Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

Charles Curley
<charlescurley at charlescurley dot com>

Revision History
Revision 2.1 2006−03−28 Revised by: c^2
Added notes for NTFS. Edited the To Do list. Started work on LVM and using finnix.
Revision 2.0 2005−10−12 Revised by: c^2
Notes for Fedora Core 4. Removed notes for older versions of FC and Red Hat. Also, changes in the writeup
and scripts to reflect using Knoppix instead of tomsrtbt. See the scripts for change notes. Changed some
scripts so that long lines don't fall off the right side of printed pages (oops).
Revision 1.8 2005−02−19 Revised by: c^2
Added notes for Fedora Core 3
Revision 1.7 2004−05−11 Revised by: c^2
Adjusted copyright language.
Revision 1.6 2004−04−29 Revised by: c^2
Added Knoppix notes, Syslinux, PPART, QtParted, some other rescue CDs, and made some fixes.
Revision 1.5 2003−12−19 Revised by: c^2
Fedora 1 and GRUB notes.
Revision 1.4 2003−08−17 Revised by: c^2
Some notes on burning CD−ROMs, and more on files to exclude.
Revision 1.3 2003−04−24 Revised by: c^2
Substituted new email address and URL for old.
Revision 1.2 2003−02−12 Revised by: c^2
Added Red Hat 8.0 notes, support for FAT32, split the first stage restore scripts, and other minor changes.
Notes on Amanda.
Revision 1.1 2002−09−10 Revised by: c^2
New code to handle ext3 partitions in make.fdisk, and a note on initrd.
Revision 1.0 2002−07−24 Revised by: c^2
We now use bz2 compression in the first stage, have the run time option to check for bad blocks, and have a
script that runs the entire first stage.

Imagine your disk drive has just become a very expensive hockey puck. Imagine you have had a fire, and your
computer case now looks like something Salvador Dal) would like to paint. Now what?

Total restore, sometimes called bare metal recovery, is the process of rebuilding a computer after a
catastrophic failure. In order to make a total restoration, you must have complete backups, not only of your
file system, but of partition information and other data. This HOWTO is a step−by−step tutorial on how to
back up a Linux computer so as to be able to make a bare metal recovery, and how to make that bare metal
recovery. It includes some related scripts.
 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

Table of Contents
1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Copyright Information......................................................................................................................1
1.2. Disclaimers.......................................................................................................................................1
1.3. New Versions....................................................................................................................................1
1.4. Credits...............................................................................................................................................2
1.5. Feedback...........................................................................................................................................2
1.6. Translations.......................................................................................................................................2

2. Overview..........................................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Limitations........................................................................................................................................4

3. Preparation......................................................................................................................................................5
3.1. Installing the ZIP Drive....................................................................................................................5

4. Creating the Stage 1 Back Up........................................................................................................................6

4.1. Theme And Variations......................................................................................................................7
4.1.1. No ZIP drive............................................................................................................................7
4.1.2. CD−ROM................................................................................................................................8
4.1.3. Multiple ZIP disks...................................................................................................................8
4.1.4. Excluding From First Stage Saving.........................................................................................9
4.1.5. Initrd........................................................................................................................................9

5. First Stage Restore........................................................................................................................................10

5.1. Booting............................................................................................................................................10
5.1.1. tomsrtbt..................................................................................................................................10
5.1.2. Knoppix.................................................................................................................................10
5.1.3. Finnix.....................................................................................................................................10
5.2. Restoration......................................................................................................................................10
5.2.1. Automated.............................................................................................................................11
5.2.2. Manually................................................................................................................................11
5.2.3. Finishing Touches.................................................................................................................12

6. Second Stage Restoration.............................................................................................................................13

7. Distribution Specific Notes...........................................................................................................................15

7.1. Fedora Core 3 and 4........................................................................................................................15
7.2. Knoppix..........................................................................................................................................15
7.3. finnix...............................................................................................................................................15

8. Application Specific Notes............................................................................................................................16

8.1. Logical Volume Manager...............................................................................................................16
8.2. Selinux............................................................................................................................................16
8.3. GRUB.............................................................................................................................................16
8.4. Tripwire...........................................................................................................................................16
8.5. Squid...............................................................................................................................................16
8.6. Arkeia..............................................................................................................................................17
8.7. Amanda...........................................................................................................................................17
8.8. NTFS...............................................................................................................................................18

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 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

Table of Contents
9. Some Advice for Disaster Recovery............................................................................................................19

10. What Now?..................................................................................................................................................20

10.1. To Do............................................................................................................................................20

11. The Scripts...................................................................................................................................................21

11.1. First Stage.....................................................................................................................................21
11.1.1. make.fdisk...........................................................................................................................21
11.1.2. make.dev.hda.......................................................................................................................36
11.1.3. make.lvs...............................................................................................................................37
11.1.4. mount.dev.hda.....................................................................................................................38
11.1.5. mount.lvs.............................................................................................................................39
11.1.6. dev.hda................................................................................................................................40
11.1.7. save.metadata......................................................................................................................40
11.1.8. restore.metadata...................................................................................................................45
11.1.9. first.stage.............................................................................................................................47
11.2. Second Stage.................................................................................................................................49
11.2.1. back.up.all...........................................................................................................................49
11.2.2. back.up.all.ssh.....................................................................................................................50
11.2.3. restore.all.............................................................................................................................50
11.2.4. restore.all.ssh.......................................................................................................................51
11.3. Backup Server Scripts...................................................................................................................52
11.3.1. get.tester..............................................................................................................................52
11.3.2. restore.tester........................................................................................................................54

12. Resources.....................................................................................................................................................55

A. GNU Free Documentation License.............................................................................................................57

0. PREAMBLE..................................................................................................................................................58

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS....................................................................................................59

2. VERBATIM COPYING...............................................................................................................................60

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY..........................................................................................................................61

4. MODIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................................................62

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS.....................................................................................................................64

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS..........................................................................................................65

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS...............................................................................66

8. TRANSLATION...........................................................................................................................................67

ii
 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

Table of Contents
9. TERMINATION...........................................................................................................................................68

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE...........................................................................................69

11. How to use this License for your documents............................................................................................70

Notes......................................................................................................................................................70

iii
1. Introduction
The normal bare metal restoration process is: install the operating system from the product disks. Install the
backup software, so you can restore your data. Restore your data. Then you get to restore functionality by
verifying your configuration files, permissions, etc.

The process and scripts explained in this HOWTO will save re−installing the operating system. The process
explained here will restore only files that were backed up from the production computer. Your configuration
will be intact when you restore the system, which should save you hours of verifying configurations and data.

1.1. Copyright Information

Copyright © 2001 through last date of modification Charles Curley and distributed under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) license, stated below. Permission is granted to copy, distribute
and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front−Cover
Texts, and with no Back−Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

If you have any questions, please contact <linux−howto at metalab.unc.edu>.

1.2. Disclaimers
No liability for the contents of this documents can be accepted by the author, the Linux Documentation
Project or anyone else. Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. There may be errors
and inaccuracies that may damage your system. Proceed with caution, and, although errors are unlikely, the
author take no responsibility for them.

All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term
in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements.

You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system before major installation and backups at
regular intervals. In addition, you are strongly recommended to use a sacrificial experimental computer when
mucking with the material, especially the scripts, in this HOWTO.

1.3. New Versions

You can find this document at its home page or at the Linux Documentation Project web site in many formats.
Please comment to <charlescurley at charlescurley dot com>

Depending on your browser, you may have to hold down the shift button while you click on these in order to
get them to download.

• bzip2 compressed chunky (lots of small pages. Faster reading.) HTML.

• bzip2 compressed smooth (one monster page −− no chunks. Easier to search.) HTML.
• bzip2 compressed postscript (US letter format).

1. Introduction 1
 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
• bzip2 compressed PDF (US letter format).
• bzip2 compressed raw ASCII text.
• Use the source, Luke.

1.4. Credits
This document is derived from two articles originally published in Linux Journal. My thanks to Linux Journal
for reverting the rights to those articles, thereby helping make this HOWTO possible.

Thanks to Joy Y Goodreau for excellent HOWTO editing, and to David Palomares for correcting the spelling
of Salvador Dal)'s name.

Also, thanks to Pasi Oja−Nisula for a bug fix and information on Knoppix.

1.5. Feedback
Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Without your corrections, suggestions and other input,
this document wouldn't exist. Please send your additions, comments and criticisms to me at:
<charlescurley at charlescurley dot com>.

1.6. Translations
Not everyone speaks English. Volunteers are welcome.

1. Introduction 2
2. Overview
The process shown below is not easy, and can be hazardous to your data. Practice it before you need it! Do as
I did, and practice on a sacrificial computer!

The original target computer for this HOWTO was a Pentium computer. Originally, it had a Red Hat 7.1
Linux server or workstation installation on one IDE hard drive. Since then, I have used a number of
computers, and they have been ugraded to Red Hat 8.0 and Fedora Cores 1, 3 and 4.. The target computer
does not have vast amounts of data because the computer was set up as a "sacrificial" test bed. That is, I did
not want to test this process with a production computer and production data. Also, I did a fresh installation
before I started the testing so that I could always re−install if I needed to revert to a known configuration.

NOTE
The sample commands will show, in most cases, what I had to type to recover the target system. You
may have to use similar commands, but with different parameters. It is up to you to be sure you duplicate
your setup, and not the test computer's setup.
The basic procedure is set out in W. Curtis Preston, Unix Backup & Recovery, O'Reilly & Associates, 1999,
which I have favorably reviewed in Linux Journal. However, the book is a bit thin on specific, real−time
questions. For example, exactly which files do you back up? What metadata should you preserve, and how?
This document explores those questions.

Before beginning the process set forth in this HOWTO you will need to back up your system with a typical
backup tool such as Amanda, BRU", tar, Arkeia® or cpio. The question, then, is how to get from toasted
hardware to the point where you can run the restoration tool that will restore your data.

Users of Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) based Linux distributions should also save RPM metadata as part
of their normal backups. The following is in one of the scripts in this HOWTO:

bash# rpm −Va | sort +2 −t ' ' | uniq > /etc/rpmVa.txt

It provides a basis for comparison after a bare metal restoration.

To get to this point, must have:

• Your hardware up and running again, with replacement components as needed. The BIOS should be
correctly configured, including time and date, and hard drive parameters. At the moment, there is no
provision for using a different hard drive.
• A parallel port Iomega® ZIP® drive or equivalent. You will need at least 30 MB of space. A modern
Linux installation with several kernels installed may run to over 100 MB.
• Your backup media.
• A minimal Linux system that will allow you to run the restoration software, which we will call the
restoration Linux.

To get there, you need at least two stages of backup, and possibly three. Exactly what you back up and in
which stage you back it up is determined by your restoration process. For example, if you are restoring a tape
server, you may not need networking during the restoration process. So only back up networking in your
regular backups.

You will restore in stages as well. In stage one, we build partitions, file systems, etc. and restore a minimum
of files from the ZIP disk. The goal of stage one is to be able to boot to a running computer with a network

2. Overview 3
 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
connection, tape drives, restoration software, or whatever we need for stage two.

The second stage, if it is necessary, consists of restoring backup software and any relevant databases. For
example, suppose you use Arkeia and you are building a bare metal recovery ZIP disk for your backup server.
Arkeia keeps a huge database on the server's hard drives. You can recover the database from the tapes, if you
want. Instead, why not tar and gzip the whole arkeia directory (at /usr/knox), and save that to another
computer over nfs or ssh? Stage one, as we have defined it below, does not include X, so you will have some
experimenting to do if you wish to back up X as well as your backup program. Some restore programs require
X.

Of course, if you are using some other backup program, you may have some detective work to do to. You will
have to find out the directories and files it needs to run. If you use tar, gzip, cpio, mt or dd for your backup
and recovery tools, they will be saved to and restored from our ZIP disk as part of the stage one process
describe below.

The last stage is a total restoration from tape or other media. After you have done that last stage, you should
be able to boot to a fully restored and operational system.

2.1. Limitations
This HOWTO is restricted to making a minimal backup such that, having then restored that backup to new
hardware ("bare metal"), you can then use your regular backups to restore a completely working system. This
HOWTO does not deal with your regular backups at all.

Even within that narrow brief, this HOWTO is not exhaustive. You still have some research, script editing,
and testing to do.

The scripts here restore the partition data exactly as found on the source hard drive. This is nice if you are
restoring on an identical computer or at least an identical hard drive, but that is often not the case. For now,
there are two remedies (which will make more sense after you've read the rest of the HOWTO):

• Edit the partition table input file. I've done that a few times. You can also do this to add new partitions
or delete existing ones (but edit the scripts that use the partition table input file as well).
• Hand build a new partition table and go from there. That is one reason why restore.metadata
does not call the hard drive rebuilding script. Use the rebuilding script.

