Enriched Physical Science

Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

Campbell Collegiate
2021
104 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS

INTRODUCTION AND SECTION 3.1 The study of the quantitative SECTION 3.4 A mole of any substance is Avogadro’s number
relationships between chemical formulas and chemical equations is (6.02 * 1023) of formula units of that substance. The mass of a mole
known as stoichiometry. One of the important concepts of stoichiom- of atoms, molecules, or ions (the molar mass) equals the formula
etry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass weight of that material expressed in grams. The mass of one molecule
of the products of a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of of H2O, for example, is 18 amu, so the mass of 1 mol of H2O is 18 g.
the reactants. The same numbers of atoms of each type are present be- That is, the molar mass of H2O is 18 g>mol.
fore and after a chemical reaction. A balanced chemical equation
SECTION 3.5 The empirical formula of any substance can be deter-
shows equal numbers of atoms of each element on each side of the
mined from its percent composition by calculating the relative number
equation. Equations are balanced by placing coefficients in front of the
of moles of each atom in 100 g of the substance. If the substance is mo-
chemical formulas for the reactants and products of a reaction, not by
lecular in nature, its molecular formula can be determined from the
changing the subscripts in chemical formulas.
empirical formula if the molecular weight is also known.
SECTION 3.2 Among the reaction types described in this chapter SECTIONS 3.6 AND 3.7 The mole concept can be used to calculate
are (1) combination reactions, in which two reactants combine to the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
form one product; (2) decomposition reactions, in which a single re- The coefficients in a balanced equation give the relative numbers of
actant forms two or more products; and (3) combustion reactions in moles of the reactants and products. To calculate the number of grams
oxygen, in which a hydrocarbon or related compound reacts with O2 of a product from the number of grams of a reactant, first convert
to form CO2 and H2O. grams of reactant to moles of reactant. Then use the coefficients in the
balanced equation to convert the number of moles of reactant to moles
SECTION 3.3 Much quantitative information can be determined of product. Finally, convert moles of product to grams of product.
from chemical formulas and balanced chemical equations by using A limiting reactant is completely consumed in a reaction. When
atomic weights. The formula weight of a compound equals the sum of it is used up, the reaction stops, thus limiting the quantities of products
the atomic weights of the atoms in its formula. If the formula is a mo- formed. The theoretical yield of a reaction is the quantity of product
lecular formula, the formula weight is also called the molecular calculated to form when all of the limiting reactant reacts. The actual
weight. Atomic weights and formula weights can be used to determine yield of a reaction is always less than the theoretical yield. The percent
the elemental composition of a compound. yield compares the actual and theoretical yields.

KEY SKILLS
• Balance chemical equations. (Section 3.1)
• Predict the products of simple combination, decomposition, and combustion reactions. (Section 3.2)
• Calculate formula weights. (Section 3.3)
• Convert grams to moles and moles to grams using molar masses. (Section 3.4)
• Convert number of molecules to moles and moles to number of molecules using Avogadro’s number. (Section 3.4)
• Calculate the empirical and molecular formulas of a compound from percentage composition and molecular weight. (Section 3.5)
• Calculate amounts, in grams or moles, of reactants and products for a reaction. (Section 3.6)
• Calculate the percent yield of a reaction. (Section 3.7)

KEY EQUATIONS
number of atoms atomic weight
a ba b
of that element of element
• % element = * 100% [3.10] This is the formula to calculate the mass percentage
(formula weight of compound)
of each element in a compound. The sum of all the
percentages of all the elements in a compound
should add up to 100%.
(actual yield)
• % yield = * 100% [3.14] This is the formula to calculate the percent yield of a
(theoretical yield)
reaction. The percent yield can never be more than
100%.
 Exercises 105

EXERCISES
VISUALIZING CONCEPTS
3.1 The reaction between reactant A (blue spheres) and reactant B 3.5 Glycine, an amino acid used by organisms to make proteins, is
(red spheres) is shown in the following diagram: represented by the following molecular model.
(a) Write its molecular formula.
(b) Determine its molar mass.
(c) Calculate the mass of 3 moles of glycine.
(d) Calculate the percent nitrogen by mass in glycine. [Sec-
tions 3.3 and 3.5]

Based on this diagram, which equation best describes the reac-

tion? [Section 3.1]
(a) A2 + B ¡ A2B
(b) A2 + 4 B ¡ 2 AB2
(c) 2 A + B4 ¡ 2 AB2
(d) A + B2 ¡ AB2
3.2 Under appropriate experimental conditions, H2 and CO un- 3.6 The following diagram represents a high-temperature reac-
dergo a combination reaction to form CH3OH. The following tion between CH4 and H2O. Based on this reaction, how many
drawing represents a sample of H2. Make a corresponding moles of each product can be obtained starting with 4.0 mol
drawing of the CO needed to react completely with the H2. CH4? [Section 3.6]
How did you arrive at the number of CO molecules in your
drawing? [Section 3.2]

3.7 Nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) react to form ammonia

(NH3). Consider the mixture of N2 and H2 shown in the ac-
companying diagram. The blue spheres represent N, and the
3.3 The following diagram represents the collection of elements white ones represent H. Draw a representation of the product
formed by a decomposition reaction. (a) If the blue spheres mixture, assuming that the reaction goes to completion. How
represent N atoms and the red ones represent O atoms, what did you arrive at your representation? What is the limiting
was the empirical formula of the original compound? (b) reactant in this case? [Section 3.7]
Could you draw a diagram representing the molecules of the
compound that had been decomposed? Why or why not?
[Section 3.2]

