Belgium.

a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV

c) I, II and IV d) I, III and IV

7. Assertion (A): Dictatorship is a better form of government. [1]

Reason (R): Democracy is legitimate, accountable, responsive, promotes equality
among citizens, enhances the dignity of the individual

a) Both A and R are true and R is b) Both A and R are true but R is
the correct explanation of A. not the correct explanation of
A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

8. Read the information given below and select the correct option [1]
Ram who is a pot manufacturer wants to sell pots in the market and buy rice. Ram
will first exchange pots that he has produced for money, and then exchange the
money for rice. He would have to look for a rice growing farmer who not only
wants to sell rice but also wants to buy the pots in exchange. That is, both parties
have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities. In the given statement
which situation is mentioned?

a) Correlation of wants b) Double coincidence of wants

c) Barter system of wants d) Incidence of wants

9. In which year new laws were made in Russia giving more powers to its president? [1]

a) 2005 b) 2006
 c) 2007 d) 2004

10. Identify the painting from the options given below. [1]

a) Club of Thinkers b) The Dream of Worldwide

Democratic and Social
Republics

c) The Frankfurt Parliament d) Peasants’ uprising

11. Evaluate the reason for putting a barrier to foreign trade by identifying the [1]
appropriate statements among the following options:
i. To improve the performance of domestic producers.
ii. To create an opportunity for the producers to cover the international markets.
iii. To allow businesses to make decisions on imports and exports freely.
iv. To protect the producers and service providers within the country from foreign
competition.

a) Statements i, ii and iii are b) . All the statements are

appropriate. appropriate.

c) Statements i and ii are d) Only statement iv is

appropriate. appropriate.

12. Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that: [1]

a) Inequalities do not exist under b) Democracy and development

dictatorship go together

c) Inequalities exist in d) Dictatorship is better than

democracies democracy

13. Arrange the following statements in sequential order: [1]

 i. Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.
ii. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.
iii. Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
iv. Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra.

a) iv, i, iii, ii b) ii, i, iv, iii

c) iv, iii, ii, i d) iii, i, iv, ii

14. Read the information given below and select the correct option [1]
If in a family all 10 members are working in a shop or small family business when
5 are enough to work efficiently then those extra 5 members are actually
unemployed. Which situation is being referred to?

a) Disguised Unemployment b) Seasonal Unemployment

c) Structural Unemployment d) Educated Unemployment

15. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer [1]
Statement I: In France, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as
Chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
Statement II: In England, were the Biliotheque Bleue, which were low-priced
small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.

a) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect b) Statement (i) is correct and (ii)
is incorrect

c) Statement (i) is incorrect and d) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
(ii) is correct

16. In a talent hunt competition, the judge decided to challenge the participants with a [1]
unique twist. Alongside their performances, they were given a task to identify a
specific type of soil based on clues related to Laterite Soil. Which of the following
clues provided by judge would be most useful in identifying the Laterite soil?
Clues:
i. This is the most widely spread and important soil.
ii. The formation of this soil depends on climatic conditions and parent rock
material.
iii. These soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6)), and generally
deficient in plant nutrients.​​
 iv. The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys, particularly on the river terraces
and alluvial fans are fertile.

a) Clue i b) Clue i and iv

c) Clue iii d) Clue ii and iii

17. Which of the following statements will be considered as a glitch about the self- [1]
declaration affidavit of the candidate contesting the elections?
Statement i: This system has made a lot of information available to the public.
Statement ii: It has reduced the influence of the rich and criminals.
Statement iii: There is no system to check if the information given by the
candidates is true.
Statement iv: The affidavit submitted by the candidates is validated before being
accepted.

a) Statement i and ii are right. b) Statement iii is right.

c) Statement i, ii and iii are right. d) Only statement iv is right.

18. Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion. It is one of the [1]
features of:

a) communalism b) socialism

c) secularism d) federalism

19. Which of the following is false with respect to the Multi-Party System? [1]

a) In this system, the government b) It is a system where there is a

is formed by various parties chance of coming to power
coming together in a coalition either on their own or by
alliance

c) The United States of America d) All of these

has a multi-party system

20. Read the conversation between a farmer, a shopkeeper, and a shoemaker: [1]
Shoemaker to a farmer: I’LL GIVE YOU SHOES FOR YOUR WHEAT.
Farmer to a shoemaker: I DON’T NEED SHOES. I NEED CLOTHES.
Shopkeeper: I WANT SHOES. BUT I DON’T HAVE WHEAT.
What kind of problem is faced by a farmer, a shopkeeper, and a shoemaker?
 a) Lack of terms of credit b) Lack of Banking system

c) Lack of double coincidence of d) Lack of collateral security

wants

Section B
21. Study the map thoroughly and mention the languages that are dominantly spoken in [2]
Belgium.

22. Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. [2]

OR
What changes were brought due to Napoleon's reforms and code? What were the
reactions to these changes?

23. Write down the features of Intensive Subsistence agriculture. [2]

24. Explain the factors that make federal government in India so attractive. [2]

Section C
25. How did Mercier describe the impact of printed word and power of reading on [3]
himself?

26. Can you write brief outline about the position of Indian cotton industry at [3]
international level?

OR
 Read the data given in the graph given below and answer the questions that follow:

i. Which country was the largest exporter of steel in the year 2004?
ii. What was the crude steel production of India in 2019? What was its position
worldwide?

27. Study the data given in the table and answer the questions that follow. [3]
Workers in different sector (in million)
Sector Organised Unorganised Total
Primary 2 240 242
Secondary 9 54 63
Tertiary 17 76 93
Total 28 370 398
i. Which is the most important sector which provides most jobs to people?
ii. What is the number of people engaged in the unorganised sector?
iii. Why this unorganised sector is more important?

28. Examine the 'holding together' nature of Indian Federalism. [3]

29. Nita cannot buy sewing machine due to which she has no other option than to work [3]
on the small farm land where already her husband and four children are working. Is
Nita unemployed? If so then what kind of unemployment is it?
 Section D
30. Write a short note on Bauxite, its formation, features and distribution in India. [5]

OR
"Nuclear energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India." Give
arguments to support this statement.

31. Mention the obstacles in the way of the Italian Unification. [5]

OR
Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe at the end
of the nineteenth century.

32. 'The political scene is the mass of many parties.' How do politicians mange these [5]
coalitions? Give your opinion.

OR
Why is there a lack of internal democracy within the political parties in India? Explain
with examples.

33. Define credit. Describe the vital and positive role of credit with examples. [5]

OR
Explain the differences between Formal and Informal Sources of Credit.

Section E
34. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January, 1930
'We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other
people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities
of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if
any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them, the people
have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has
not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the
exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically,
culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British
connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.
i. What was considered as an inalienable right? (1)
ii. Why did Indians ask for Purna Swaraj? (1)
 iii. Examine the views of Indians towards the British Government in reference to
this passage. (2)

35. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the
purposes for which they were built. Ironically, the dams that were constructed to
control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the
time of excessive rainfall. You may have seen or read how the release of water from
dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat
in 2006. The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused
extensive soil erosion. Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were
deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser, further adding on to the problem of land
degradation. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced
earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from
excessive use of water.
i. What is one of the impacts of sedimentation in reservoirs? (1)
ii. What impact did the release of water from dams during heavy rains have on the
flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006? (1)
iii. Explain the negative environmental impacts associated with multi-purpose
projects. (2)

36. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
Suppose for the present that a particular country is quite developed. We would
certainly like this level of development to go up further or at least be maintained for
future generations. This is obviously desirable. However, since the second half of
the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present
type and levels of development are not sustainable. Groundwater is an example of
renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of
crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in
the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then
we would be overusing this resource. Non-renewable resources are those which
will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth that cannot be
replenished. We do discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New
sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even this will get
exhausted. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or
state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation-specific. Our future is
 linked together. Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of
knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists
are working together. In general, the question of development or progress is
perennial. At all times as a member of society and as individuals we need to ask
where we want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals are. So the
debate on development continues.
i. Identify the new area of knowledge which has been a subject of interest for
social scientists and philosophers alike. (1)
ii. What have the scientists warned about the present type of development? Explain.
(1)
iii. Explain how our future is linked together? (2)