The scripts shown here only handle ext2fs, FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. Until some eager volunteer supplies
code for doing so in these scripts, you will need other tools for backing up and restoring file systems we
haven't covered. Partition Image looks like a useful candidate here.

2. Overview 4
3. Preparation
WARNING
Do your normal backups on their regular schedule. This HOWTO is useless if you don't do that.
Build yourself a rescue disk. I now use Knoppix. See the notes on Knoppix below. However, Knoppix has a
problem: no LVM support. If you want to recover logical volumes, get a distribution that supports them. For
this I use finnix.

In the past, I have used tomsrtbt. It is well documented and packs a lot of useful tools onto one floppy
diskette. Unfortunately, the changes I've had to make in the scripts to handle more recent Linux systems cause
problems for tomsrtbt. The tomsrtbt 2.0.103 tar is based on busybox, so remarks about it may apply to other
Linux disties which use busybox.

We will call whatever Linux you use the "restoration Linux".

Next, figure out how to do the operating system backup you will need so that you can restore your normal
backup. I followed Preston's advice and used an Iomega parallel port ZIP drive. The drives get approximately
90 MB of useful storage to a disk. I need about 85 MB to back up my desktop, so a 100MB ZIP drive may be
pushing your luck.

3.1. Installing the ZIP Drive

Installing the ZIP drive is covered in the ZIP Drive HOWTO, available at the Linux Documentation Project
and at its home page, http://www.njtcom.com/dansie/zip−drive.html.

3. Preparation 5
4. Creating the Stage 1 Back Up
Having made your production backups, you need to preserve your partition information so that you can
rebuild your partitions.

The script make.fdisk scans a hard drive for partition information, and saves it in three files. The first is an
executable script, called make.dev.x (where "x" is the name of the device file, e.g. hda). Second is
mount.dev.x, which creates mount points and mounts the newly created partitions on them. The last,
dev.x, is the commands necessary for fdisk to build the partitions. You specify which hard drive you want
to build scripts for (and thus the file names) by naming the associated device file as the argument to
make.fdisk. For example, on a typical IDE system,

bash# make.fdisk /dev/hda

spits out the scripts make.dev.hda, mount.dev.hda and the input file for fdisk, dev.hda.

In addition, if make.fdisk encounters a FAT partition, it preserves the partition's boot sector in a file
named dev.xy, where x is the drive's device name (e.g. sdc, hda) and y is the partition number. The boot
sector is the first sector, 512 bytes, of the partition. This sector is restored at the same time the partitions are
rebuilt, in the script make.dev.hda.

Fortunately, the price of hard drives is plummeting almost as fast as the public's trust in politicians after an
election. So it is good that the output files are text, and allow hand editing. That's the most difficult but most
flexible way to rebuild on a larger replacement drive. (See the To Do list.)

Other metadata are preserved in the script save.metadata. The script saves the partition information in
the file fdisk.hda in the root of the ZIP disk. It is a good idea to print this file and your /etc/fstab so
that you have hard copy should you ever have to restore the partition data manually. You can save a tree by
toggling between two virtual consoles, running fdisk in one and catting /etc/fstab or /fdisk.hda as
needed. However, doing so is error prone.

You will also want to preserve files relevant to your restoration method. For example, if you use nfs to save
your data, you will need to preserve hosts.allow, hosts.deny, exports, etc. Also, if you are using any
network−backed restoration process, such as Amanda or Quick Restore, you will need to preserve networking
files like HOSTNAME, hosts, etc. and the relevant software tree.

The simplest way to handle these and similar questions is to preserve the entire etc directory.

There is no way a 100 MB ZIP drive is going to hold a server installation of a modern distribution of Linux.
We have to be much more selective than simply preserving the whole kazoo. What files do we need?

• The boot directory.

• The /etc directory and subdirectories.
• Directories needed at boot time.
• Device files in /dev.

To determine the directories needed at boot, we look at the boot initialization file /etc/rc.sysinit. It
sets its own path like so:

PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
export PATH

4. Creating the Stage 1 Back Up 6

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

Trial and error indicated that we needed some other directories as well, such as /dev. In Linux, you can't do
much without device files.

In reading the script save.metadata, note that we aren't necessarily saving files that are called with
absolute paths.

We may require several iterations of back up, test the bare metal restore, re−install from CD and try again,
before we have a working backup script. While I worked on this HOWTO, I made five such iterations before I
had a successful restoration. That is one reason why it is essential to use scripts whenever possible. Test
thoroughly!

One thing you can do on an RPM based system is use the rpm program to determine which files are where.
For example, to get a complete list of the files used by the openssh package, run:

bash# rpm −ql openssh

There are some things you don't need, like the man pages. You can inspect each one and decide whether to
back it up or not.

WARNING
The second stage of restoration is run without overwriting previously restored files. This means that the
files restored in the first stage are the ones that will be used after full restoration. So update your bare
metal backups whenever you update files in these directories!

WARNING
The version of tar included in tomsrtbt does not preserve ownership when it restores. This may cause
problems for applications like Amanda. A backup and restoration tool, Amanda has several directories
owned by its own eponymous user. The solution is:

• Note which directories and files are not owned by root.

• Note their owners.
• Arrange to set the ownership correctly as part of the restoration process. E.g:
bash# chown −R amanda:disk /var/lib/amanda
You can also add that line to your scripts for second state restoration, such as
restore.tester.

WARNING
tomsrtbt does not support restoring owners by UID/GID. To make backups suitable for restoring with
tomsrtbt, remove the tar command line option "−−numeric−owner" from the command line options for
tar in the function crunch in the script save.metadata.

4.1. Theme And Variations

4.1.1. No ZIP drive
This backup process used to requires you to have the ZIP disk drive present at each backup. It now creates the
ZIP disk's contents in a directory, which you can back up over the net. Then you only need to build a ZIP disk
(with cp −rp) on the backup server when you need to restore.

4. Creating the Stage 1 Back Up 7

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

The backup process will be faster than directly writing to the ZIP drive, but you should check that the
resulting directory will fit on your ZIP disk (with the output of du −hs $target.zip in the script
save.metadata)! See the definition of the variable zip in that script.

My laptop has problems running both a network card and a ZIP drive, so this is the process I use to back it up.
I keep a backup image as well as the current one, so that I have a fallback in case the computer crashes during
a backup.

Alternatively, you could build several ZIP disks' worth of backup on the hard drive, and feed them to the
system on restore.

4.1.2. CD−ROM
This is similar to the no ZIP drive option above. Save your backups to a directory on your hard drive, as
noted. Then use mkisofs to create an ISO 9660 image from that directory, and burn it. This does not work
with some CD−ROM based Linuxes, like Knoppix, because the Linux has to have the CD−ROM drive.
Unless you have two CD−ROM drives, say one in a USB clamshell. I have a DVD burner set up this way with
exactly this in mind.

Or look at remastering Knoppix with your first and second stage backups on the CD−ROM/DVD. You should
also be able to remaster finnix.

These days many computers come with a CD−ROM drive but no floppy diskette. And floppy drives do fail.
So it's a good idea to burn your CD−ROM with a bootable image on it. The bad news is that the "El Torito"
format supports 1.2 MB, 1.44 MB and 2.88 MB floppies, and tomsrtbt uses a 1.7 MB floppy. The good news
is that you can get a 2.88 MB version, tomsrtbt−2.0.103.ElTorito.288.img, from the same
mirrors where you get the floppy image. Place a copy [1] in the root directory of the backup files. Then use
the mkisofs command line option −b to specify tomsrtbt−2.0.103.ElTorito.288.img as the boot
image file.

The only down side of this process is that many older BIOSes do not support 2.88 MB floppy images on
CD−ROMs. Most of those will boot to a tomsrtbt floppy.

An alternative is to use Syslinux. It is not dependent on a floppy diskette image, and you can build your own
CD with a number of tools, such as tomsrtbt, on it.

You may have to adjust the BIOS options to allow the computer to boot to CD−ROM drive. If you can't do
that, either because the BIOS won't support booting to CD−ROM, or because you can't get into the BIOS, see
Smart Boot Manager (SBM) as described in the Resources.

Test your CDs on the drive you will use at restoration time. If you find you need to hack the scripts, you can
copy them to /tmp, a RAM disk under tomsrtbt, and edit them there. The scripts will run there. As a RAM
disk is volatile, be sure to save your changes before you reboot!

4.1.3. Multiple ZIP disks

By splitting up the two first stage scripts, restore.metadata and save.metadata, you could spread
the first stage metadata across multiple ZIP disks.

4. Creating the Stage 1 Back Up 8

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

4.1.4. Excluding From First Stage Saving

There are time when you need to squeeze a few megabytes from the first stage data, especially when you are
pushing the limit of your ZIP disk. The function crunch in the script save.metadata takes multiple
parameters to feed to tar. It can also take the −−exclude parameter. So, for example, you can exclude the
samba and X11 directories under /etc like so:

crunch etc −−exclude etc/samba −−exclude etc/X11 etc

Why those two? Because they're hard drive space hogs and we don't need them at boot time.

If you keep multiple kernels around, you can eliminate the modules for all of the kernels you won't boot to.
Check your lilo.conf or grub.confto see which kernel you will use, and then check /lib/modules
for module directories you can exclude.

How to find more good candidates for exclusion? List the target directories with ls −alSr for individual files,
and du | sort −n for directories.

Another (probably neater) way to exclude directories is to put a complete list of directories into a file, then
refer to it via the tar option −−exclude−from=FILENAME.

4.1.5. Initrd
If your system uses an initial RAM disk, or initrd, to boot, make sure that restore.metadata creates the
directory /initrd. The easiest way to do this is to ensure that it is included in the list of directories used in
the directory creating loop toward the end.

Your system will probably use an initrd if it boots from a SCSI drive or has root on an ext3fs partition. Check
/etc/lilo.conf to see if it calls for one.

4. Creating the Stage 1 Back Up 9

5. First Stage Restore
5.1. Booting
The first thing to do is to verify that the hardware time is set correctly. Use the BIOS setup for this. How close
to exact you have to set the time depends on your applications. For restoration, within a few minutes of exact
time should be accurate enough. This will allow time−critical events to pick up where they left off when you
finally launch the restored system.

5.1.1. tomsrtbt
Before booting tomsrtbt, make sure your ZIP drive is installed on a parallel port, either /dev/lp0 or
/dev/lp1. The start−up software will load the parallel port ZIP drive driver for you.

The next step is to set the video mode. I usually like to see as much on the screen as I can. When the option to
select a video mode comes, I use mode 6, 80 columns by 60 lines. Your hardware may or may not be able to
handle high resolutions like that, so experiment with it.

5.1.2. Knoppix
These instructions will probably work with other CD−ROM or USB pen Linuxes, but you may have to vary
them to suit.

Before booting Knoppix, make sure your ZIP drive (or substitute) is installed on a parallel port, either
/dev/lp0 or /dev/lp1. Knoppix does not load the parallel port ZIP drive driver for you. Instead, use the
command modprobe ppa (as root) to install it.

Boot Knoppix as usual. I find it faster and more useful to boot to a console. At the boot menu, use the
command "knoppix 2". Then become the root user, with su −. For the password, just hit return.

5.1.3. Finnix
One option for booing finnix is the "toram" option, which lets you move the whole kazoo into RAM. that in
turn should let you load another CD, with your first stage data, into the CD drive.

5.2. Restoration
These instructions assume you are running tomsrtbt. If you are using a different Linux for your restore system,
you may have to adjust these instructions a bit. For example, you should always run these scripts as root even
if some other user gives you the requisite privileges.

Once the restoration Linux has booted and you have a console, mount the ZIP drive. It is probably a good idea
to mount it read only:

# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt −o ro

Check to be sure it is there:

5. First Stage Restore 10

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# ls −l /mnt
On Knoppix or finnix, you may want to make a directory under /mnt and mount it there, like so:

# mkdir /mnt/zip
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/zip −o ro
At this point, you can run the restoration automatically or manually. Use the automated restore if you don't
need to make any changes as you go along.

One consideration here is whether you have multiple hard drives. If your Linux installation mounts partitions
on multiple hard drives, you must mount the root partition first. This is to ensure that mount point directories
are created on the partition where they belong. The script first.stage will run the scripts to mount the
drives in the order in which they are created. If you have created them (in the script save.metadata) in the
order in which they cascade from root, the mounting process should work just fine.

If you have multiple hard drives, and they cross−mount, you are on your own. Either combine and edit the
scripts to mount them in the correct order, or do it manually.