3.8 Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen react to form nitrogen diox-

ide. Consider the mixture of NO and O2 shown in the accom-
panying diagram. The blue spheres represent N, and the red
3.4 The following diagram represents the collection of CO2 and ones represent O. (a) Draw a representation of the product
H2O molecules formed by complete combustion of a hydro- mixture, assuming that the reaction goes to completion. What
carbon. What is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon? is the limiting reactant in this case? (b) How many NO2 mole-
[Section 3.2] cules would you draw as products if the reaction had a percent
yield of 75%? [Section 3.7]
106 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS (section 3.1)

3.9 (a) What scientific principle or law is used in the process of (d) Ca3P2(s) + H2O(l) ¡ Ca(OH)2(aq) + PH3(g)
balancing chemical equations? (b) In balancing equations, (e) Al(OH)3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ Al 2(SO4)3(aq) + H2O(l)
why should you not change subscripts in chemical formulas? (f) AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ¡
(c) How would you write out liquid water, water vapor, aque- Ag 2NO3(s) + Na2CO3(aq)
ous sodium chloride, and solid sodium chloride in chemical (g) C2H5NH2(g) + O2(g) ¡
equations? CO2(g) + H2O(g) + N2(g)
3.10 (a) What is the difference between adding a subscript 2 to the 3.13 Write balanced chemical equations to correspond to each of
end of the formula for CO to give CO2 and adding a coeffi- the following descriptions: (a) Solid calcium carbide, CaC2,
cient in front of the formula to give 2 CO? (b) Is the following reacts with water to form an aqueous solution of calcium hy-
chemical equation, as written, consistent with the law of con- droxide and acetylene gas, C2H2. (b) When solid potassium
servation of mass? chlorate is heated, it decomposes to form solid potassium
chloride and oxygen gas. (c) Solid zinc metal reacts with sulfu-
3 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq) ¡
ric acid to form hydrogen gas and an aqueous solution of zinc
Mg 3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l) sulfate. (d) When liquid phosphorus trichloride is added
Why or why not? to water, it reacts to form aqueous phosphorous acid,
H3PO3(aq), and aqueous hydrochloric acid. (e) When hydro-
3.11 Balance the following equations: gen sulfide gas is passed over solid hot iron(III) hydroxide, the
(a) CO(g) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) resultant reaction produces solid iron(III) sulfide and gaseous
(b) N2O5(g) + H2O(l) ¡ HNO3(aq) water.
(c) CH4(g) + Cl 2(g) ¡ CCl 4(l) + HCl(g)
3.14 Write balanced chemical equations to correspond to each of
(d) Al 4C3(s) + H2O(l) ¡ Al(OH)3(s) + CH4(g)
the following descriptions: (a) When sulfur trioxide gas reacts
(e) C5H10O2(l) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
with water, a solution of sulfuric acid forms. (b) Boron sulfide,
(f) Fe(OH)3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡
B2S3(s), reacts violently with water to form dissolved boric
Fe 2(SO4)3(aq) + H2O(l)
acid, H3BO3, and hydrogen sulfide gas. (c) Phosphine, PH3(g),
(g) Mg 3N2(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡
combusts in oxygen gas to form water vapor and solid
MgSO4(aq) + (NH4)2SO4(aq)
tetraphosphorus decaoxide. (d) When solid mercury(II) ni-
3.12 Balance the following equations: trate is heated, it decomposes to form solid mercury(II) oxide,
(a) Li(s) + N2(g) ¡ Li3N(s) gaseous nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. (e) Copper metal reacts
(b) TiCl 4(l) + H2O(l) ¡ TiO2(s) + HCl(aq) with hot concentrated sulfuric acid solution to form aqueous
(c) NH4NO3(s) ¡ N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(g) copper(II) sulfate, sulfur dioxide gas, and water.

PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIVITY (section 3.2)

3.15 (a) When the metallic element sodium combines with the 3.18 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that oc-
nonmetallic element bromine, Br2(l), how can you determine curs when (a) calcium metal undergoes a combination reac-
the chemical formula of the product? How do you know tion with O2(g); (b) copper(II) hydroxide decomposes into
whether the product is a solid, liquid, or gas at room tempera- copper(II) oxide and water when heated; (c) heptane,
ture? Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. C7H16(l), burns in air; (d) methyl tert-butyl ether, C5H12O(l),
(b) When a hydrocarbon burns in air, what reactant besides burns in air.
the hydrocarbon is involved in the reaction? What products 3.19 Balance the following equations and indicate whether they
are formed? Write a balanced chemical equation for the com- are combination, decomposition, or combustion reactions:
bustion of benzene, C6H6(l), in air. (a) C3H6(g) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
3.16 (a) Determine the chemical formula of the product formed (b) NH4NO3(s) ¡ N2O(g) + H2O(g)
when the metallic element aluminum combines with the non- (c) C5H6O(l) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
metallic element bromine, Br2. Write the balanced chemical (d) N2(g) + H2(g) ¡ NH3(g)
equation for the reaction. (b) What products form when a
(e) K2O(s) + H2O(l) ¡ KOH(aq)
compound containing C, H, and O is completely combusted
in air? Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion 3.20 Balance the following equations and indicate whether they are
of acetone, C3H6O(l), in air. combination, decomposition, or combustion reactions:
3.17 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that oc- (a) PbCO3(s) ¡ PbO(s) + CO2(g)
curs when (a) Mg(s) reacts with Cl2(g); (b) barium carbonate (b) C2H4(g) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
decomposes into barium oxide and carbon dioxide gas when (c) Mg(s) + N2(g) ¡ Mg 3N2(s)
heated; (c) the hydrocarbon styrene, C8H8(l), is combusted in (d) C7H8O2(l) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
air; (d) dimethylether, CH3OCH3(g), is combusted in air. (e) Al(s) + Cl 2(g) ¡ AlCl 3(s)
 Exercises 107

