6 -Introduction to Programming
Basic structure of a C++ Program
#include <headerfile> -----> line 1
using namespace identifier; ---->line 2
int main() ---->line 3
{ statements;
:
return 0;
}
Line 1: Pre-processor directive :
Instructs the compiler to perform an action before actual compilation.
Starts with the symbol #.
Eg:-#define, #undef, #include.
header files
Header files is pre stored program file that help to use some operators and
functions.
eg: <iostream>,<cstdio>,<cmath>
Line 3: main () function:
main() is the essential function for every C++ program.
A c++ program starts and ends within the main() function.
All other function used in the program are called from main ().
A sample program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Hello, Welcome to WOHSS";
return 0;
}
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Guidelines for coding
1. Use suitable name for identifiers.
2. Use clear and simple expressions.
3. Use comments when needed.
4. Indentation
comments
Comments increase the readability of a program and helps in future program
modification.
It is not considered as the part of program and cannot be executed
Comments
Single line Comments Multiline Comments
// /* */
Variable Initialisation:
Supplying the initial value to a variable at the time of declaration.
(staticinitialisation)
eg: int n =5 ;
Supplying the initial value to a variable during execution(dynamic
initialisation)
eg: int sum=a+b; or cin>>a;
const Keyword
The const keyword specifies that the value of a variable does not change
throughout the program.
syntax :const data type variable_ name = value;
Eg:constfloat pi=3.14;
Type modifier
o The keywords signed,unsigned,short and long are type modifiers.
o A type modifier changes the meaning of the base data type to produce a new
data type.
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Arithmetic assignment operators
The operators which combine arithmetic and assignment operators. They are +=, -=,
*=, /=, %=
eg: a=a+6 can be given as a+=6 a=a/10 can be given as a/=10
Increment (++) and Decrement (--) operators
++ is used to increment the value in a variable by 1.
-- is used to decrement the value in a variable by 1.
There are two forms of increment/decrement operators, prefix form and post fix form.
a++(post increment form) and ++a (preincrement form) are same as a=a+1 or a+=1
a--(post decrement form) and --a (predecrement form) are same as a=a-1 or a-=1
A post-form denotes use, then changemethod.
A pre-form denotes change, then usemethod
int m=5; int m=5;
n=m++; n=--m;
(Now n -> 5 and m -> 6) (Now n -> 4 and m -> 4)
Type conversion: converting one data type to another data type
Two types of conversion:
1.Implicit (Type promotion):
This is done by the compiler and the conversion is from lower datatype to higher.
Implicit type conversion also known as automatic type conversion is performed by the
compiler
Eg: 5/2.0 => 2.5 (Here, int datatype of 5 is converted to float by compiler. Thus the
result of the float expression is also float)
2.Explicit (Type casting):
This is done by the programmer explicitly and conversion can be to any datatype.
The cast operator takes on the format,
(cast type) expressionor cast type (expression)
Eg: 5/(int)2.0 => 2 (Here, programmer uses type casting (int) to convert the float
datatype of 2.0 to int. Thus the result of this integer expression is also an integer.)
PREPARED BY MUHAMMAD RAYEES K A, HSST COMPUTER APPLICATION, WOHSS PINANGODE
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