5.2.1. Automated
The automatic process calls each of the manual scripts in proper order. It does not allow for manual
intervention, say for creating file systems that this HOWTO does not support. To run the first stage restore
automatically, enter the command:

# /mnt/root.bin/first.stage
If you want to check for back blocks, add the −c option.

5.2.2. Manually
To run the process manually, change to the directory where the scripts are on the ZIP drive.

# cd /mnt/root.bin
Now run the script(s) that will restore the partition information and create file systems. You may run them in
any order. e.g.:

# ./make.dev.hda
If you want to check for back blocks, add the −c option.

This script will:

• Clean out the first 1024 bytes of the hard drive, killing off any existing partition table and master boot
record (MBR).
• Recreate the partitions from the information gathered when you ran make.fdisk.
• Make ext2 and ext3 file system partitions and Linux swap partitions as appropriate. If you provide the
−c option to the script, it will also check for bad blocks.
• Make some types of FAT partitions.

Now is a good time to check the geometry of the drive. Sometimes different versions of Linux pick up
different geometries, so the geometry implicit in the file dev.hdX is incorrect. To force it to be correct on
Knoppix, edit make.dev.x. Use the −C, −H and −S options to fdisk to specify the cylnders, heads and
sectors, respectively. Those you can get from the file fdisk.hdX in the root directory of the ZIP drive. Then

5. First Stage Restore 11

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

re−run it.

NOTE
If you have other operating systems or file systems to restore, now is a good time to do so. When
you've done that, reboot to your restoration Linux and continue restoring.
Now run the script(s) that create mount points and mount the partitions to them.

# ./mount.dev.hda
Once you have created all your directories and mounted partitions to them, you can run the script
restore.metadata.

# ./restore.metadata
This will restore the contents of the ZIP drive to the hard drive.

You should see a directory of the ZIP disk's root directory, then a list of the archive files as they are restored.
Tar on tomsrtbt will tell you that tar's block size is 20, and that's fine. You can ignore it. Be sure that lilo
prints out its results:

Added linux *
That will be followed by the output from a "df −m" command.

5.2.3. Finishing Touches

If you normally boot directly to X, you could have some problems. To be safe, change your boot run level
temporarily.

If you use grub to boot, in the grub selection window, select the kernel you want to boot. Press "e" to edit, and
append a space and the number "3" tot he kernel line. Confirm the new line, then hit "b" to boot.

If you don't use grub, before you reboot edit /target/etc/inittab. Find the line that looks like this:

id:5:initdefault:
and change it to this:

id:3:initdefault:
Now, you can gracefully reboot. Remove the medium from your boot drive if you haven't already done so,
and give the computer the three fingered salute, or its equivalent:

# shutdown −r now
or

# reboot
The computer will shut down and reboot.

5. First Stage Restore 12

6. Second Stage Restoration
As the computer reboots, go back to the BIOS and verify that the clock is more or less correct.

Once you have verified the clock is correct, exit the BIOS and reboot to the hard drive. You can simply let the
computer boot in its normal sequence. You will see a lot of error messages, mostly along the lines of "I can't
find blah! Waahhh!" If you have done your homework correctly up until now, those error messages won't
matter. You don't need linuxconf or apache to do what you need to do.

NOTE
As an alternative, you can boot to single user mode (at the lilo prompt, enter linux single), but you will
have to configure your network manually and fire up sshd or whatever daemons you need to restore your
system. How you do those things is very system specific.
You should be able to log into a root console (no X −− no users, sorry). You should now be able to use the
network, for example to nfs mount the backup of your system.

If you did the two stage backup I suggested for Arkeia, you can now restore Arkeia's database and
executables. You should be able to run

/etc/rc.d/init.d/arkeia start
and start the server. If you have the GUI installed on another computer with X installed, you should now be
able to log in to Arkeia on your tape server, and prepare your restoration.

NOTE
When you restore, read the documentation for your restoration programs carefully. For example, tar does
not normally restore certain characteristics of files, like suid bits. File permissions are set by the user's
umask. To restore your files exactly as you saved them, use tar's p option. Similarly, make sure your
restoration software will restore everything exactly as you saved it.
To restore the test computer:

bash# restore.all
If you used tar for your backup and restoration, and used the −k (keep old files, don't overwrite) option, you
will see a lot of this:

tar: usr/sbin/rpcinfo: Could not create file: File exists

tar: usr/sbin/zdump: Could not create file: File exists
tar: usr/sbin/zic: Could not create file: File exists
tar: usr/sbin/ab: Could not create file: File exists
This is normal, as tar is refusing to overwrite files you restored during the first stage of restoration.

Then reboot. On the way down, you will see a lot of error messages, such as "no such pid." This is a normal
part of the process. The shutdown code is using the pid files from daemons that were running when the
backup was made to shut down daemons that were not started on the last boot. Of course there's no such pid.

Your system should come up normally, with a lot fewer errors than it had before; ideally no errors. The acid
test of how well your restore works on an RPM based system is to verify all packages:

bash# rpm −Va | sort +2 −t ' ' | uniq > ~/foo.txt

diff /etc/rpmVa.txt ~/foo.txt

6. Second Stage Restoration 13

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

Prelinking error messages are normal and you can ignore them. Or you may run the command
/etc/cron.daily/prelink to remove them.

Some files, such as configuration and log files, will have changed in the normal course of things, and you
should be able to mentally filter those out of the report. You can redirect the output to a file, and diff it against
the one that was made at backup time (/etc/rpmVa.txt), thereby speeding up this step considerably. Emacs
users should check out its diff facilities.

Now you should be up and running. It is time to test your applications, especially those that run as daemons.
The more sophisticated the application, the more testing you may need to do. If you have remote users,
disable them from using the system, or make it "read only" while you test it. This is especially important for
databases, to prevent making any corruption or data loss worse than it already might be.

If you normally boot to X, and disabled it above, test X before you re−enable it. Re−enable it by changing that
one line in /etc/inittab back to:

id:5:initdefault:
You should now be ready for rock and roll −− and some aspirin and a couch.

6. Second Stage Restoration 14

7. Distribution Specific Notes
Below are distribution notes from past experiences. If you have additional notes that you would like to add for
other distributions, please forward them to me.

7.1. Fedora Core 3 and 4

The scripts now reflect Fecorda Core 4, so you should not have to make any changes to these scripts.

I tested the above on a fresh installation of FC3. I had problems with devices after booting when I
worked with a system that had been upgraded from FC2 to FC3.

7.2. Knoppix
I recently started using Knoppix. Pasi Oja−Nisula reports:

For me the best thing about using Knoppix is that I don't need a specific boot medium for
each machine, but I can use the same tools all the time. And hardware support in Knoppix is
really great. I don't have that much experience with different platforms, but all the machines
I've tried have worked fine, scsi drivers are found and so on.

I'm doing this recovery thing by copying the backups over the network to other machine. The
restore involves booting the Knoppix cd, fetching the metadata.tar.gz from the network
machine. Then make.dev, mount.dev, fetching the other tar.gz files, grub and reboot. Some
typing involved but thanks to your scripts it's quite straighforward. Unless changing from ide
to scsi or something, but even then it's not that difficult, since Linux is easy to restore to
different hardware.

Let me add to that that Knoppix detects USB devices for you, which is really nice. They make excellent (and
roomier) substitutes for the ZIP drive.

Also see "System recovery with Knoppix".

Do your restore as user "root" rather than as user "knoppix". Otherwise you may get some directories and files
owned by an oddball user or group. Also, for Knoppix, we tar the first stage stuff saving numeric user &
group values instead of by name. The names may point to different numbers on knoppix, so we would be
restoring the files incorrectly.

7.3. finnix
Finnix has some of the same advantages of Knoppix. In addition, it runs in command line mode with mouse
support, which is great for the task at hand. It's small, under 100 MB as of this writing, so you can remaster it
with your first stage data on it. It boots quickly. And it has LVM support. And Zile, a subset of Emacs. I am
pleased with finnix for this use.

7. Distribution Specific Notes 15

8. Application Specific Notes
Here are some notes about backing up particular applications.

8.1. Logical Volume Manager

Handling logical volumes turns out to be a bit of a trick: use the finnix distribution's startup code to turn LVM
on and off. This results in distribution specific code for the first stage of restoration. It is generated in
make.fdisk. To edit it, search make.fdisk on "Hideous".

LVM required the addition of two new LVM specific scripts, make.lvs and mount.lvs. They are only
generated and used if there are logical volumes present.

8.2. Selinux
Selinux is disabled on the test machines. /selinux is not backed up in any of these scripts. At a guess, you
should probably disable selinux after the first stage restoration, and you will probably have some selinux
specific tasks to perform before turning it back on.

8.3. GRUB
The default bootloader in Fedora is the Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB). It has to run at the end of the first
stage, or you won't be able to boot thereafter. To preserve it for first stage restoration, make the following
changes:

• Edit the penultimate stanza of restore.metadata:

# Now install the boot sector.
# chroot $target /sbin/lilo −C /etc/lilo.conf
chroot $target /sbin/grub−install /dev/hda
• Add the following stanza to save.metadata:
# Grub requires these at installation time.
if [ −d usr/share/grub ] ; then # Red Hat/Fedora
crunch usr.share.grub usr/share/grub
fi
if [ −d usr/lib/grub ] ; then # SuSE
crunch usr.lib.grub usr/lib/grub
fi

8.4. Tripwire
If you run Tripwire or any other application that maintains a database of file metadata, rebuild that database
immediately after restoring.

8.5. Squid
Squid is a HTTP proxy and cache. As such it keeps a lot of temporary data on the hard drive. There is no point
in backing that up. Insert "−−exclude /var/spool/squid" into the appropriate tar command in your second stage
backup script. Then, get squid to rebuild its directory structure for you. Tack onto the tail end of the second

8. Application Specific Notes 16

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

stage restore script a command for squid to initialize itself. Here is how I did it over ssh in
restore.tester:

ssh $target "mkdir /var/spool/squid ; chown squid:squid /var/spool/squid;\

/usr/sbin/squid −z;touch /var/spool/squid/.OPB_NOBACKUP"
The last command creates a file of length 0 called .OPB_NOBACKUP. This is for the benefit of Arkeia, and
tells Arkeia not to back up below this directory

8.6. Arkeia
These notes are based on testing with Arkeia 4.2.

Arkeia is a backup and restore program that runs on a wide variety of platforms. You can use Arkeia as part of
a bare metal restoration scheme, but there are two caveats.

The first is probably the most problematic, as absent any more elegant solution you have to hand select the
directories to restore in the navigator at restoration time. The reason is that, apparently, Arkeia has no
mechanism for not restoring files already present on the disk, nothing analogous to tar's −p option. If you
simply allow a full restore, the restore will crash as Arkeia over−writes a library which is in use at restore
time, e.g. lib/libc−2.1.1.so. Hand selection of directories to restore is at best dicey, so I recommend
against it.

The second caveat is that you have to back up the Arkeia data dictionary and/or programs. To do that, modify
the save.metatdata script by adding Arkeia to the list of directories to save:

# arkeia specific:
tar cf − usr/knox | gzip −c > $zip/arkeia.tar.gz
You must back up the data dictionary this way because Arkeia does not back up the data dictionary. This is
one of my complaints about Arkeia, and I solve it on my own computer by saving the data dictionary to tape
with The TOLIS Group's BRU.

The data dictionary will be restored in the script restore.metadata automatically.

8.7. Amanda
Amanda (The Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver) works quite well with this set of
scripts. Use the normal Amanda back−up process, and build your first stage data as usual. Amanda stores the
data on tape in GNU tar or cpio format, and you can recover from individual files to entire backup images.
The nice thing about recovering entire images is that you can then use variants on the scripts in this HOWTO
to restore from the images, or direct from tape. I was able to restore my test machine with the directions from
W. Curtis Preston's Unix Backup & Recovery. For more information on it, see the Resources. The Amanda
chapter from the book is on line.

I made two changes to the script restore.tester. First, I changed it to accept a file name as an argument.
Then, since Amanda's amrestore decompresses the data as it restores it, I rewrote it to cat the file into the
pipe instead of decompressing it.

The resulting line looks like this:

8. Application Specific Notes 17

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
cat $file | ssh $target "umask 000 ; cd / ; tar −xpkf − "
where $file is the script's argument, the image recovered from the tape by amrestore.

Since the command line arguments to tar prohibit over−writing, restore from images in the reverse of the
order in which they were made. Restore most recent first.

Amanda does require setting ownership by hand if you back up the amanda data directory with
save.metadata. Something like:

bash# chown −R amanda:disk /var/lib/amanda

You can also add that line to your scripts for second state restoration, such as restore.tester.