FORMULA WEIGHTS (section 3.3)

3.21 Determine the formula weights of each of the following com- H3CO H
pounds: (a) nitric acid, HNO3; (b) KMnO4; (c) Ca3(PO4)2; (d)
C C O
quartz, SiO2; (e) gallium sulfide, (f) chromium(III) sulfate, (g)
phosphorus trichloride. Vanillin
(b) HO C C C H (vanilla flavor)
3.22 Determine the formula weights of each of the following com- C C
pounds: (a) nitrous oxide, N2O, known as laughing gas and
used as an anesthetic in dentistry; (b) benzoic acid, HC7H5O2, H H
a substance used as a food preservative; (c) Mg(OH)2, the ac-
H H H O
tive ingredient in milk of magnesia; (d) urea, (NH2)2CO, a
compound used as a nitrogen fertilizer; (e) isopentyl acetate, (c) H3C C C C O C CH3
CH3CO2C5H11, responsible for the odor of bananas.
H 3C H H
3.23 Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the following
Isopentyl acetate
compounds: (a) morphine, C17H19NO3; (b) codeine,
(banana flavor)
C18H21NO3 (c) cocaine, C17H21NO4; (d) tetracycline,
C22H24N2O8; (e) digitoxin, C41H64O13; (f) vancomycin, 3.26 Calculate the percentage of carbon by mass in each of the
C66H75Cl2N9O24. compounds represented by the following models:
3.24 Calculate the percentage by mass of the indicated element in
the following compounds: (a) carbon in acetylene, C2H2, a gas
used in welding; (b) hydrogen in ascorbic acid, HC6H7O6, also
known as vitamin C; (c) hydrogen in ammonium sulfate,
(NH4)2SO4, a substance used as a nitrogen fertilizer; (d) plat-
inum in PtCl2(NH3)2, a chemotherapy agent called cisplatin; (a) (b)
(e) oxygen in the female sex hormone estradiol, C18H24O2;
(f) carbon in capsaicin, C18H27NO3, the compound that gives
the hot taste to chili peppers.
3.25 Based on the following structural formulas, calculate the per- N
centage of carbon by mass present in each compound:
S
H H
C C O
Benzaldehyde
(a) H C C C H (almond fragrance)
C C (c) (d)
H H

AVOGADRO’S NUMBER AND THE MOLE (section 3.4)

3.27 (a) What is Avogadro’s number, and how is it related to the how many dollars would each receive? How does this compare
mole? (b) What is the relationship between the formula weight with the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States,
of a substance and its molar mass? which was $14.4 trillion in 2008? (The GDP is the total market
3.28 (a) What is the mass, in grams, of a mole of 12C? (b) How value of the nation’s goods and services.)
many carbon atoms are present in a mole of 12C? 3.33 Calculate the following quantities:
3.29 Without doing any detailed calculations (but using a periodic (a) mass, in grams, of 0.105 mole of sucrose (C12H22O11)
table to give atomic weights), rank the following samples in (b) moles of Zn(NO3)2 in 143.50 g of this substance
order of increasing number of atoms: 0.50 mol H2O, (c) number of molecules in 1.0 * 10-6 mol CH3CH2OH
23 g Na, 6.0 * 1023 N2 molecules. (d) number of N atoms in 0.410 mol NH3
3.30 Without doing any detailed calculations (but using a periodic 3.34 Calculate the following quantities:
table to give atomic weights), rank the following samples in (a) mass, in grams, of 1.50 * 10-2 mol of CdS
order of increasing number of atoms: 9.0 * 1023 molecules of (b) number of moles of NH4Cl in 86.6 g of this substance
H2O2, 2.0 mol CH4, 16 g O2. (c) number of molecules in 8.447 * 10-2 mol C6H6
3.31 What is the mass, in kilograms, of an Avogadro’s number of (d) number of O atoms in 6.25 * 10-3 mol Al(NO3)3
people, if the average mass of a person is 160 lb? How does this 3.35 (a) What is the mass, in grams, of 2.50 * 10-3 mol of ammo-
compare with the mass of Earth, 5.98 * 1024 kg? nium phosphate?
3.32 If Avogadro’s number of pennies is divided equally among the (b) How many moles of chloride ions are in 0.2550 g of alu-
300 million men, women, and children in the United States, minum chloride?
108 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

(c) What is the mass, in grams, of 7.70 * 1020 molecules of of aspartame are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame? (d) How
caffeine, C8H10N4O2? many hydrogen atoms are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame?
(d) What is the molar mass of cholesterol if 0.00105 mol has a 3.39 A sample of glucose, C6H12O6, contains 1.250 * 1021 carbon
mass of 0.406 g? atoms. (a) How many atoms of hydrogen does it contain?
3.36 (a) What is the mass, in grams, of 1.223 mol of iron(III) (b) How many molecules of glucose does it contain? (c) How
sulfate? many moles of glucose does it contain? (d) What is the mass of
(b) How many moles of ammonium ions are in 6.955 g of this sample in grams?
ammonium carbonate?
3.40 A sample of the male sex hormone testosterone, C19H28O2,
(c) What is the mass, in grams, of 1.50 * 1021 molecules of
contains 3.88 * 1021 hydrogen atoms. (a) How many atoms
aspirin, C9H8O4?
of carbon does it contain? (b) How many molecules of testos-
(d) What is the molar mass of diazepam (Valium®) if 0.05570
terone does it contain? (c) How many moles of testosterone
mol has a mass of 15.86 g?
does it contain? (d) What is the mass of this sample in grams?
3.37 The molecular formula of allicin, the compound responsible
for the characteristic smell of garlic, is C6H10OS2. (a) What is 3.41 The allowable concentration level of vinyl chloride, C2H3Cl, in
the molar mass of allicin? (b) How many moles of allicin are the atmosphere in a chemical plant is 2.0 * 10-6 g>L. How
present in 5.00 mg of this substance? (c) How many molecules many moles of vinyl chloride in each liter does this represent?
of allicin are in 5.00 mg of this substance? (d) How many S How many molecules per liter?
atoms are present in 5.00 mg of allicin? 3.42 At least 25 mg of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active
3.38 The molecular formula of aspartame, the artificial sweetener ingredient in marijuana, is required to produce intoxication.
marketed as NutraSweet®, is C14H18N2O5. (a) What is the The molecular formula of THC is C21H30O2. How many
molar mass of aspartame? (b) How many moles of aspartame moles of THC does this 25 mg represent? How many
are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame? (c) How many molecules molecules?