Section F
37. (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. [5]
Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1927
B. The place associated with the Movement of Indigo Planters.
(b) On the same outline map of India locate and label any four of the following
with suitable Symbols. (any three)
i. Kandla - Major Sea Port
ii. Gandhinagar - Software Technology Park
iii. Talcher – Coal Field
iv. Rawatbhata - Nuclear Power Plant
v. Raja Sansi - International Airport
 Solution
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 1
Social Science (087)
Class X (2024-25)
Section A
1.
(b) The signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in March 1931.
Explanation:
In such a situation, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement and
entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji
consented to participate in a Round Table Conference. In December 1931, Gandhiji went
to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned
disappointed.
2.
(b) Gujarat and Maharashtra
Explanation:
The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in
Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006.
3.
(d) Bangladesh
Explanation:
HDI of India is 130 while that of Bangladesh is 134. Its life expectancy is 72.6 which is
better than India’s 69.7.
4. (a) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
Explanation:
In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops.
Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is
grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of
migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. While,
Intensive Subsistence Farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
5. (a) Federalism
Explanation:
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central
authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a federation has two levels
of government.
6. (a) I, II and III
Explanation:
 I, II and III
7.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
Democracy is a better form of government because it is legitimate, accountable,
responsive, promotes equality among citizens, enhances the dignity and freedom of the
people, improves the quality of decision-making, and allows room to correct mistakes.
8.
(b) Double coincidence of wants
Explanation:
Double coincidence of wants means when both the parties – seller and purchaser – agree
to sell and buy each other’s commodities. It implies that what a person desires to sell is
exactly what the other wishes to buy.
9. (a) 2005
Explanation:
In 2005, some new laws were made in Russia giving more powers to its president. During
the same time the US president visited Russia.
10.
(b) The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics
Explanation:
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics
11.
(d) Only statement iv is appropriate.
Explanation:
Only statement iv is appropriate.
12.
(c) Inequalities exist in democracies
Explanation:
A small number of ultra-rich people enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and
incomes. On the other hand, the people who are at the bottom of society sometimes find it
difficult to meet their basic needs of life like food, shelter, clothing, education, and health.
So we can say that inequalities exist in democracies.
13.
(c) iv, iii, ii, i
Explanation:
iv. 1918-19: Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra.
iii. April 1919: Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
 ii. January 1921: Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.
i. March 1930: Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at
Dandi.
14. (a) Disguised Unemployment
Explanation:
Disguised unemployment or hidden unemployment is a kind of unemployment where
some people seem to be employed but are actually not.
15. (a) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
Explanation:
In France, were the “Biliotheque Bleue”, which were low-priced small books printed on
poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. In England, penny chapbooks were
carried by petty pedlars known as Chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor
could buy them.
16.
(c) Clue iii
Explanation: Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH<6)), generally
deficient in plant nutrients.
17.
(b) Statement iii is right.
Explanation:
It is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details
of his property and criminal cases pending against him. The new system has made a lot of
information available to the public. But there is no system to check if the information
given by the candidates is true.
18.
(c) secularism
Explanation:
Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our
country. The makers of our Constitution were aware of this challenge. That is why they
chose the model of a secular state under which, our Constitution does not give a special
status to any religion.
19.
(c) The United States of America has a multi-party system
Explanation:
The United States of America is an example of the two-party system.
20.
(c) Lack of double coincidence of wants
 Explanation:
Lack of double coincidence of wants
Section B
21. The languages that are dominantly spoken in Belgium are Dutch and French.
22. The provisions of Treaty of Vienna were as follows:
i. There was restoration of the power of the Bourbon dynasty in France.
ii. France lost all the territories that it had annexed while under the rule of Napoleon.
iii. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South and the kingdom of Netherlands was set-up
in North.
iv. New territories were added to Prussia on its western frontier.
v. Austria was granted control over Northern Italy.
vi. Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given a part of Saxony.
OR
Napoleon introduced the following changes in order to make the administrative system in
Europe much more efficient.
i. By the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, all such privileges that
were based on birth were done away with.
ii. There was a much more efficient administrative system.
iii. The Right to Property was secured.
iv. The administrative divisions were simplified.
v. The feudal system was abolished.
vi. The peasants were freed from serfdom and dues.
vii. Guild restrictions were removed in the towns as well.
viii. There was improved transport and communication.
ix. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom uniform
laws, standardised weights and the measures facilitated the movement of goods and
capital from one region to another.
Reactions to these changes: Businessmen and small scale producers of goods, in
particular, began to realise.
23. Some features of Intensive Subsistence agriculture are
i. It is practiced in areas of high population .
ii. It is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are
used for obtaining higher production.