8.8. NTFS
OK, NTFS isn't an application. It is a file system used by Microsoft operating system Windows NT and its
descendents, including Windows 2000 and Windows XP. You can back it up and restore to it from Linux with
ntfsclone, one of the NTFS utilities in the ntfsprogs suite, available from
http://linux−ntfs.sourceforge.net/downloads.html.

These scripts will create NTFS partitions, but will not put a file system on them. It is not clear from the docs
whether ntfsclone will lay down a file system on a virgin partition or not.

8. Application Specific Notes 18

9. Some Advice for Disaster Recovery
You should take your ZIP disk for each computer and the printouts you made, and place them in a secure
location in your shop. You should store copies of these in your off−site backup storage location. The major
purpose of off−site backup storage is to enable disaster recovery, and restoring each host onto replacement
hardware is a part of disaster recovery.

You should also have several restoration Linux floppies or CD−ROMS, and possibly some ZIP drives in your
off−site storage as well. Also, have copies of the rescue linux distribution on several of your computers so that
they back each other up.

You should probably have copies of this HOWTO, with your site−specific annotations on it, with your
backups and in your off−site backup storage.

9. Some Advice for Disaster Recovery 19

10. What Now?
This HOWTO results from experiments on one computer. No doubt you will find some directories or files you
need to back up in your first stage backup. I have not dealt with saving and restoring X on the first stage, nor
have I touched at all on processors other than Intel.

I would appreciate your feedback as you test and improve these scripts on your own computers. I also
encourage vendors of backup software to document how to do a minimal backup of their products. I'd like to
see the whole Linux community sleep just a little better at night.

10.1. To Do
Volunteers are most welcome. Check with me before you start on one of these in case someone else is
working on it already.

• We have no way to determine the label of a swap partition. This means that there is no way to provide
the swap partition's label when restoring. We could assume that a system with a single swap partition
(as indicated by fdisk) has the label used in the swap partition line in /etc/fstab, but that only
works on single hard drive systems, and could produce subtle errors in systems with multiple swap
partitions.

The work−around is to add the label by hand by re−running mkswap with the −L option on it. Sigh.
• A partition editor to adjust partition boundaries in the dev.hdx file. This will let users adjust
partitions for a different hard drive, or the same one with different geometry, or to adjust partition
sizes within the same hard drive. A GUI would probably be a good idea here. On the other tentacle,
the FSF's parted looks like it will fill part of the bill. It does re−size existing partitions, but with
restrictions.
• make.fdisk currently only recognizes some FAT partitions, not all. Add code to make.fdisk to
recognize others and make appropriate instructions to rebuild them in the output files.
• For FAT12 or FAT16 partitions we do not format, write zeros into the partition so that Mess−DOS
6.x does not get confused. See the notes on fdisk for an explanation of the problem.
• Translations into other (human) languages.
• I've referred to Red Hat Package Manager (rpm) from time to time. What are the equivalent deb
commands?
• Modify the first stage backup code to only save the current kernel.

10. What Now? 20

11. The Scripts
See the notes in the beginning of each script for a summary of what it does.

11.1. First Stage

11.1.1. make.fdisk
This script, run at backup time, creates scripts similar to make.dev.hda and mount.dev.x, below, for
you to run at restore time. It also produces data files similar to dev.hda, below. The name of the script and
data file produced depends on the device given this script as a a parameter. That script, run at restore time,
builds the partitions on the hard drive. make.fdisk is called from save.metadata, below.

#! /usr/bin/perl

# A perl script to create a script and input file for fdisk to

# re−create the partitions on the hard disk, and format the Linux and
# Linux swap partitions. The first parameter is the fully qualified
# path of the device of the hard disk, e.g. /dev/hda. The two
# resulting files are the script make.dev.x and the data file dev.x
# (where x is the hard drive described, e.g. hda, sdc). make.dev.x is
# run at restore time to rebuild hard drive x, prior to running
# restore.metadata. dev.x is the input file for fdisk.

# Time−stamp: <2006−04−08 15:23:55 ccurley make.fdisk>

# Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley

# except for the subroutine cut2fmt.

# cut2fmt Copyright (c) 1998 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington and

# O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Permission is granted to use this code
# freely EXCEPT for book publication. You may use this code for book
# publication only with the explicit permission of O'Reilly &
# Associates, Inc.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# In addition, as a special exception, Tom Christiansen, Nathan

# Torkington and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. give permission to use
# the code of this program with the subroutine cut2fmt (or with
# modified versions of the subroutine cut2fmt that use the same
# license as the subroutine cut2fmt), and distribute linked
# combinations including the two. You must obey the GNU General
# Public License in all respects for all of the code used other than
# the subroutine cut2fmt. If you modify this file, you may extend

11. The Scripts 21

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# this exception to your version of the file, but you are not
# obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this
# exception statement and the subroutine cut2fmt from your version.

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at

# http://www.fsf.org/

# Changes:

# 2006−04−08: Primitive LVM support. It is kludgy in that it uses

# first stage restoration distribution (finnix) specific code to turn
# LVM on and off, but otherwise seems to work.

# 2006−03−28: We have a problem if swap partitions have

# labels. There's no way to retrieve the label from a swap
# partition. If we have one & only one swap partition, then we can
# pull it out of /etc/fstab. Otherwise the user is on her own. We scan
# fstab for swap mount points that have labels for their devices. If
# there is one and only one, we assume that's it, otherwise pass.

# 2005−10−29: We now provide the geometry as an argument to fdisk

# (which does not work on tomsrtbt). We also save data for sfdisk, and
# write out make.dev.xxx so that it will use sfdisk if it finds it.

# 2005−08−14: Due to experience on Knoppix, we now add the code to

# change the partition types to the end of the fdisk input file
# instead of right after creating the partition.

# 2004 04 10: fdisk v > 2.11 has wider columns. Added code to select
# the appropriate cut string based on fdisk's version.

# 2004 04 09: Added support for Mandrake's idea of devfs. On Mandrake,

# everything is mounted with devfs. So the mount devices are buried
# deep in places like /dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 instead
# of places like /dev/hda1, where $DEITY intended they should be. We
# have to reverse from the long devfs device to the shorter old style
# that tomsrtbt uses. The alternative is to keep track in an array of
# which devfs device belongs to which short device.

# 2003 12 29: Changed the regex for detecting whether a file system is
# read−write in the code that builds the mount file(s). The old test
# does not work if mount returns multiple parameters in the 5th field,
# e.g. (rw,errors=remount−ro) on some debian systems. This regex
# assumes that the rw parameter is always listed first, which may not
# always be the case. If it fails, take out the '\('. Thanks to Pasi
# Oja−Nisula <pon at iki dot fi> for pointing this out.

# 2003 01 09: Added support for FAT32. We now create two scripts for
# each hard drive, make.dev.[as]dx and mount.dev.[as]dx. These create
# and make file systems on each partition, and make mount points and
# mount them.

# 2002 12 25: added support to handle W95 extended (LBA) (f) and W95
# FAT 32 partitions. I have tested this for primary but not logical
# partitions.

# 2002 09 08: Added minimal support for ext3fs. We now detect mounted
# ext3fs partitions & rebuild but with no options. The detection
# depends on the command line "dumpe2fs <device> 2>/dev/null | grep −i
# journal" producing no output for an ext2fs, and output (we don't
# care what) for an ext3fs.

11. The Scripts 22

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# This could stand extension to support non−default ext3 options such
# as the type of journaling. Volunteers?

# 2002 07 25: Bad block checking is now a command line option (−c) at
# the time the product script is run.

# 2002 07 03: Corrected the mechanism for specifying the default

# drive.

# 2001 11 25: Changed the way mke2fs gets its bad block
# list. badblocks does not guess at the block size, so you have to get
# it (from dumpe2fs) and feed it to badblocks. It is simpler to just
# have mke2fs call badblocks, but you do loose the ability to have a
# writing test easily. −− C^2

# 2001 11 25: Changed the regex that extracts partition labels from
# the mount command. This change does not affect the results at all,
# it just makes it possible to use Emacs' perl mode to indent
# correctly. I just escaped the left bracket in the regex. −− C^2

# Discussion:

# fdisk will spit out a file of the form below if you run it as "fdisk
# −l".

# root@tester ~/bin $ fdisk −l /dev/hda

# Disk /dev/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 1023 cylinders

# Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes

# Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

# /dev/hda1 1 9 18112+ 83 Linux
# /dev/hda2 10 1023 2044224 5 Extended
# /dev/hda5 10 368 723712+ 83 Linux
# /dev/hda6 369 727 723712+ 83 Linux
# /dev/hda7 728 858 264064+ 83 Linux
# /dev/hda8 859 989 264064+ 83 Linux
# /dev/hda9 990 1022 66496+ 82 Linux swap

# What fdisk does not do is provide output suitable for later

# importing into fdisk, a la sfdisk. This script parses the output
# from fdisk and creates an input file for fdisk. Use the input file
# like so:

# fdisk /dev/hdx < dev.hdx

# For the bare metal restore package, this script also builds a script
# that will execute the above command so you can run it from your zip
# disk. Because the bare metal restore scripts all are in /root/bin,
# the data file and script created by this script are also placed
# there. The same script also creates appropriate Linux file systems,
# either ext2fs, or Linux swap. There is limited support for FAT12,
# FAT16 and FAT32. For anything else, you're on your own.

# Note for FAT32: According to the MS KB, there are more than one
# reserved sectors for FAT32, usually 32, but it can vary. Do a search
# in M$'s KB for "boot sector" or BPB for the gory details. For more
# info than you really need on how boot sectors are used, see
# http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q140/4/18.asp

# You can also edit dev.x to change the sizes of partitions. Don't
# forget, if you change the size of a FAT partition across the 32MB

11. The Scripts 23

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# boundary, you need to change the type as well! Run "fdisk /dev/hda"
# or some such, then the l command to see the available partition
# types. Then go ahead and edit dev.x appropriately. Also, when moving
# partition boundarys with hand edits, make sure you move both logical
# and extended partition boundaries appropriately.

# Bad block checking right now is a quick read of the partition. A

# writing check is also possible but more difficult. You have to run
# badblocks as a separate command, and pass the bad block list to
# mke2fs in a file (in /tmp, which is a ram disk). You also have to
# know how large the blocks are, which you learn by running
# dumpe2fs. It gets messy and I haven't done it yet. You probably
# don't need it for a new hard drive, but if you have had a hard drive
# crash on you and you are reusing it (while you are waiting for its
# replacement to come in, I presume), then I highly recommend it. Let
# me know how you do it.

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# cut2fmt figures out the format string for the unpack function we use
# to slice and dice the output from fdisk. From Christiansen and
# Torkington, Perl Cookbook 5.

sub cut2fmt {
my (@positions) = @_;
my $template = '';
my $lastpos = 1;

foreach $place (@positions) {

$template .= "A" . ($place − $lastpos) . " ";
$lastpos = $place;
}

$template .= "A*";
return $template;
}

# Sub gpl, a subroutine to ship the GPL and other header information
# to the current output file.

sub gpl {
my $FILE = shift;
my $year = shift;

print $FILE <<FINIS;

# Copyright $year through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,

11. The Scripts 24

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

FINIS

sub getBootSector {
my $infile = $_[0];
my $outfile = $_[1];

$systemcmd = "dd if=$infile of=$outfile bs=512 count=1 &> /dev/null ";

system ($systemcmd);
}

# If we have one & only one swap partition, then this must be
# it. Otherwise the user is on her own. We scan fstab for swap mount
# points that have labels for their devices. If there is one and only
# one, we assume that's it, otherwise pass.

sub getswaplabel {
my $dev = $_[0];

$fstabpid = open (FSTAB, "< /etc/fstab")

or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (defined (my $line = <FSTAB>)) {
chop ($line);
@fstabs = split (" ", $line);
if (@fstabs[1] eq "swap") {
$swaplabel = @fstabs[0];
if ($swaplabel =~ /LABEL/) {
$swaps++;
$sl = substr ($swaplabel, 6);
}
# print ("\"@fstabs[0]\", \"@fstabs[1]\", \"$sl\", $swaps.\n");
break;
}
}
close (FSTAB);

# print "label is $sl.\n";

if ($swaps == 1) {
$ret = "mkswap \$blockcheck −L $sl";
$ret .= " $dev\n\n";
} else {
$ret = "mkswap \$blockcheck $dev\n\n";
}

# print ("Returning :$ret\n");

return $ret;
}

# dolvm is a subroutine to handle LVM partitions. This is

# experimental....

11. The Scripts 25

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
$lvms = 0; # true if we've been here before

sub dolvm {

print ("In dolvm ()...\n");

if ($lvms == 0) {
$lvms = 1;

# Scan /etc/fstab for the logical volumes and write a script to

# make file systems on them and another to mount 'em later on.

$mklvs = open (MKLVS, "> make.lvs")

or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

print MKLVS <<FINIS;

#! /bin/sh

# A script to create file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare

# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.
FINIS

&gpl (*MKLVS, "2006");

print MKLVS <<FINIS;

export blockcheck=\$1;

if [ "\$blockcheck" != "−c" ] && [ −n "\$blockcheck" ]

then
echo "\${0}: Build file systems on logical volumes."
echo "\${0}: −c: block check during file system making."
exit 1;
fi

export LVM_SYSTEM_DIR=\$(pwd)/lvm

FINIS

$mtlvs = open (MTLVS, "> mount.lvs")

or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

print MTLVS <<FINIS;

#! /bin/sh

# A script to mount file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare

# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.
FINIS

&gpl (*MTLVS, "2006");

# Now cycle through all the known logical volumes & set them
# up. N.B.: This has been tested on a machine with only one
# LV. But it *should* work.