EMPIRICAL FORMULAS (section 3.5)

3.43 Give the empirical formula of each of the following com- (b) Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee, contains 49.5% C,
pounds if a sample contains (a) 0.0130 mol C, 0.0390 mol H, 5.15% H, 28.9% N, and 16.5% O by mass and has a molar
and 0.0065 mol O; (b) 11.66 g iron and 5.01 g oxygen; (c) mass of 195 g>mol.
40.0% C, 6.7% H, and 53.3% O by mass. (c) Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer in cer-
3.44 Determine the empirical formula of each of the following tain foods, contains 35.51% C, 4.77% H, 37.85% O,
compounds if a sample contains (a) 0.104 mol K, 0.052 mol C, 8.29% N, and 13.60% Na, and has a molar mass of
and 0.156 mol O; (b) 5.28 g Sn and 3.37 g F; (c) 87.5% N and 169 g>mol.
12.5% H by mass. 3.52 Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of each of
3.45 Determine the empirical formulas of the compounds with the the following substances:
following compositions by mass: (a) Ibuprofen, a headache remedy, contains 75.69% C, 8.80%
(a) 10.4% C, 27.8% S, and 61.7% Cl H, and 15.51% O by mass, and has a molar mass of
(b) 21.7% C, 9.6% O, and 68.7% F 206 g>mol.
(c) 32.79% Na, 13.02% Al, and the remainder F (b) Cadaverine, a foul-smelling substance produced by the
3.46 Determine the empirical formulas of the compounds with the action of bacteria on meat, contains 58.55% C, 13.81% H,
following compositions by mass: and 27.40% N by mass; its molar mass is 102.2 g>mol.
(a) 55.3% K, 14.6% P, and 30.1% O (c) Epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone secreted into the
(b) 24.5% Na, 14.9% Si, and 60.6% F bloodstream in times of danger or stress, contains 59.0% C,
(c) 62.1% C, 5.21% H, 12.1% N, and the remainder O 7.1% H, 26.2% O, and 7.7% N by mass; its MW is about
3.47 A compound whose empirical formula is XF3 consists of 65% 180 amu.
F by mass. What is the atomic mass of X? 3.53 (a) Combustion analysis of toluene, a common organic sol-
3.48 The compound XCl4 contains 75.0% Cl by mass. What is the vent, gives 5.86 mg of CO2 and 1.37 mg of H2O. If the com-
element X? pound contains only carbon and hydrogen, what is its
3.49 What is the molecular formula of each of the following empirical formula? (b) Menthol, the substance we can smell in
compounds? mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H, and O. A
(a) empirical formula CH2, molar mass = 84 g>mol 0.1005-g sample of menthol is combusted, producing 0.2829 g
(b) empirical formula NH2Cl, molar mass = 51.5 g>mol of CO2 and 0.1159 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula for
3.50 What is the molecular formula of each of the following menthol? If menthol has a molar mass of 156 g>mol, what is
compounds? its molecular formula?
(a) empirical formula HCO2, molar mass = 90.0 g>mol 3.54 (a) The characteristic odor of pineapple is due to ethyl bu-
(b) empirical formula C2H4O, molar mass = 88 g>mol tyrate, a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
3.51 Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of each of Combustion of 2.78 mg of ethyl butyrate produces 6.32 mg of
the following substances: CO2 and 2.58 mg of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the
(a) Styrene, a compound substance used to make Styrofoam® compound? (b) Nicotine, a component of tobacco, is com-
cups and insulation, contains 92.3% C and 7.7% H by posed of C, H, and N. A 5.250-mg sample of nicotine was
mass and has a molar mass of 104 g>mol. combusted, producing 14.242 mg of CO2 and 4.083 mg of
 Exercises 109