iii. The right of inheritance leading to division of land among successive generations has
rendered land holding size uneconomical.
iv. The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of
alternative source of livelihood. Thus there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.
 v. It is practised by majority of the farmers in the country.
vi. It is characterised by small and scattered land holdings and use of primitive tools.
vii. Most of the food production is consumed by the farmers and their families.
24. India is a vast country where many states are bigger than countries in Europe. Soon after
Independence, the constitution declared India as a union of states. The success of
Federalism in India is due to the following reasons:
i. The formation of linguistic states has made the country more united and has also made
administration easier.
ii. Mobilisation.
iii. Flexibility in following the language policy.
iv. New culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of state governments.
v. Administrative knowledge of the people at all the levels.
vi. Efficacy to solve all kinds of issues at respective levels.
Section C
25. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in 18th century France described the impact of the
printed word, and the power of reading in one of his books in the following way:
a. He compares himself to a man dying of thirst and gulping down some fresh, pure water.
b. He lighted the lamp and started reading page to page. A clock struck off the hours in the
silence of the shadows and he heard nothing
c. In spite of the oil being run out in the lamp, he kept on reading. He did not want to
interrupt his pleasure of reading.
26. Indian cotton industry has a fair position at the international level. As India has the second
largest installed capacity of spindles in the world, next to china at around 34 million. We
have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth of total
trade. Our trade in garments is only four percent of the world’s total. Our spinning mills
are competitive at global level and capable of using all the fiber products.
OR
i. In 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel which accounted for 2.25 per cent of the
global steel trade.
ii. In 2019 with 111 million tonnes of crude steel production, India ranked 2nd among the
world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2019 per capita
consumption of finished steel in the country was only around 74.3 kg per annum against
the world average of 229.3 kg.
27. i. As per the given data in the table, Unorganised sector is providing jobs to 370 millions
people hence it is the most important sector which provides most jobs to people.
ii. 370 million people are engaged in the unorganised sector.
iii. Unorganised sector is important as it provides employment to a large number of people.
28. Since India is a vast country with cultural and liguistic diversity, hence the nature of
federation here is 'holding together'.
i. The states have been not been given identical powers with Union government.
ii. Few states have been given special status - like Jammu and Kashmir and North-eastern
states in order to protect and preserve their custom, tradition, culture and linguistic
diversity.
iii. Apart from these some territories of the Indian Union like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep or
the capital city of Delhi are administered by the Union government hence known as
Union Territories.
29. In the given case, due to lack of alternative source of income, Nita is putting her labour in
agriculture where it is not needed. Nita seems to be employed but actually she is in a
situation known as disguised unemployment. Disguised unemployment is a kind of
unemployment in which some people look like being employed but are actually not
employed fully. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment. In such a situation
more people are engaged in work than required.
Section D
30. Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained.
Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron,
with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleable ability.
Formation: Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks
rich in aluminium silicates.
Distribution:
i. Bauxite is found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of
Bilaspur-Katni.
ii. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
iii. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the
state.
iv. 45 per cent of the country’s total production in 2000-01 was in Odisha.
OR
Atomic energy is generated by splitting nuclear substances such as the atoms of uranium,
thorium, Cheralite, Zirconium under controlled conditions. Splitting of these atoms gives
out a lot of energy which can be used for a variety of purposes such as generating
electricity. This energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India due to
the following reasons:
i. India has limited reserves of coal and petroleum. Nuclear energy minerals like Thorium
is found in plenty in India.
ii. Hence, nuclear energy can compensate for the deficiency of fossil fuels.
 iii. Nuclear power stations can be established easily and conveniently in those areas where
other sources are not available.
iv. Nuclear power releases tremendous amounts of energy. India can utilize this energy for
peaceful purposes such as the generation of electricity that can be used to run machines
in industries.
v. It is a non-conventional source of energy. After the initial expenses, it becomes very
economical.
31. Italian Unification faced the following obstacles in its way:
i. Quarrelsome Division: The division of Italy into many states and their mutual quarrels
rendered Italy quite weak.
ii. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their control over
a large part of Italy. Napoleon, the French emperor, had conquered the whole of Italy.
Thus, the foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way of the Italian Unification.
iii. Congress of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna once
again divided Italy into small states and thus played a great havoc with the task of
Italian unification.
iv. The Pope of Rome: The Pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories
under his dominance. This way he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the
Italian unification.
v. Reactionary Rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also proving a
great hurdle in the way of Italian Unification.
OR
i. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.
ii. Art & poetry, stories and music helped in expressing and shaping nationalist feelings.
iii. Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment.
iv. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science
and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
v. The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of a shared collective
heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
vi. The emphasis on vernacular language and the local folklore to carry the modern
nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
vii. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder popularized the true spirit of the nation
(volksgeist) through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
viii. To oppose French domination, Grimm brothers collected folktales as an effort to
develop the German language and create a German national identity.
 ix. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning
folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
x. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. For
example: The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian
dominance.
xi. Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be described.
32. It is true that presently political scene is dominated by many parties.
The politicians do manage these coalitions by giving proportional representation to all
the emerging political parties and their members.
With the mushrooming of political parties, it has now become difficult in the Indian
political scenario, for any particular party to garner majority of seats to form the
government.
In such a case, several political parties with almost similar agenda come together to form a
government and if voted to power, all such parties as a coalition form the government
Generally, all the major decision making is done by the biggest party in the coalition, like
that of BJP in the general elections of 2014.
If we take it in positive sense we see that this signifies:
A. The concept of popular participation.
B. Equal representation to all the sections of the society.
C. This system has strengthened federal system of democracy.
D. It is helpful to get equal share in the power.
E. Ministries are allotted keeping in mind all the members of the coalition.
Such a system may face problems if one of more than one political parties, opts out of the
coalition leading to instability.
Though at times difficult to manage, such system allows a assortment of interests and
opinions for political representation.
OR
It is a dilemma that while the political parties are seen as an effective instrument of
democratic decentralisation, there is no democracy within the parties i.e. the lack of
Internal Democracy.
All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of
power in one or a few leaders at the top.
Political parties do not keep membership registers.
Parties do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens
inside the party.
 As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.
Since one or few leaders enjoy extreme power in the party, those who disagree with the
leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. However, more than loyalty to the party
principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leaders becomes more important. For
example, all the newly formed parties, including BSP and Jana Sangh, suffer from a lack
of internal democracy.
33. "Credit' refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money,
goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.
Credit plays a vital and positive role as:
i. Credit helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their
income and support their families.
ii. Credits help to increase earnings and therefore the persons are better off than before.
iii. To some people, loan helps a lot in constructing their houses and get relief from
monthly rent.
iv. To others, it helps a lot in raising their standards.
Examples:
A person who has enough calibre to start an industry but lacks money can start it by
taking loans and under favourable condition pays it and starts his industrial life.
A student who is unable to take admission in universities but is a scholar can use the
loan as an opportunity.
Farmers can buy new machinery to fasten their production using loans.
OR
Formal Sector Credit Informal Sector Credit
These sources of credit are registered by These include those small and scattered
the government and have to follow its rules units which are largely outside of the control
and regulations. of the government.
Informal sector credit includes
Formal sector credit includes banks and
moneylenders, traders, employees friends
cooperatives.
and relatives.
Banks require collateral and proper
No collateral required.
documentation for getting a loan.
They charge much higher rates of interest.
A reasonable rate of interest is charged.
Repeated borrowing can lead to a debt trap.
Apart from profit-making, they also have Their only motive is to extract profit as
an objective of social welfare. much as possible.
 They impose very tough and sometimes
Terms of credit are fair and reasonable. even unreasonable terms of credit on
borrowers.
Banks do not supervise. There is no
The Reserve Bank of India supervises its
organisation which supervises credit
functioning.
activities.
Section E
34. i. To have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life. To
have full opportunities to grow was considered an inalienable right.
ii. Indians wanted to sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete
Independence because the British government exploited the Indians and deprived them
of their freedom.
iii. Indians believed that the British Government in India did not only deprive them of their
freedom but was based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and had ruined India
economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.
35. i. One of the impacts of sedimentation in reservoirs is the triggering of floods.
ii. The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in
Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006.
iii. The negative environmental impacts associated with multi-purpose projects include
The triggering of floods due to sedimentation in reservoirs.
Failure to control floods during excessive rainfall.
Soil erosion caused by floods.
Deprivation of silt as a natural fertilizer for flood plains.
Induced earthquakes, water-borne diseases and pests, and pollution resulting from
excessive water usage.
36. i. Sustainability of development/Sustainable Development is a new area of knowledge
that has been a subject of interest for social scientists and philosophers alike.
ii. Many scientists have warned that the present types and levels of development are not
sustainable. Resources are being overused by the present generation, which will
ultimately make them exhausted.
iii. Since the present type and levels of development are not sustainable so its effect will
not be limited to a place. The consequences of environmental degradation do not
respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation-specific. In
this way, our future is linked together.
Section F
37. a. A. Madras
 B. Champaran
b.