$pvdisp = open (PVDISP, "pvdisplay −c |")

or die ("Can't open LVM display.\n");
while (defined (my $pv = <PVDISP>)) {
chop ($pv);
print ("$pv\n");

11. The Scripts 26

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
@pv = split (":", $pv);
$uid = @pv[11];
$pvname = @pv[1];
$phv = @pv[0];
print ("pv $pvname has uid $uid.\n");

# back up the LVM's lvm details. Get the config files.

system ("vgcfgbackup −f LVM.backs.$pvname $pvname");

print (MKLVS "echo \"y\\n\" | pvcreate −ff −−uuid \"$uid\"\\\n");

print (MKLVS " −−restorefile lvm/archive/${pvname}_*.vg $phv\n");
print (MKLVS "vgcfgrestore −−file LVM.backs.$pvname $pvname\n\n");
}

print (MKLVS "# Hideously disty dependent!\nif [ −e /etc/init.d/lvm ] ; then\n");

print (MKLVS " /etc/init.d/lvm start\nfi\n\n");

$fstabpid = open (FSTAB, "< /etc/fstab")

or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (defined (my $line = <FSTAB>)) {
chop ($line);
@fstabs = split (" ", $line);
if (@fstabs[0] =~ /VolGroup/ ) {
# print ("$line\n");
if (@fstabs[2] eq "swap") {
print (MKLVS "echo\necho making LV @fstabs[0] a swap partition.\n");
print (MKLVS "mkswap \$blockcheck @fstabs[0]\n\n");
} elsif (@fstabs[2] == "ext3") {
print (MKLVS "echo\necho making LV @fstabs[0], @fstabs[1],");
print (MKLVS " an ext3 partition.\n");
print (MKLVS "mke2fs −j \$blockcheck @fstabs[0]\n\n");

print (MTLVS "mkdir −p /target$fstabs[1]\n");

print (MTLVS "mount @fstabs[0] /target$fstabs[1]\n\n");
} elsif (@fstabs[2] == "ext2") {
print (MKLVS "echo\necho making LV @fstabs[0], @fstabs[1],");
print (MKLVS " an ext2 partition.\n");
print (MKLVS "mke2fs \$blockcheck @fstabs[0]\n\n");

print (MTLVS "mkdir −p /target$fstabs[1]\n");

print (MTLVS "mount @fstabs[0] /target$fstabs[1]\n\n");
} else {
print ("Opps, unknown type of logical volume, @fstabs[0]\n");
}
}
}
print (MTLVS "mount | grep −i \"/target\"\n");

close (FSTAB);
close (MKLVS);
close (MTLVS);

chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}make.lvs";

chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}mount.lvs";

# Copy the LVM configuration to where we can get at it...

system ("cp −rp /etc/lvm .");

print ("Leaving dolvm ()...\n");

11. The Scripts 27

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

return ($ret);
}

# Begin main line code.

# Provide a default device.

# print "\$ARGV[0] is $ARGV[0].\n";

$device = defined ($ARGV[0]) ? $ARGV[0] : "/dev/hda";

# Need to check to see if $device is a sym link. If it is, the mount

# point is the target of the link. (Mandrake) Otherwise we search for
# mount points on $device. Fedora, Red Hat.

if ( −l $device) {

# It is a sym link. Get the target of the link, then make it into
# an absolute path, preserving the numbering.

$mountdev = '/dev/' . readlink ($device);

$mountdev =~ s|ide/host(\d+)/bus(\d+)/target(\d+)/lun(\d+)/disc
|ide/host\1/bus\2/target\3/lun\4|x;
} else {
# not a sym link; just assign it.
$mountdev = $device;
}

# print "Device is $device; mount device is $mountdev.\n";

# Prepare format string. Here are two format strings I have found
# useful. Here, column numbers are 1 based, i.e. the leftmost column
# is column 1, not column 0 as in Emacs.

# We select a format string according to fdisk's version.

$fdpid = open (FDVER, "fdisk −v |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

while (<FDVER>) {
@_ = unpack ("A7 A*", $_);
$fdver=$_[1];
$fdver =~ s/[^\d.]//g; # strip non−numbers, non−periods, as in "2.12pre".
}

# print "fdisk version is $fdver\n";

if ($fdver < 2.12) {

# fdisk to 2.11?? Red Hat, Fedora Core 1
$fmt = cut2fmt (11, 19, 24, 34, 45, 49);
} else {
# fdisk 2.12 & up?? Mandrake 10.0, Fedora Core 2
$fmt = cut2fmt (12, 14, 26, 38, 50, 55);
}
# print "Format string is $fmt.\n";

# define fields in the array @_.

$dev = 0;
$bootable = 1;
$firstcyl = 2;
$lastcyl = 3;
$parttype = 5;

11. The Scripts 28

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
$partstring = 6;

$target = "\/target";

$outputfilename = $device;
$outputfilename =~ s/\//./g;
$outputfilename = substr ($outputfilename, 1, 100);

$outputfilepath = "/root/bin/";

# Make a hash of the labels.

$mpid = open (MOUNT, "mount −l |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (<MOUNT>) {
if ($_ =~ /^$mountdev/i) { # is this a line with a partition in it?
# print $_; # print it just for grins
split;
if ($_[6] ne "") { # only process if there actually is a label
$_[6] =~ s/[\[\]]//g; # strike [ and ].
$labels{$_[0]} = $_[6];
# print "The label of file device $_[0] is $labels{$_[0]}.\n";
}

# We only mount if it's ext2fs or ext3fs and read and write.

if ($_[4] =~ /ext[23]/ and $_[5] =~ /\(rw/ ) {

if ($_[0] =~ /ide/i) {

# We have a devfs system, e.g. Mandrake. This code

# converts back from the devfs designation to the old
# /dev/hd* designation for tomsrtb. I have NOT checked
# this out for drives other than /dev/hda. Also, this
# code does not handle SCSI drives.

if ( $_[0] =~ /target0/ && $_[0] =~ /bus0/ ) {

$letter = 'a';
} elsif ( $_[0] =~ /target1/ && $_[0] =~ /bus0/) {
$letter = 'b';
} elsif ( $_[0] =~ /target0/ && $_[0] =~ /bus1/) {
$letter = 'c';
} else {
$letter = 'd';
}
$_[0] =~ s|/ide/host\d+/bus\d+/target\d+/lun\d+/part|/hd|g;
$_[0] =~ s/hd/hd$letter/;
}
$mountpoints{$_[2]} = $_[0];
# print "$_[2] is the mountpoint for tomsrtbt";
# print " device $mountpoints{$_[2]}.\n";
}
}
}
close (MOUNT);

# Get sfdisk output. If we have sfdisk at restore time (e.g. Knoppix),

# we'll use it.

system "sfdisk −d $device > $outputfilepath${outputfilename}.sfd";

# Otherwise we'll use the output from fdisk, which may or may not be
# any more accurate.

11. The Scripts 29

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

$fpid = open (FDISK, "fdisk −l $device |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";

open (OUTPUT, "> $outputfilepath${outputfilename}")

or die "Couldn't open output file $outputfilepath${outputfilename}.\n";

while (<FDISK>) {
if ($_ =~ /^$device/i) { # is this a line with a partition in it?
# print $_; # print it just for grins
chop; # kill trailing \r
@_ = unpack ($fmt, $_);

# Now strip white spaces from cylinder numbers, white space &
# leading plus signs from partition type.
@_[$firstcyl] =~ s/[ \t]+//;
@_[$lastcyl] =~ s/[ \t]+//;
@_[$parttype] =~ s/[+ \t]+//;

$partnumber = substr(@_[$dev], 8, 10); # get partition number for this line

# just for grins
# print " $partnumber, @_[$firstcyl], @_[$lastcyl],";
# print " @_[$parttype], @_[$partstring]\n";

# Here we start creating the input to recreate the partition

# this line represents.

print OUTPUT "n\n";

if ($partnumber < 5) {
# primary Linux partition
if (@_[$parttype] == 83) {
print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
# in case it's all on one cylinder
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}

# Now detect if this is an ext3 (journaling)

# partition. We do this using dumpe2fs to dump the
# partition and grepping on "journal". If the
# partition is ext2, there will be no output. If it is
# ext3, there will be output, and we use that fact to
# set a command line switch. The command line switch
# goes into an associative array (hash) so we don't
# have to remember to reset it to the null string when
# we're done.

$dpid = open (DUMPE2FS,

"dumpe2fs @_[$dev] 2>/dev/null | grep −i journal |")
or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (<DUMPE2FS>) {
# print "Dumpe2fs: $_";
$ext3{$_[$dev]} = "−j ";
last;
}
close (DUMPE2FS);

if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?

$format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "mke2fs $ext3{$_[$dev]}\$blockcheck";
$format .= " −L $labels{@_[$dev]} @_[$dev]\n\n";
} else {
$format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";

11. The Scripts 30

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
$format .= "mke2fs $ext3{$_[$dev]}\$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n";
}

# extended partition
} elsif (@_[$parttype] == 5) {
# print ("Creating Extended Partition.\n");
print OUTPUT "e\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}

# extended partition, Win95 Ext'd (LBA)

} elsif (@_[$parttype] eq "f") {
# print ("Creating Extended LBA Partition.\n");
print OUTPUT "e\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}
$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\nf\n";

# primary Linux swap partition

} elsif (@_[$parttype] == 82) {
print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}
$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n82\n";
$format .= "echo\necho Making @_[$dev] a swap partition.\n";
if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?
$format .= "mkswap \$blockcheck −L $labels{@_[$dev]}";
$format .= " @_[$dev]\n\n";
} else {
$format .= getswaplabel (@_[$dev]);
}

# Primary mess−dos partition. We don't handle hidden

# partitions.

} elsif ( @_[$parttype] == 1 || @_[$parttype] == 4 || @_[$parttype] == 6

|| @_[$parttype] eq "b" || @_[$parttype] eq "c"
|| @_[$parttype] eq "e" ) {
# print ("Making DOS primary partition.\n");

getBootSector (@_[$dev], "$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber");

print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";

# in case it's all on one cylinder
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}

$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
$format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "mkdosfs \$blockcheck";
if ( @_[$parttype] == b || @_[$parttype] == c) {
# We have a W9x FAT32 partition. Add a command line switch.
$format .= " −F 32";
}
$format .= " @_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "# restore FAT boot sector.\n";
$format .= "dd if=$outputfilename$partnumber";
$format .= " of=@_[$dev] bs=512 count=1\n\n";

11. The Scripts 31

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

} elsif ( @_[$parttype] == "8e") {

$format .= dolvm ();
} else {
# anything else partition
print OUTPUT "p\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}
$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
}

} else {
# logical Linux partition
if (@_[$parttype] == 83) {
print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}

# Now detect if this is an ext3 (journaling)

# partition. We do this using dumpe2fs to dump the
# partition and grepping on "journal". If the
# partition is ext2, there will be no output. If it is
# ext3, there will be output, and we use that fact to
# set a command line switch. The command line switch
# goes into an associative array (hash) so we don't
# have to remember to reset it to the null string when
# we're done.

$dpid = open (DUMPE2FS,

"dumpe2fs @_[$dev] 2>/dev/null | grep −i journal |")
or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n";
while (<DUMPE2FS>) {
# print "Dumpe2fs: $_";
$ext3{$_[$dev]} = "−j ";
last;
}
close (DUMPE2FS);

if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?