H2O. What is the empirical formula for nicotine? If nicotine is a reactive organic liquid used in the manufacture of plastics,
has a molar mass of 160 ; 5 g>mol, what is its molecular coatings, and adhesives. An unlabeled container is thought to
formula? contain this acid. A 0.2033-g sample is combusted in an appa-
ratus such as that shown in Figure 3.14. The gain in mass of
3.55 Valproic acid, used to treat seizures and bipolar disorder, is
the H2O absorber is 0.102 g, whereas that of the CO2 absorber
composed of C, H, and O. A 0.165-g sample is combusted in
is 0.374 g. Is this analysis consistent with the contents of the
an apparatus such as that shown in Figure 3.14. The gain in
container being propenoic acid?
mass of the H2O absorber is 0.166 g, whereas that of the CO2
absorber is 0.403 g. What empirical formula for valproic acid 3.57 Washing soda, a compound used to prepare hard water for
do these results indicate? Is this empirical formula consistent washing laundry, is a hydrate, which means that a certain
with the molecular model shown here? number of water molecules are included in the solid structure.
Its formula can be written as Na2CO3 # xH2O, where x is the
number of moles of H2O per mole of Na2CO3. When a 2.558-g
sample of washing soda is heated at 25 °C, all the water of
hydration is lost, leaving 0.948 g of Na2CO3. What is the value
of x?
3.58 Epsom salts, a strong laxative used in veterinary medicine, is a
hydrate, which means that a certain number of water mole-
cules are included in the solid structure. The formula for
Epsom salts can be written as MgSO4 # xH2O, where x indi-
cates the number of moles of H2O per mole of MgSO4. When
5.061 g of this hydrate is heated to 250 °C, all the water of
hydration is lost, leaving 2.472 g of MgSO4. What is the
value of x?
3.56 Propenoic acid, as shown here,

CALCULATIONS BASED ON CHEMICAL EQUATIONS (section 3.6)

3.59 Why is it essential to use balanced chemical equations when
determining the quantity of a product formed from a given
quantity of a reactant?
3.60 What parts of balanced chemical equations give information
about the relative numbers of moles of reactants and products
involved in a reaction?
3.61 Hydrofluoric acid, HF(aq), cannot be stored in glass bottles
because compounds called silicates in the glass are attacked by
the HF(aq). Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), for example, reacts as (a) How many moles of O2 are produced when 0.400 mol of
follows: KO2 reacts in this fashion?
Na2SiO3(s) + 8 HF(aq) ¡ (b) How many grams of KO2 are needed to form 7.50 g of O2?
H2SiF6(aq) + 2 NaF(aq) + 3 H2O(l) (c) How many grams of CO2 are used when 7.50 g of O2 are
produced?
(a) How many moles of HF are needed to react with 0.300
mol of Na2SiO3? 3.63 Several brands of antacids use Al(OH)3 to react with stomach
(b) How many grams of NaF form when 0.500 mol of HF acid, which contains primarily HCl:
reacts with excess Na2SiO3? Al(OH)3(s) + HCl(aq) ¡ AlCl 3(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) How many grams of Na2SiO3 can react with 0.800 g (a) Balance this equation.
of HF? (b) Calculate the number of grams of HCl that can react with
3.62 The reaction between potassium superoxide, KO2, and CO2, 0.500 g of Al(OH)3.
(c) Calculate the number of grams of AlCl3 and the number
4 KO2 + 2 CO2 ¡ 2K2CO3 + 3 O2 of grams of H2O formed when 0.500 g of Al(OH)3 reacts.
is used as a source of O2 and absorber of CO2 in self-contained (d) Show that your calculations in parts (b) and (c) are con-
breathing equipment used by rescue workers. sistent with the law of conservation of mass.
110 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

3.64 An iron ore sample contains Fe2O3 together with other sub- (d) How many grams of CO2 are produced when 15.0 gal of
stances. Reaction of the ore with CO produces iron metal: C8H18 are combusted?
Fe 2O3(s) + CO(g) ¡ Fe(s) + CO2(g) 3.69 A piece of aluminum foil 1.00 cm square and 0.550 mm thick
(a) Balance this equation. is allowed to react with bromine to form aluminum bromide.
(b) Calculate the number of grams of CO that can react with
0.350 kg of Fe2O3.
(c) Calculate the number of grams of Fe and the number of
grams of CO2 formed when 0.350 kg of Fe2O3 reacts.
(d) Show that your calculations in parts (b) and (c) are con-
sistent with the law of conservation of mass.
3.65 Aluminum sulfide reacts with water to form aluminum hy-
droxide and hydrogen sulfide. (a) Write the balanced chemical
equation for this reaction. (b) How many grams of aluminum
hydroxide are obtained from 14.2 g of aluminum sulfide?
3.66 Calcium hydride reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide
and hydrogen gas. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for
the reaction. (b) How many grams of calcium hydride are
needed to form 4.500 g of hydrogen?
3.67 Automotive air bags inflate when sodium azide, NaN3, rapidly
decomposes to its component elements:
2 NaN3(s) ¡ 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
(a) How many moles of N2 are produced by the decomposi-
tion of 1.50 mol of NaN3?
(b) How many grams of NaN3 are required to form 10.0 g of
nitrogen gas?
(c) How many grams of NaN3 are required to produce (a) How many moles of aluminum were used? (The density
10.0 ft 3 of nitrogen gas, about the size of an automotive of aluminum is 2.699 g>cm3.) (b) How many grams of
air bag, if the gas has a density of 1.25 g>L? aluminum bromide form, assuming the aluminum reacts
completely?
3.68 The complete combustion of octane, C8H18, the main compo-
nent of gasoline, proceeds as follows: 3.70 Detonation of nitroglycerin proceeds as follows:
2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) ¡ 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g) 4 C3H5N3O9(l) ¡
12 CO2(g) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
(a) How many moles of O2 are needed to burn 1.50 mol of
C8H18? (a) If a sample containing 2.00 mL of nitroglycerin (density =
(b) How many grams of O2 are needed to burn 10.0 g of 1.592 g>mL) is detonated, how many total moles of gas are
C8H18? produced? (b) If each mole of gas occupies 55 L under the
(c) Octane has a density of 0.692 g>mL at 20 °C. How many conditions of the explosion, how many liters of gas are
grams of O2 are required to burn 15.0 gal of C8H18 (the produced? (c) How many grams of N2 are produced in the
capacity of an average fuel tank)? detonation?

