VECTORS cALAR QUANTITIES 5 which h tt eee ped a but no direction is called a sealar quantity or a scalar. . sgrexame Te, time, ete. are scalar quantities, each of them has only magnitude but no direction. are represented by numbers, o, is a fs expressed by a certain mumbo 5gms 10 ft., 80 degrees, 20 minutes, ete. Thus any real number is @ rsh ; hited Line Segment. A directed line i ee ee pirecter 1 poi iste een is a part of a straight line with an artqw head showing direction pinitial and ao Points can be distinguished, Thue. every directed ‘line segment, say AB, has three characteristics. iyLength which is the distance AB between A and B, Itis denoted by | AB |. ja Support (or line of support) which is the line AB of unlimited length of which the directed line segment AB is a part. ji) Direction (or Sense) which is from A to B for the directed line segment AB and from B to A for BA. vestor Quantiies. A quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called a vector quantity or a vector. A vis geometrically represented by a directed line segment, say AB, where A is the initial 8 rand Bis the terminal (or end) point. The length AB is the magnitude of the vector AB and inse Ato B gives its direction. yor example, Displacement, Velocit ots ty, Acceleratic itude and direction are vector quantities, tion, Force, etc. each of which has both Clearly BA=- AB. For BA and AB have the same magnitude but opposite directions, ie., Bisdefiged to be the vector whose magnitude is equal to that of AB but direction is opposite tat of AB and it is called the negative of AB, an Fig. 1.4. seta may also be denoted by a’or of its length (or magnitude) is denoted by | AB | or oral. Clearly | AB | = AB. | @| =a or | @| =o which has no direction. ‘The negative of a vector ais denoted by -a” Tero Vector or Null Vector {A.LC.B.S.E. 198183) Avector whose magnitude or length is zero (ie, whose initial and terminal points coincide) is called a zero or mull ctor which is denoted by O’or O. Thus AA, BB, ete, are zero vectors. Unit Vector [ALCBS.B, 19811 Avector whose magnitude (or length) is unity (ie. 1) is called a unit veetor. If Vis a unit vector, then | ‘1 | = 1.1f isa unit vector, then | @’| = 1 and it is denoted by a’ . Unit Vectors along the positive directions of three mutually: 577Sand ’ or i, j, k respectively, 4, denoted by ,al if they have the same magnitud al if they ine or on perallel lines, parallel to itself (ie., keeping its gram, then BO. ithe opposite sides of « parallelogram are parallel and equal,] ne oryre vectors which are along or parallel tothe same line nore ngthe may or may not be the same. Thus collinear their directions may be the same or opposite. fk Janar if all of them either lie in the same plane 1a Tare al near Vectors. TWO ca tors. The’ ed collinear ve scald elie paral eer rroplanar Vectors. Veetors are said to be cop! same plane. 4/2 ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS (TRIANGLE LAW OF VECTORS) Let aand b’be two vectors. the terminal point B draw Bi ‘The sum a+ Dis defined by the directed a+ b2AC Apo, AB +BO= AC, Ab+BO-A0-7, Remarks. If AB and BC have the same direction, of AB + BG = AC is the same as that of AB or B Difference of two vectors (Subtraction of Vectors) ee We know that the negative ofa vector Bis the vegtor -b’ which has the same magnitude as that of direction, The difference of two vectors a'and b, say a”~b, is defined as the addition ofa’and (Bie. a-Bee Similarly, P- 2-3-3. Multiplication of Vector by a Scalar. fm be a non-zero sealar and then m is defined as a vector whose magnitude is | m | f the same as or opposite to that =p = To find the sum a B, first represent @ by the directed line segment i ” Now join AC. fu Line segment AC i ond thes, Thus in A or ABSBOCA-T ~itbetly then A,B, C are collinear. Then AC = AB + BC andthe — or, >, ais a vector, times the length ofa but whose direction is ofa according as m is positive or negative. . Division of a vector by a scalar m may be considered as the ae s snultipliation of the vector by =. For example, 32s a vector whose direction is thg same as that ofa but magnitude is thrice the length of @’and 3 Tor Sis a vector