$format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "mke2fs $ext3{@_[$dev]}\$blockcheck";
$format .= " −L $labels{@_[$dev]} @_[$dev]\n\n";
} else {
$format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "mke2fs $ext3{@_[$dev]}\$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n";
}

# logical Linux swap partition

} elsif (@_[$parttype] == 82 ) {
print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}
$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n82\n";
$format .= "echo\necho Making @_[$dev] a swap partition.\n";
if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label?
$format .= "mkswap \$blockcheck −L $labels{@_[$dev]}";
$format .= " @_[$dev]\n\n";
} else {
$format .= getswaplabel (@_[$dev]);

11. The Scripts 32

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
}

# Logical mess−dos partition. We don't handle hidden

# partitions.

} elsif ( @_[$parttype] == 1 || @_[$parttype] == 4 || @_[$parttype] == 6

|| @_[$parttype] eq "b" || @_[$parttype] eq "c"
|| @_[$parttype] eq "e" ) {
# print ("Making DOS logical partition.\n");

getBootSector (@_[$dev], "$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber");

print OUTPUT "l\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";

# in case it's all on one cylinder
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}
$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
$format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "mkdosfs \$blockcheck";
if ( @_[$parttype] == b || @_[$parttype] == c) {
# We have a W9x FAT32 partition. Add a command line switch.
$format .= " −F 32";
}
$format .= " @_[$dev]\n";
$format .= "# restore FAT boot sector.\n";
$format .= "dd if=$outputfilename$partnumber";
$format .= " of=@_[$dev] bs=512 count=1\n\n";

} elsif ( @_[$parttype] == "8e") {

$format .= dolvm ();
} else {
# anything else partition
print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n";
if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) {
print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n";
}
$typechanges .= "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n";
}
}

# handle bootable partitions

if (@_[$bootable] =~ /\*/) {
print OUTPUT "a\n$partnumber\n";
}
} else {
# If we got here, the current line does not have a partition in it.

# Get the geometry for fdisk. Force fdisk to use the current
# geometry at restoration time. Comment this out for
# tomstrbt's fdisk; it doesn't like it.

if ($_ =~ /heads.*sectors.*cylinders/i) {
# print $_; # again, for grins.
chop;
@geometry = split (/ /, $_);
$geometry = "−H $geometry[0] −S $geometry[2] −C $geometry[4]";
# print $geometry;
}
}
}

11. The Scripts 33

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# Append all the partition type changes, validate, and print out the
# results.

print OUTPUT "${typechanges}v\nw\n";

close (OUTPUT);
close (FDISK);

open (OUTPUT, "> ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename")

or die "Couldn't open output file ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename.\n";

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore the partition data of a hard drive and format

# the partitions. Created at bare metal backup time by the Perl script
# make.fdisk.
FINIS

&gpl (*OUTPUT, "2001");

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;

swapoff −a
# Hideously disty dependent!
if [ −e /etc/init.d/lvm ] ; then
/etc/init.d/lvm stop
fi

export blockcheck=\$1;

if [ "\$blockcheck" != "−c" ] && [ −n "\$blockcheck" ]

then
echo "\${0}: automated restore with no human interaction."
echo "\${0}: −c: block check during file system making."
exit 1;
fi

FINIS

# Clean the old partition table out. Turn off swap in case we're using
# it.

print OUTPUT "dd if=/dev/zero of=$device bs=512 count=2\n\nsync\n\n";

# command for fdisk

$fdiskcmd .= "# see if we have sfdisk & if so use it.\n";

$fdiskcmd .= "if which sfdisk ; then\n";
$fdiskcmd .= " echo \"Using sfdisk.\"\n";
$fdiskcmd .= " sfdisk −−force $geometry $device < ${outputfilename}.sfd\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "else\n";
$fdiskcmd .= " echo \"using fdisk.\"\n";
$fdiskcmd .= " fdisk $geometry $device \< $outputfilename\n";
$fdiskcmd .= "fi\n\nsync\n\n";

print OUTPUT $fdiskcmd;

print OUTPUT $format;

11. The Scripts 34

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
print OUTPUT "fdisk −l \"$device\"\n";

close (OUTPUT);

# Now build the script that will build the mount points on the root
# and other partitions.

open (OUTPUT, "> ${outputfilepath}mount.$outputfilename")

or die "Couldn't open output file ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename.\n";

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;

#! /bin/sh

# A script to create a minimal directory tree on the target hard drive

# and mount the partitions on it. Created at bare metal backup time by
# the Perl script make.fdisk.
FINIS

&gpl (*OUTPUT, "2001");

print OUTPUT <<FINIS;

# WARNING: If your Linux system mount partitions across hard drive

# boundaries, you will have multiple "mount.dev.* scripts. You must
# ensure that they run in the proper order. The root partition should
# be mounted first, then the rest in the order they cascade. If they
# cross mount, you'll have to handle that manually.

FINIS

# We have a hash of mount points and devices in %mountpoints. However,

# we have to process them such that directories are built on the
# appropriate target partition. E.g. where /usr/local is on its own
# partition, we have to mount /usr before we build /usr/local. We can
# ensure this by sorting them. Shorter mount point paths will be built
# first. We can't sort a hash directly, so we use an array.

# We build commands to create the appropriate mount points and then

# mount the partitions to the mount points. This is in preparation for
# untarring the contents of the ZIP disk, done in restore.metadata.

foreach $point ( sort keys %mountpoints) {

print OUTPUT "\n# $point is the mountpoint for";
print OUTPUT " tomsrtbt device $mountpoints{$point}.\n";
print OUTPUT "mkdir −p $target$point\n";
print OUTPUT "mount $mountpoints{$point} $target$point\n";
}

print OUTPUT "\nmount | grep −i \"/target\"\n";

close (OUTPUT);

# These scripts are dangerous & should only be visible to root.

chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename";

chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}mount.$outputfilename";
chmod 0600, "${outputfilepath}${outputfilename}*";

11. The Scripts 35

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

11.1.2. make.dev.hda
This script is a sample of the sort produced by make.fdisk, above. It uses data files like dev.hda, below.
It builds partitions and puts file systems on some of them. This is the first script run at restore time.

If you are brave enough to edit dev.hda (q.v.), say, to add a new partition, you may need to edit this script
as well.

If you want make.dev.hda to check for bad blocks when it puts a file system on the partitions, use a "−c"
command line option.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore the partition data of a hard drive and format

# the partitions. Created at bare metal backup time by the Perl script
# make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

export blockcheck=$1;

if [ "$blockcheck" != "−c" ] && [ −n "$blockcheck" ]

then
echo "${0}: automated restore with no human interaction."
echo "${0}: −c: block check during file system making."
exit 1;
fi

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=2

swapoff −a
sync

# see if we have sfdisk & if so use it.

if which sfdisk ; then
echo "Using sfdisk."
sfdisk −H 128 −S 63 −C 523 /dev/hda < dev.hda.sfd
else
echo "using fdisk."

11. The Scripts 36

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
fdisk −H 128 −S 63 −C 523 /dev/hda < dev.hda
fi

sync

echo
echo formatting /dev/hda1
mkdosfs $blockcheck /dev/hda1
# restore FAT boot sector.
dd if=dev.hda1 of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1

echo
echo formatting /dev/hda2
mke2fs −j $blockcheck −L /boot /dev/hda2

echo
echo formatting /dev/hda3
mke2fs −j $blockcheck −L / /dev/hda3

echo Making /dev/hda5 a swap partition.

mkswap $blockcheck /dev/hda5

fdisk −l "/dev/hda"

11.1.3. make.lvs
make.lvs is generated by make.fdisk, but only if logical volumes are present. As the name suggests, it
builds the logical volumes and makes file systems on them.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to create file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare

# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2006 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

export blockcheck=$1;

if [ "$blockcheck" != "−c" ] && [ −n "$blockcheck" ]

then

11. The Scripts 37

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
echo "${0}: Build file systems on logical volumes."
echo "${0}: −c: block check during file system making."
exit 1;
fi

export LVM_SYSTEM_DIR=$(pwd)/lvm.cfg

echo "y\n" | pvcreate −ff −−uuid "CCmw0N−0We2−HzRS−jRZa−FkC7−NxTc−oAfvpX"\

−−restorefile lvm.cfg/archive/VolGroup00_*.vg /dev/hda3
vgcfgrestore −−file LVM.backs VolGroup00

# Hideously disty dependent!

if [ −e /etc/init.d/lvm ] ; then
/etc/init.d/lvm start
fi

echo
echo making LV /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 an ext3 partition.
mke2fs −j $blockcheck /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

echo
echo making LV /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02 an ext3 partition.
mke2fs −j $blockcheck /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02

echo
echo making LV /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 a swap partition.
mkswap $blockcheck /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01

11.1.4. mount.dev.hda
This script is a sample of the sort produced by make.fdisk, above. It builds mount points and mounts
partitions on them, making the target file system ready for restoring files. This is the second script run at
restore time.

If you are brave enough to edit dev.hda (q.v.), say, to add a new partition, you may need to edit this script
as well.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to create a minimal directory tree on the target hard drive

# and mount the partitions on it. Created at bare metal backup time by
# the Perl script make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

11. The Scripts 38

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# WARNING: If your Linux system mount partitions across hard drive

# boundaries, you will have multiple "mount.dev.* scripts. You must
# ensure that they run in the proper order. The root partition should
# be mounted first, then the rest in the order they cascade. If they
# cross mount, you'll have to handle that manually.

# / is the mountpoint for tomsrtbt device /dev/hda3.

mkdir /target/
mount /dev/hda3 /target/

# /boot is the mountpoint for tomsrtbt device /dev/hda2.

mkdir /target/boot
mount /dev/hda2 /target/boot

mount | grep −i "/dev/hda"

11.1.5. mount.lvs
mount.lvs is generated by make.fdisk, but only if logical volumes are present. As the name suggests, it
mounts the logical volumes ready for restoration.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to mount file systems on logical volumes. Created at bare

# metal backup time by the Perl script make.fdisk.

# Copyright 2006 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

mkdir −p /target/
mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /target/

mkdir −p /target/home
mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02 /target/home

11. The Scripts 39

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
mount | grep −i "/target"

11.1.6. dev.hda
This data file is used at restore time. It is fed to fdisk by the script make.dev.hda. It is produced at backup
time by make.fdisk. Those familiar with fdisk will recognize that each line is an fdisk command or value,
such as a cylinder number. Thus, it is possible to change the partition sizes and add new partitions by editing
this file. That's why the penultimate command is v, to verify the partition table before it is written.

n
p
1
1
29
a
1
n
p
2
30
44
n
e
3
45
1023
n
l
45
944
n
l
945
1023
t
1
6
t
6
82
v
w

11.1.7. save.metadata
This is the first script to run as part of the backup process. It calls make.fdisk, above. If you have a SCSI
hard drive or multiple hard drives to back up, edit the call to make.fdisk appropriately.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to save certain meta−data off to the boot partition. Useful for
# restoration.

# Time−stamp: <2006−04−05 20:37:09 ccurley save.metadata>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification, Charles Curley.

11. The Scripts 40

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at

# http://www.fsf.org/

# 2006−03−26: had a deprecated option in the sort options; fixed that.

# 2005−09−09: Added a line to create a boot disk ISO in the ZIP drive.

# 2005−08−30: Modernized sub−shell calls, a few other tweaks.

# 2005−07−29: Fedora Core 4 mods. Name of the directory to be saved

# has to be last. Also, we now specify −−numeric−owner so as to avoid
# UID problems when using some live CD systems. And we now save to
# /var instead of a mounted ZIP disk.

# 2005−02−19: Fedora Core 3 mods.

# 2003 01 08: We now age the output from rpm −VA to make back
# comparisons easier.

# The loop that creates directories now has the −p option for mkdir,
# which means you can create parents on the fly if they don't already
# exist.

# initrd is now in the list of directories to create automatically.

# We now exclude more stuff when building the tarballs.

# 2002 07 01: Went to bzip2 to compress the archives, for smaller

# results. This is important in a 100MB ZIP disk. Also some general
# code cleanup.

# 2002 07 01: The function crunch will tar and BZIP2 the
# archives. This is cleaner than the old code, and has better safety
# checking.