LIMITING REACTANTS (section 3.7)

3.71 (a) Define the terms limiting reactant and excess reactant. (b) can be filled and capped? (b) How much of each item is left
Why are the amounts of products formed in a reaction deter- over? (c) Which component limits the production?
mined only by the amount of the limiting reactant? (c) Why
3.75 Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide as follows:
should you base your choice of which compound is the limit-
ing reactant on its number of initial moles, not on its initial 2 NaOH(s) + CO2(g) ¡ Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
mass in grams? Which is the limiting reactant when 1.85 mol NaOH and 1.00
3.72 (a) Define the terms theoretical yield, actual yield, and percent mol CO2 are allowed to react? How many moles of Na2CO3
yield. (b) Why is the actual yield in a reaction almost always can be produced? How many moles of the excess reactant re-
less than the theoretical yield? (c) Can a reaction ever have main after the completion of the reaction?
110% actual yield? 3.76 Aluminum hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid as follows:
3.73 A manufacturer of bicycles has 4815 wheels, 2305 frames, and 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) ¡
2255 handlebars. (a) How many bicycles can be manufactured Al 2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 H2O(l)
using these parts? (b) How many parts of each kind are left
Which is the limiting reactant when 0.500 mol Al(OH)3 and
over? (c) Which part limits the production of bicycles?
0.500 mol H2SO4 are allowed to react? How many moles of
3.74 A bottling plant has 126,515 bottles with a capacity of 355 mL, Al2(SO4)3 can form under these conditions? How many moles of
108,500 caps, and 48,775 L of beverage. (a) How many bottles the excess reactant remain after the completion of the reaction?
 Additional Exercises 111

3.77 The fizz produced when an Alka-Seltzer® tablet is dissolved in carbonate, silver nitrate, silver carbonate, and sodium nitrate
water is due to the reaction between sodium bicarbonate are present after the reaction is complete?
(NaHCO3) and citric acid (H3C6H5O7):
3.80 Solutions of sulfuric acid and lead(II) acetate react to form
3 NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ¡ solid lead(II) sulfate and a solution of acetic acid. If 5.00 g of
3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq) sulfuric acid and 5.00 g of lead(II) acetate are mixed, calculate
the number of grams of sulfuric acid, lead(II) acetate, lead(II)
In a certain experiment 1.00 g of sodium bicarbonate and sulfate, and acetic acid present in the mixture after the reac-
1.00 g of citric acid are allowed to react. (a) Which is the limit- tion is complete.
ing reactant? (b) How many grams of carbon dioxide form? 3.81 When benzene (C6H6) reacts with bromine (Br2), bromoben-
(c) How many grams of the excess reactant remain after the zene (C6H5Br) is obtained:
limiting reactant is completely consumed?
C6H6 + Br2 ¡ C6H5Br + HBr
(a) When 30.0 g of benzene reacts with 65.0 g of bromine,
what is the theoretical yield of bromobenzene? (b) If the ac-
tual yield of bromobenzene is 42.3 g, what is the percentage
yield?
3.82 When ethane (C2H6) reacts with chlorine (Cl2), the main
product is C2H5Cl, but other products containing Cl, such as
C2H4Cl2, are also obtained in small quantities. The formation
of these other products reduces the yield of C2H5Cl. (a) Calcu-
late the theoretical yield of C2H5Cl when 125 g of C2H6 reacts
with 255 g of Cl2, assuming that C2H6 and Cl2 react only to
form C2H2Cl and HCl. (b) Calculate the percent yield of
C2H5Cl if the reaction produces 206 g of C2H5Cl.
3.83 Hydrogen sulfide is an impurity in natural gas that must be re-
3.78 One of the steps in the commercial process for converting
moved. One common removal method is called the Claus
ammonia to nitric acid is the conversion of NH3 to NO:
process, which relies on the reaction:
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) ¡ 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
8 H2S(g) + 4 O2(g) ¡ S8(l) + 8 H2O(g)
In a certain experiment, 2.00 g of NH3 reacts with 2.50 g of O2 Under optimal conditions the Claus process gives 98% yield of
(a) Which is the limiting reactant? (b) How many grams of S8 from H2S. If you started with 30.0 grams of H2S and 50.0
NO and of H2O form? (c) How many grams of the excess reac- grams of O2, how many grams of S8 would be produced, as-
tant remain after the limiting reactant is completely con- suming 98% yield?
sumed? (d) Show that your calculations in parts (b) and
3.84 When hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled into a solution of
(c) are consistent with the law of conservation of mass.
sodium hydroxide, the reaction forms sodium sulfide and
3.79 Solutions of sodium carbonate and silver nitrate react to form water. How many grams of sodium sulfide are formed if 1.25 g
solid silver carbonate and a solution of sodium nitrate. A solu- of hydrogen sulfide is bubbled into a solution containing 2.00 g
tion containing 3.50 g of sodium carbonate is mixed with one of sodium hydroxide, assuming that the sodium sulfide is
containing 5.00 g of silver nitrate. How many grams of sodium made in 92.0% yield?