whose % ¥ 8 of ie i Fig 181 \ direction is the same as that of.’ but magnitude is 3 ofthe length of @” Hara Like or Parallel Vectors. Two or more vectors are said to be like or parallel when they have the and GD are like of de may or may not be the same. In the figure, A AB or AB=y .CD where x, y or on parallel ines. 8° dividing it by its same direction ; their magnitu are scalars such that parallel vectors. We can write OD=x. CD=x. AB or AB=y . CD. Here y 1. and GD may lie on the same line unlike vectors have opposite directions, A unit vector in the direction of a's obtained by 2 \al \al > ; ; length | ai. Thus a unit vector in the direction of ais; since, a @ @A jonveotor f@ Point. Th pog Po : ition ve point O as origin. The ctor ofa Son vector (P.V.) of P ‘ihe ne 5g, 005 the position ve GP agle Law of vectors, ° k WT Ob+PA=08 Seog. 15) 7 2 7-08-OP= PV. orQ)_ @ + al and Co-lermINOUs vector a i ra - Vee otal point are called co-initial vectors a drawn from the nga pointare called co-terminous vector, Vectors having the so erpinitial vectors and in Fig 1.6, A) BanFie-18,0 and o : hee ABC are co.terminous t, say 8R Vector, ina pl is always defined with reference foro EP ig the ee Be Dlane oF space ig always ee ay that ctor of RCO 0.0 as oni gaurected ine segment OP and, in this case, at ERTIES OF VECT (gAROPER OR ADDITION j vector adstion Is commutative + and b be any two vectors, then a's 5-72, ~> @ ai eaee® SE.1979) proot. Let OA=a'and AB =5? (ALB: fpmnplete the parallelogram OABC, pat sisee the opposite sides of a parallelogram are g ° qual and Gb-OA=a'and Ob = AR-7 and parallel, we have py Triangle Law, we have OA+ AB = 08-004. 1, Vector addition is associative Fig. 15. moe gi or, Fig 17. fatbso be any three vectors, then AG-@eRie da talsc (ALCBS.E. 1988 ; P.SEB. 1987] proof. Let OA =a, AB = b’and BO = Ob=OA+ A =04 Oe a and OC=OB+BO=@+B}+2" (2) Za 9 P Hence from (1) and (2), we get @+(@+e)=O0=@b\+e. on = = eas Remarks. Since 2+ (b+a)=(@+b) +e, wewrite @+G're)=@+b\se=arbre ll, Additive identity for vector addition Zero vector Vis the additive identity i.e. for any vector 0-08 ae. = Proof. Let OA =a” We have 0 AA. P40 Oh+ A= Oh=at \V. Additive inverse of a vector ms = 3p For every vector a there exists a vector ~ a such tha a+ (- 3-0 5 + Here ~a'is called the additive inverse of @- Proof. Let OA =a" then -a’= - OA= AO. = @+(-a=OA4 50 =00=0:Definition. The scalar product or inner, product of eine two non-zero vectors ay | Nes be the scalar [a {|B [eos 0 = abcos 0 = “where a [@|, b= |B| andd = (0< 057) is the angle between 4. and b, ich both converge to Note. The angle @ is the angle between the vectors which CONVETBE t0 Or both, iv, B and 8 in Fig 22.03 gy the common point. Thus, the angle between the vectors @ b ani ig 22.03 (i) Wil as 2-8, SUE Te) Piece): In this case, scalar product of @ and B =|a| |} | cos (x0). tis clear that if @ and b are unit vectors, then @ . b= cos 0 Thus scalar product of any two unit vectors 3 ; is equal to the cosine of the angle between their directions, The scalar product is denoted by the symbol 8 8 a.b ayy as 0 We have a: 5 =| || b |cos6 = abcos0 Fig. 22.03 In order to find the scalar product of two free vectors, we take their fixed vector Member y ‘meet in a point (Fig. 22.03), Note that the scalar product is between two vect }, Whereas, Mugg by scalar involves a scalar and a vector. Remarks: 1. Why denotes it, y the name dot product? The name dot product is used because adotgy, 2. Why the name scalar product? It is called scalar product because itis the produtate aS scalars | @ |,| 5 | and cos 6, 3.1f a =0,or b 0, ie, ifeither a and b is the null vector, then the scalar produit scalar zero. ie, @ or b are like vectors, then a . b =ab, If0=n, ie, @ and 8 avd vectors, then a, b =—ab, 4.1f0= Ey wey 5.1f a and B are orthogonal vectors, ie, @ = 7 +54 ® > then we have a.b =ab cos 22.03. Sign of the scalar product — > : If 5) bethe wo non-zero vectors, then the scalar product @.8 ={a| [a |oos0 pe according as the angle @ between the vectors is acute, Gis acute, ie., 0<0<5 negative, or zero, obtuse or right +5 » then cos@>0=> a-5 >0; 33 Vistight ie, 0= 5, then cos0=0-5 ab =o;