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# Crunch: A function to compress the contents of a directory and put

# the archive onto the ZIP disk.

# The first parameter is the name of the archive file to be

# created. The backup location, $zip, will be prepended and the
# extension, "tar.bz2" will be appended.

# All following parameters will be taken as additional directories or

11. The Scripts 41

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# files to be put into the archive.

function crunch {

if [ −z "$1" ] || [ −z "$2" ] # Checks if parameter #1 or #2 is zero length.

then
echo "−Parameter #1 or #2 is missing.−" # Also if no parameter is passed.
return 1
else
local file=$1 # The archive file to create
shift # Discard the file name
local dirs=$@ # The director[y|ies] to archive
local tarcmd="tar −−numeric−owner −cjf" # The tar command.

local tarit="$tarcmd $zip/$file.tar.bz2 $dirs"

echo $tarit
$tarit # do it!!

error=$? # Preserve the exit code

if [ $error != 0 ] # Did we fail?

then # Yes
echo "Tar failed with error $error"
echo $tarcmd $zip/$file.tar.bz2 $dirs
exit $error # return tar's exit code as ours
fi

return 0 # For error testing if needed.

fi
}

# Begin the main line code

export zip="/var/bare.metal"; # Where we will put archives. Not the ZIP drive here.
# export save="/mnt/save";

RPMVABACKS=/etc # where we keep our backups

RPMVAROOT=rpmVa # The root name of the pg backups
ANC=${RPMVABACKS}/${RPMVAROOT}.anc # name for the oldest (ancient) backup
OLD=${RPMVABACKS}/${RPMVAROOT}.old # name for the middling oldest backup
NEW=${RPMVABACKS}/${RPMVAROOT}.txt # name for the newest backup

if [ −f ${ANC} ]; then
echo "Deleting ${ANC}"
rm ${ANC}
fi

if [ −f ${OLD} ]; then
echo "Aging ${OLD}"
mv ${OLD} ${ANC}
fi

if [ −f ${NEW} ]; then
echo "Aging ${NEW}"
mv ${NEW} ${OLD}
fi

# Now we save hard drive information. Run make.fdisk on each hard

# drive in the order in which it mounted from the root partition. That
# is, run it first on the hard drive with your root partition, then
# any hard drives that mount to the first hard drive, then any hard
# drives that mount to those. For example, if your root partition is

11. The Scripts 42

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# on /dev/sdc, run "make.fdisk /dev/sdc" first.

# The reason for this is that make.fdisk produces a script to make

# mount points and then mount the appropriate partition to them during
# first stage restore. Mount points must be created on the partition
# where they will reside. The partitions must be mounted in this
# order. For example, if your /var and /var/ftp are both separate
# partitions, then you must mount /, create /var, then mount /var,
# then create /var/ftp. The order in which the script "first.stage"
# runs the mounting scripts is based on their time of creation.

# If necessary, put a line, "sleep 1" between calls to make.fdisk.

echo "Saving hard drive info"

make.fdisk /dev/hda

# back up RPM metadata

echo "Verifying RPMs."

rpm −Va | sort −t ' ' −k 3 | uniq > ${NEW}

echo "Finished verifying RPMs; now mounting the ZIP drive."

# Make sure we have the ZIP drive mounted.

# umount $zip
# modprobe ppa # Driver for 100MB parallel port ZIP disk
# mount $zip # It should have ext2fs on partition 1.

# clean it all out

# rm −r $zip/*
# mkdir −p $zip/lost+found

# Since we aren't saving to ZIP disk, we age the local copy.

rm −r $zip.old
mv $zip $zip.old
mkdir $zip

echo −e "$(hostname) bare metal ZIP disk, created $(date)" > $zip/README.txt
uname −a >> $zip/README.txt

# Preserve the release information. Tested with Red Hat/Fedora, should

# work with SuSE, Mandrake and other RPM based systems. Debian
# equivalent, anyone?

for releasefile in $(ls /etc/*release*) ; do

# echo $releasefile
if [ −e $releasefile ] && [ ! −L $releasefile ] ; then
cat $releasefile >> $zip/README.txt
fi
done

echo "Building the ZIP drive backups."

# These are in case we need to refer to them while rebuilding. The

# rebuilding process should be mostly automated, but you never
# know....

fdisk −l /dev/hda > $zip/fdisk.hda

ls −al /mnt > $zip/ls.mnt.txt

ls −al / > $zip/ls.root.txt

11. The Scripts 43

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

cd /

# Build our minimal archives on the ZIP disk. These appear to be

# required so we can restore later on.

crunch root −−exclude root/.cpan −−exclude root/.mozilla −−exclude root/down root

crunch boot boot
crunch etc −−exclude etc/samba −−exclude etc/X11 −−exclude etc/gconf etc
crunch lib lib

crunch usr.sbin usr/sbin

crunch usr.bin −−exclude usr/bin/emacs−x −−exclude usr/bin/emacs−21.4−x\
−−exclude usr/bin/emacsclient −−exclude usr/bin/emacs−nox −−exclude\
usr/bin/gs −−exclude usr/bin/pine −−exclude usr/bin/gimp−1.2\
−−exclude usr/bin/doxygen −−exclude usr/bin/postgres −−exclude\
usr/bin/gdb −−exclude usr/bin/kmail −−exclude usr/bin/splint\
−−exclude usr/bin/odbctest −−exclude usr/bin/php −−exclude \
usr/bin/xchat −−exclude usr/bin/gnucash −−exclude usr/bin/pdfetex\
−−exclude usr/bin/pdftex −−exclude usr/bin/smbcacls\
−−exclude usr/bin/evolution−calendar −−exclude usr/bin/xpdf\
−−exclude usr/bin/xmms usr/bin
crunch sbin sbin
crunch bin bin
crunch dev dev

# RH8. Fedora 1 puts them in /lib

# crunch kerberos usr/kerberos/lib/

# Now optional saves.

# arkeia specific:
# crunch arkeia usr/knox

# save these so we can use ssh for restore. *crack* for RH 7.0 login
# authentication.
# RH 8.0
# crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libssl* usr/lib/libcrypto*
# Fedora 1
# crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libwrap*\
# usr/lib/libk* usr/lib/*krb5* /usr/lib/libgss*
# Fedora 3
crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libwrap*\
usr/lib/libk* usr/lib/*krb5* usr/lib/libgss*

# Grub requires these at installation time.

crunch usr.share.grub usr/share/grub

# save the scripts we used to create the ZIP disk and the ones we will
# use to restore it.
mkdir $zip/root.bin
cp −p /root/bin/* $zip/root.bin
rm $zip/root.bin/*~ $zip/root.bin/#*#

echo "Testing our results."

find $zip −iname "*.bz2" | xargs bunzip2 −t

# Not a normal part of the process: we duplicate the ZIP disk onto an
# NFS mount elsewhere.

# echo "Backing the ZIP drive to the NFS mount."

11. The Scripts 44

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# umount $save
# mount $save

# rm −r $save/zip
# mkdir −p $save/zip
# cp −pr $zip $save

# Since we're doing system stuff anyway, make a boot disk ISO image
# suitable for burning. It uses the current kernel.

mkbootdisk −−iso −−device $zip/bootdisk.$(uname −r).iso $(uname −r)

du −hs ${zip}*
df −m

11.1.8. restore.metadata
This script restores metadata from the ZIP disk as a first stage restore.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore the meta−data from the ZIP disk. This runs under
# tomsrtbt only after partitions have been rebuilt, file systems made,
# and mounted. It also assumes the ZIP disk has already been
# mounted. Mounting the ZIP disk read only is probably a good idea.

# Time−stamp: <2006−04−05 20:36:49 ccurley restore.metadata>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# 2005−08−03: We now use a relative path, so you can load from

# different places depending on the first stage system you are
# using. Also added some FC4 tricks, and some changes to better
# reproduce the permissions and ownerships.

# 2003 08 23: Oops: tar on tomsrtbt does not respect −p. Try setting
# umask to 0000 instead.

# 2003 02 13: Tar was not preserving permissions on restore. Fixed

# that.

# 2002 07 01: Went to bzip2 to compress the archives, for smaller

# results. This is important in a 100MB ZIP disk. Also some general
# code cleanup.

11. The Scripts 45

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

umask 0000

cd .. # Assume we are in root.bin

zip=$(pwd); # Where we mount the zip drive.
target="/target"; # Where the hard drive to restore is mounted.

ls −lt $zip/*.bz2 # Warm fuzzies for the user.

cd $target

# Restore the archived metadata files.

for archive in $( ls $zip/*.bz2 ); do
echo $archive
ls −al $archive
bzip2 −dc $archive | tar −xf −
done

# Build the mount points for our second stage restoration and other
# things.

# If you boot via an initrd, make sure you build a directory here so
# the kernel can mount the initrd at boot. tmp/.font−unix is for the
# xfs font server.

for dir in mnt/dosc mnt/zip mnt/imports mnt/nfs proc initrd tmp/.font−unix\

var/empty/sshd var/log back selinux sys /var/cache/yum /var/lock; do
mkdir −p $target/$dir
done

for dir in mnt usr usr/share $(ls −d var/*) selinux usr/lib var var/cache/yum; do
chmod go−w $target/$dir
done

chown root:lock /var/lock

chmod 775 /var/lock

# [root@jhereg /]# ll −d mnt usr usr/share $(ls −d var/*) selinux usr/lib var var/cache/yum
# drwxr−xr−x 4 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:55 mnt
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:41 selinux
# drwxr−xr−x 14 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:46 usr
# drwxr−xr−x 40 root root 12288 Oct 10 10:40 usr/lib
# drwxr−xr−x 63 root root 4096 Oct 10 11:11 usr/share
# drwxr−xr−x 20 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:52 var
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:51 var/account
# drwxr−xr−x 4 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:53 var/cache
# drwxr−xr−x 4 root root 4096 Oct 10 10:44 var/cache/yum
# drwxr−xr−x 3 netdump netdump 4096 Aug 22 13:13 var/crash
# drwxr−xr−x 3 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:51 var/db
# drwxr−xr−x 3 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:52 var/empty
# drwxr−xr−x 13 root root 4096 Oct 10 11:11 var/lib
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 May 22 22:28 var/local
# drwxrwxr−x 4 root lock 4096 Sep 1 08:37 var/lock
# drwxr−xr−x 7 root root 4096 Oct 10 11:14 var/log
# lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Oct 10 08:42 var/mail −> spool/mail
# drwxr−x−−− 4 root named 4096 Aug 22 14:33 var/named
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 May 22 22:28 var/nis
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 May 22 22:28 var/opt
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 May 22 22:28 var/preserve

11. The Scripts 46

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# drwxr−xr−x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 2005 var/racoon
# drwxr−xr−x 13 root root 4096 Oct 10 11:14 var/run
# drwxr−xr−x 13 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:53 var/spool
# drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 Oct 10 11:14 var/tmp
# drwxr−xr−x 3 root root 4096 Oct 10 08:53 var/yp

# chmod a−w $target/proc # Restore /proc's read−only permissions

# Set modes
chmod 0111 $target/var/empty/sshd

# For Fedora. First two for xfs.

# chroot $target chown xfs:xfs /tmp/.font−unix
# chmod 1777 $target/tmp/.font−unix # set the sticky bit.
chmod 1777 $target/tmp

# Restore the scripts we used to create the ZIP disk and the ones we will
# use to restore it. These should be the latest & greatest in case we had
# to do any editing during 1st stage restore.
cp −p $zip/root.bin/* $target/root/bin

# Now install the boot sector.

# chroot $target /sbin/lilo −C /etc/lilo.conf
chroot $target /sbin/grub−install /dev/hda

df −m

11.1.9. first.stage
This script runs the entire first stage restore with no operator intervention.

If you want to check for bad blocks when it puts a file system on the partitions, use a "−c" command line
option.

#! /bin/sh

# A master script to run the other, detailed scripts. Use this script
# only if you want no human intervention in the restore process. The
# only option is −c, which forces bad block checking during formatting
# of the partitions.

# Time−stamp: <2006−04−05 20:35:39 ccurley first.stage>

# Copyright 2002 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

11. The Scripts 47

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# 2005−08−07 We no longer assume the working directory. This is

# because the working directory will vary greatly according to which
# Linux disty you use and how you are doing your restoration.

export blockcheck=$1;

if [ "$blockcheck" != "−c" ] && [ −n "$blockcheck" ]

then
echo "${0}: automated restore with no human interaction."
echo "${0}: −c: block check during file system making."
exit 1;
fi

for drive in $( ls make.dev.* ); do

echo $drive$'\a'
sleep 2
./$drive $blockcheck;
done

# If there are any LVM volumes, now is the time to restore them.

if [ −e LVM.backs ] && [ −e make.lvs ] && [ −e mount.lvs ]

then
echo make.lvs$'\a'
sleep 2
./make.lvs

echo mount.lvs$'\a'
./mount.lvs
fi

# WARNING: If your Linux system mount partitions across hard drive

# boundaries, you will have multiple "mount.dev.* scripts. You must
# ensure that they run in the proper order, which the loop below may
# not do. The root partition should be mounted first, then the rest in
# the order they cascade. If they cross mount, you'll have to handle
# that manually. If you have LVMs to deal with, that's a whole 'nother
# kettle of fish.