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
3.85 Write the balanced chemical equations for (a) the complete many molecules of C9H8O4 are in this tablet? (c) How many
combustion of acetic acid (CH3COOH), the main active ingre- carbon atoms are in the tablet?
dient in vinegar; (b) the decomposition of solid calcium hydrox- 3.89 Very small crystals composed of 1000 to 100,000 atoms,
ide into solid calcium(II) oxide (lime) and water vapor; (c) the called quantum dots, are being investigated for use in elec-
combination reaction between nickel metal and chlorine gas. tronic devices.
3.86 If 1.5 mol C2H5OH, 1.5 mol C3H8, and 1.5 mol CH3CH2 (a) A quantum dot was made of solid silicon in the shape of
COCH3 are completely combusted in oxygen, which produces a sphere, with a diameter of 4 nm. Calculate the mass
the largest number of moles of H2O? Which produces the of the quantum dot, using the density of silicon
least? Explain. (2.3 g>cm3).
3.87 The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers depends on both their (b) How many silicon atoms are in the quantum dot?
ability to deliver nitrogen to plants and the amount of nitro- (c) The density of germanium is 5.325 g>cm3. If you made a
gen they can deliver. Four common nitrogen-containing 4-nm quantum dot of germanium, how many Ge atoms
fertilizers are ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium would it contain? Assume the dot is spherical.
sulfate, and urea [(NH2)2CO]. Rank these fertilizers in terms 3.90 (a) One molecule of the antibiotic penicillin G has a mass of
of the mass percentage nitrogen they contain. 5.342 * 10 - 21 g. What is the molar mass of penicillin G?
3.88 (a) The molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), one (b) Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood
of the most common pain relievers, is C9H8O4. How many cells, has four iron atoms per molecule and contains 0.340%
moles of C9H8O4 are in a 0.500-g tablet of aspirin? (b) How iron by mass. Calculate the molar mass of hemoglobin.
112 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

3.91 Serotonin is a compound that conducts nerve impulses in the If the plant produces 1.5 * 106 kg (1500 metric tons) of Cl2
brain. It contains 68.2 mass percent C, 6.86 mass percent H, daily, estimate the quantities of H2 and NaOH produced.
15.9 mass percent N, and 9.08 mass percent O. Its molar mass 3.99 The fat stored in a camel’s hump is a source of both energy and
is 176 g>mol. Determine its molecular formula. water. Calculate the mass of H2O produced by metabolism of 1.0
3.92 The koala dines exclusively on eucalyptus leaves. Its digestive kg of fat, assuming the fat consists entirely of tristearin
system detoxifies the eucalyptus oil, a poison to other ani- (C57H110O6), a typical animal fat, and assuming that during me-
mals. The chief constituent in eucalyptus oil is a substance tabolism, tristearin reacts with O2 to form only CO2 and H2O.
called eucalyptol, which contains 77.87% C, 11.76% H, and [3.100] When hydrocarbons are burned in a limited amount of air,
the remainder O. (a) What is the empirical formula for this both CO and CO2 form. When 0.450 g of a particular hydro-
substance? (b) A mass spectrum of eucalyptol shows a peak carbon was burned in air, 0.467 g of CO, 0.733 g of CO2, and
at about 154 amu. What is the molecular formula of the 0.450 g of H2O were formed. (a) What is the empirical for-
substance? mula of the compound? (b) How many grams of O2 were used
3.93 Vanillin, the dominant flavoring in vanilla, contains C, H, and in the reaction? (c) How many grams would have been re-
O. When 1.05 g of this substance is completely combusted, quired for complete combustion?
2.43 g of CO2 and 0.50 g of H2O are produced. What is the 3.101 A mixture of N2(g) and H2(g) reacts in a closed container to
empirical formula of vanillin? form ammonia, NH3(g). The reaction ceases before either re-
[3.94] An organic compound was found to contain only C, H, and actant has been totally consumed. At this stage 3.0 mol N2, 3.0
Cl. When a 1.50-g sample of the compound was completely mol H2, and 3.0 mol NH3 are present. How many moles of N2
combusted in air, 3.52 g of CO2 was formed. In a separate ex- and H2 were present originally?
periment the chlorine in a 1.00-g sample of the compound [3.102] A mixture containing KClO3, K2CO3, KHCO3, and KCl was
was converted to 1.27 g of AgCl. Determine the empirical for- heated, producing CO2, O2, and H2O gases according to the
mula of the compound. following equations:
[3.95] A compound, KBrOx, where x is unknown, is analyzed and 2 KClO3(s) ¡ 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
found to contain 52.92% Br. What is the value of x? 2 KHCO3(s) ¡ K2O(s) + H2O(g) + 2 CO2(g)
[3.96] An element X forms an iodide (Xl3) and a chloride (XCl3). The K2CO3(s) ¡ K2O(s) + CO2(g)
iodide is quantitatively converted to the chloride when it is
The KCl does not react under the conditions of the reaction. If
heated in a stream of chlorine:
100.0 g of the mixture produces 1.80 g of H2O, 13.20 g of CO2,
2 XI3 + 3 Cl 2 ¡ 2 XCl 3 + 3 I2 and 4.00 g of O2, what was the composition of the original
If 0.5000 g of Xl3 is treated, 0.2360 g of XCl3 is obtained. (a) mixture? (Assume complete decomposition of the mixture.)
Calculate the atomic weight of the element X. (b) Identify the 3.103 When a mixture of 10.0 g of acetylene (C2H2); and 10.0 g of
element X. oxygen (O2) is ignited, the resultant combustion reaction pro-
3.97 A method used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency duces CO2 and H2O. (a) Write the balanced chemical equation
(EPA) for determining the concentration of ozone in air is to for this reaction. (b) Which is the limiting reactant? (c) How
pass the air sample through a “bubbler” containing sodium io- many grams of C2H2, O2, CO2, and H2O are present after the
dide, which removes the ozone according to the following reaction is complete?
equation: 3.104 Aspirin (C9H8O4) is produced from salicylic acid (C7H6O3)
O3(g) + 2 NaI(aq) + H2O(l) ¡ and acetic anhydride (C4H6O3):
O2(g) + I2(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 ¡ C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2
(a) How many moles of sodium iodide are needed to remove (a) How much salicylic acid is required to produce
5.95 * 10-6 mol of O3? (b) How many grams of sodium io- 1.5 * 102 kg of aspirin, assuming that all of the salicylic acid
dide are needed to remove 1.3 mg of O3? is converted to aspirin? (b) How much salicylic acid would be
required if only 80% of the salicylic acid is converted to
3.98 A chemical plant uses electrical energy to decompose aqueous
aspirin? (c) What is the theoretical yield of aspirin if 185 kg of
solutions of NaCl to give Cl2, H2, and NaOH:
salicylic acid is allowed to react with 125 kg of acetic anhy-
2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) ¡ dride? (d) If the situation described in part (c) produces
2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl 2(g) 182 kg of aspirin, what is the percentage yield?
 Integrative Exercises 113

INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES
These exercises require skills from earlier chapters as well as skills from the polymer. One reaction used to remove the exposed copper
the present chapter. from the circuit board is
3.105 Consider a sample of calcium carbonate in the form of a cube Cu(s) + Cu(NH3)4Cl 2(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) ¡
measuring 2.005 in. on each edge. If the sample has a density 2 Cu(NH3)4Cl(aq)
of 2.71 g>cm3, how many oxygen atoms does it contain? A plant needs to produce 5000 circuit boards, each with a sur-
3.106 (a) You are given a cube of silver metal that measures 1.000 cm face area measuring 2.0 in. * 3.0 in. The boards are covered
on each edge. The density of silver is 10.5 g>cm3. How many with a 0.65-mm layer of copper. In subsequent processing,
atoms are in this cube? (b) Because atoms are spherical, they 85% of the copper is removed. Copper has a density of
cannot occupy all of the space of the cube. The silver atoms 8.96 g>cm3. Calculate the masses of Cu(NH3)4Cl2 and NH3
pack in the solid in such a way that 74% of the volume of the needed to produce the circuit boards, assuming that the reac-
solid is actually filled with the silver atoms. Calculate the vol- tion used gives a 97% yield.
ume of a single silver atom. (c) Using the volume of a silver 3.111 Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a poisonous gas. The lethal dose is
atom and the formula for the volume of a sphere, calculate the approximately 300 mg HCN per kilogram of air when inhaled.
radius in angstroms of a silver atom. (a) Calculate the amount of HCN that gives the lethal dose in
3.107 (a) If an automobile travels 225 mi with a gas mileage of a small laboratory room measuring 12 * 15 * 8.0 ft. The
20.5 mi>gal, how many kilograms of CO2 are produced? As- density of air at 26 °C is 0.00118 g>cm3. (b) If the HCN is
sume that the gasoline is composed of octane, C8H18(l), whose formed by reaction of NaCN with an acid such as H2SO4, what
density is 0.69 g>mL. (b) Repeat the calculation for a truck that mass of NaCN gives the lethal dose in the room?
has a gas mileage of 5 mi>gal.
2 NaCN(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ Na2SO4(aq) + 2 HCN(g)
3.108 •Section 2.9 introduced the idea of structural isomerism,
with 1-propanol and 2-propanol as examples. Determine (c) HCN forms when synthetic fibers containing Orlon® or
which of these properties would distinguish these two sub- Acrilan® burn. Acrilan® has an empirical formula of
stances: (a) boiling point; (b) combustion analysis results; CH2CHCN, so HCN is 50.9% of the formula by mass. A rug
(c) molecular weight; (d) density at a given temperature and measures 12 * 15 ft and contains 30 oz of Acrilan® fibers per
pressure. You can check on the properties of these two com- square yard of carpet. If the rug burns, will a lethal dose of
pounds in Wolfram Alpha (http://www.wolframalpha.com/) HCN be generated in the room? Assume that the yield of HCN
or the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. from the fibers is 20% and that the carpet is 50% consumed.
3.109 A particular coal contains 2.5% sulfur by mass. When this coal 3.112 The source of oxygen that drives the internal combustion en-
is burned at a power plant, the sulfur is converted into sulfur gine in an automobile is air. Air is a mixture of gases, principally
dioxide gas, which is a pollutant. To reduce sulfur dioxide N2 ( ' 79%) and O2 ( ' 20%). In the cylinder of an automobile
emissions, calcium oxide (lime) is used. The sulfur dioxide re- engine, nitrogen can react with oxygen to produce nitric oxide
acts with calcium oxide to form solid calcium sulfite. (a) Write gas, NO. As NO is emitted from the tailpipe of the car, it can
the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (b) If the coal react with more oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide gas. (a)
is burned in a power plant that uses 2000 tons of coal per day, Write balanced chemical equations for both reactions. (b) Both
what mass of calcium oxide is required daily to eliminate the nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are pollutants that can lead to
sulfur dioxide? (c) How many grams of calcium sulfite are acid rain and global warming; collectively, they are called “NOx”
produced daily by this power plant? gases. In 2007, the United States emitted an estimated 22 million
3.110 Copper is an excellent electrical conductor widely used in tons of nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere. How many grams
making electric circuits. In producing a printed circuit board of nitrogen dioxide is this? (c) The production of NOx gases is
for the electronics industry, a layer of copper is laminated on a an unwanted side reaction of the main engine combustion
plastic board. A circuit pattern is then printed on the board process that turns octane, C8H18, into CO2 and water. If 85% of
using a chemically resistant polymer. The board is then the oxygen in an engine is used to combust octane and the re-
exposed to a chemical bath that reacts with the exposed cop- mainder used to produce nitrogen dioxide, calculate how many
per, leaving the desired copper circuit, which has been pro- grams of nitrogen dioxide would be produced during the com-
tected by the overlaying polymer. Finally, a solvent removes bustion of 500 grams of octane.