# The "ls −tr" will list the scripts in the order they are created, so
# it might be a good idea to create them (in the script save.metadata)
# in the order in which you should run them.

for drive in $( ls −tr mount.dev.* ); do

echo $drive$'\a'
sleep 2
./$drive;
done

./restore.metadata

# People who are really confident may comment this line in.
# reboot

11. The Scripts 48

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

11.2. Second Stage

These scripts run on the computer being backed up or restored.

11.2.1. back.up.all
This script saves to another computer via an NFS mount. You can adapt it to save to tape drives or other
media.

#! /bin/sh

# Back up the entire system to another computer's drive. To make this

# work, we need a convenient chunk of disk space on the remote computer we
# can nfs mount as /mnt/save.

# Time−stamp: <2003−04−24 09:56:05 ccurley back.up.all>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

save="/mnt/save"

# Make sure it's there

umount $save
mount $save

cd /

rm $save/tester.tar.old.gz
mv $save/tester.tar.gz $save/tester.tar.old.gz

# save everything except /mnt, /proc, and nfs mounted directories.

time tar cf − / −−exclude /mnt −−exclude /proc −−exclude $save\

| gzip −c > $save/tester.tar.gz

11. The Scripts 49

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

11.2.2. back.up.all.ssh
This script does exactly what back.up.all does, but it uses ssh instead of nfs.

#! /bin/sh

# Back up the entire system to another computer's drive. To make this

# work, we need a convenient chunk of disk space on the remote
# computer. This version uses ssh to do its transfer, and compresses
# using bz2. This means this script has to know more about the other
# computer, which does not make for good modularization.

# Time−stamp: <2003−04−24 09:56:52 ccurley back.up.all.ssh>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

save="/backs/tester"
backup_server="charlesc"

# rotate the old backups. Do it all in one line to minimze authentication overhead.
ssh $backup_server "rm $save/tester.tar.old.bz2; mv $save/tester.tar.bz2 \
$save/tester.tar.old.bz2"

# save everything except /mnt, /proc, and squid directories.

time tar cf − / −−exclude /mnt −−exclude /proc −−exclude /var/spool/squid\

| ssh $backup_server "bzip2 −9 > $save/tester.tar.bz2"

11.2.3. restore.all
This is the restore script to use if you backed up using back.up.all.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore all of the data from an nfs mount. This is our final
# stage restore.

# Time−stamp: <2003−04−24 09:58:51 ccurley restore.all>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

11. The Scripts 50

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

export save="/mnt/save"

mount $save

cd /
gunzip −dc $save/tester.tar.gz | tar −xpkf −

rm /var/run/*.pid

lilo

11.2.4. restore.all.ssh
This is the restoration script to use if you used back.up.all.ssh to back up.

#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore all of the data using ssh and bunzip2. This is
# our final stage restore.

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# Time−stamp: <2003−04−24 09:59:10 ccurley restore.all.ssh>

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

11. The Scripts 51

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at
# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

save="/backs/tester/"
backup_server="charlesc"

cd /

ssh $backup_server "cat $save/tester.tar.bz2" | bunzip2 | tar −xpkf −

rm /var/run/*.pid

lilo

11.3. Backup Server Scripts

The ssh scripts above have a possible security problem. If you run them on a firewall, the firewall has to have
access via ssh to the backup server. In that case, a clever cracker might also be able to crack the backup
server. It would be more secure to run backup and restore scripts on the backup server, and let the backup
server have access to the firewall. That is what these scripts are for. Rename them to get.x and
restore.x where x is the name of the target computer. Edit them (the variable $target's initialization) to
use the target computer's host name, or rewrite them to use a command line argument.

These scripts backup and restore the target completely, not just the stage one backup and restore. Also, note
that get.tester backs up the ZIP disk as well, in case you need to replace a faulty ZIP disk.

I use these scripts routinely.

11.3.1. get.tester
#! /bin/sh

# Back up another computer's drive to this system. To make this work,

# we need a convenient chunk of disk space on this computer. This
# version uses ssh to do its transfer, and compresses using bz2. This
# version was developed so that the system to be backed up won't be
# authenticated to log onto the backup computer. This script is
# intended to be used on a firewall. You don't want the firewall to be
# authenticated to the backup system in case the firewall is cracked.

# Time−stamp: <2006−04−05 20:36:00 ccurley get.tester>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

11. The Scripts 52

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# 2004 04 03: added /sys to the list of excludes. It is a read−only

# pseudo−file system like /proc.

# 2002 07 01: We now set the path on the target to the zip drive with
# a variable. This fixes a bug in the command to eject the zip disk.

# 2002 07 01: The zip disk archives are now in bzip2 format, so this
# script has been changed to reflect that.

# The host name of the computer to be backed up.

target=tester
#zip=/mnt/zip
export zip="/var/bare.metal"; # Where we will put archives. Not the ZIP drive here.

echo Backing up $target

echo Aging the ZIP disk backups.

rm −r $target.old.zip

mv $target.zip $target.old.zip

# ssh $target "modprobe ppa ; mount −r $zip"

echo Copying the ZIP disk.

# −r for recursive copy, −p to preserve times and permissions, −q for

# quiet: no progress meter.

scp −qpr $target:$zip $target.zip

du −hs $target.*zip

echo Aging the archives

rm $target.tar.old.bz2

mv $target.tar.bz2 $target.tar.old.bz2

echo Cleaning out old yum packages

ssh $target "yum clean packages"

echo Backing up $target to the backup server.

# The "−−anchored" option is there to prevent −−exclude from excluding

# all files with that name. E.g. we only want to exclude /sys, not
# some other sys elsewhere in the file system.

ssh $target "cd / ; tar −cf − −−anchored −−exclude sys −−exclude $zip\
−−exclude $zip.old −−exclude mnt −−exclude proc −−exclude var/spool/squid\
*" | bzip2 −9 | cat > $target.tar.bz2

# ssh $target "eject $zip"

11. The Scripts 53

 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
echo Testing the results.
find . −iname "*.bz2" | xargs bunzip2 −t

11.3.2. restore.tester
#! /bin/sh

# A script to restore all of the data to tester via ssh. This is our final
# stage restore.

# Time−stamp: <2003−04−24 09:59:45 ccurley restore.tester>

# Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley.

# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
# option) any later version.

# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but

# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111−1307 USA

# You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/

# For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at

# http://www.charlescurley.com/.

# The host name of the computer to be restored.

target=tester

bunzip2 −dc $target.tar.bz2 | ssh $target "cd / ; tar −xpkf − "

ssh $target lilo

11. The Scripts 54

12. Resources
In no particular order. These are things you might want to investigate for yourself. A listing here should not be
taken as an endorsement. In fact, in many case I have not used the product and cannot comment on it.

• Network−booting Your Operating System describes several techniques for booting across a network,
using grub and some other tricks. I haven't tried it, but I have a sneaky suspicion that with an
especially trained floppy diskette, you could get your entire first stage image onto the computer to be
restored.
• "Smart Boot Manager (SBM) is an OS independent and full−featured boot manager with an
easy−to−use user interface. There are some screen shots available." It is essential if your BIOS will
not allow you to boot to CD−ROM and you want to use a CD−ROM based Linux for Stage 1
recovery.
• W. Curtis Preston's excellent Unix Backup & Recovery. This is the book that got me started on this
bare metal recovery stuff. I highly recommend it; read my review.
• An old (2000) list of small Linux disties.
• tomsrtbt, "The most Linux on 1 floppy disk." Tom also has links to other small disties.
• The Linux Documentation Project. See particularly the "LILO, Linux Crash Rescue HOW−TO."
• The Free Software Foundation's parted for editing (enlarging, shrinking, moving) partitions.
• QtParted looks to do the same thing with a GUI front end.
• Partition Image for backing up partitions.

From the web page: "Partition Image is a Linux/UNIX utility which saves partitions in many formats
(see below) to an image file. The image file can be compressed in the GZIP/BZIP2 formats to save
disk space, and split into multiple files to be copied on removable floppies (ZIP for example), .... The
partition can be saved across the network since version 0.6.0."
• Bacula is a GLPled backup product which has bare metal recovery code inspired in part by this
HOWTO.
• "g4u ('ghost for unix') is a NetBSD−based bootfloppy/CD−ROM that allows easy cloning of PC
harddisks to deploy a common setup on a number of PCs using FTP. The floppy/CD offers two
functions. First is to upload the compressed image of a local harddisk to a FTP server. Other is to
restore that image via FTP, uncompress it and write it back to disk; network configuration is fetched
via DHCP. As the harddisk is processed as a image, any filesystem and operating system can be
deployed using g4u."
• "We present Frisbee, a system for saving, transferring, and installing entire disk images, whose goals
are speed and scalability in a LAN environment. Among the techniques Frisbee uses are an
appropriately−adapted method of filesystem−aware compression, a custom application−level reliable
multicast protocol, and flexible application−level framing. This design results in a system which can
rapidly and reliably distribute a disk image to many clients simultaneously. For example, Frisbee can
write a total of 50 gigabytes of data to 80 disks in 34 seconds on commodity PC hardware. We
describe Frisbee's design and implementation, review important design decisions, and evaluate its
performance."
• There are a number of USB key disties available. Check DistroWatch for details.
• CD−ROM based rescue kits. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. If you know of one (or even
something that pretends to be one), please let me know. You may find more recent information at
DistroWatch.

♦ Hugo Rabson's Mondo "... creates one or more bootable Rescue CD's (or tape+floppies)
containing some or all of your filesystem. In the event of catastrophic data loss, you will be
able to restore from bare metal."

12. Resources 55
 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
♦ The Crash Recovery Kit for Linux
♦ "System recovery with Knoppix" is a good introduction to system recovery in general, and
has some useful Knoppix links.
♦ "Cool Linux CD is live CD with Linux system. This used 2.4 kernel and some free and demo
soft."
♦ SystemRescueCd" is a linux system on a bootable cdrom for repairing your system and your
data after a crash. It also aims to provide an easy way to carry out admin tasks on your
computer, such as creating and editing the partitions of the hard disk. It contains a lot of
system utilities (parted, partimage, fstools, ...) and basic ones (editors, midnight commander,
network tools). It aims to be very easy to use: just boot from the cdrom, and you can do
everything. The kernel of the system supports most important file systems (ext2/ext3, reiserfs,
xfs, jfs, vfat, ntfs, iso9660), and network ones (samba and nfs)."
♦ Syslinux builds boot code for floppy diskettes, CD−ROMs and Intel PXE (Pre−Execution
Environment) images. It is not dependent on a floppy diskette image. You can build your own
CDs with a number of tools, such as tomsrtbt, on it.
♦ In case you'd like to roll your own: "Linux Live is a set of bash scripts which allows you to
create [your] own LiveCD from every Linux distribution. Just install your favourite distro,
remove all unnecessary files (for example man pages and all other files which are not
important for you) and then download and run these scripts."
♦ "The PPART CD allows you to generate system recovery bootable CD of previously saved
hard disks."
♦ Timo's Rescue CD Set: " This set is my approach for an easy way to generate a rescue system
on a bootable cd, which can easily be adapted to the own needs. The project evolves more and
more into a 'debian on cd' project, so it's not only possible to use the system as a rescuecd, it
is also possible to install a whole debian system on cd."
♦ The List of Live CDs has more CD based disties.

12. Resources 56
A. GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.1, March 2000

Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111−1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.

A. GNU Free Documentation License 57

0. PREAMBLE
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0. PREAMBLE 58
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 59

2. VERBATIM COPYING
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2. VERBATIM COPYING 60
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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3. COPYING IN QUANTITY 61
4. MODIFICATIONS
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4. MODIFICATIONS 62
 Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front−Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a
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4. MODIFICATIONS 63
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 64
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and
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6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 65
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in
or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the
Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an
"aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self−contained works thus compiled with the
Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the
Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document
is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that
surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
aggregate.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 66

8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the
terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their
copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you
also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and
the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail.

8. TRANSLATION 67
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this
License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.

9. TERMINATION 68
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License
from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a
particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
Foundation.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 69

11. How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the
following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any
later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being
LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front−Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back−Cover
Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are
invariant. If you have no Front−Cover Texts, write "no Front−Cover Texts" instead of "Front−Cover Texts
being LIST"; likewise for Back−Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in
parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their
use in free software.

Notes

[1] I emphasize copy because mkisofs will mung the file in the directory from which it makes the ISO
image.

11. How to use this License for your documents 70