This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server.

Under the copyright agreement

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ISBN 978-0-626-25220-5
SANS 2001-CT1:2011
Edition 1.1

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Construction works

Part CT1: Structural timberwork (flooring)

Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
© SABS
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
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SANS 2001-CT1:2011
Edition 1.1

Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 2011 Amended to update referenced standards, and to modify the
requirements for strip flooring.

Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the input of the Joint Structural Division of
the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of Structural Engineers and the
National Home Builders Registration Council in the development of this document.

Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 59D, Construction
standards – Timber structures, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in
compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This document was published in October 2011.

This document supersedes SANS 2001-CT1:2007 (edition 1).

This document is referenced in the Regulations of the Construction Industry Development

Board Act, 2000 (Act No. 38 of 2000).

A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No.1.

SANS 2001 consists of a number of parts in various stages of preparation, under the general title
Construction works.

Annex A forms an integral part of this document.

Introduction
The different parts of SANS 2001 each address a specific component of construction works. The
prime purpose in the production of these standards is to create a set of standards that are generally
applicable to construction works, and which can be readily modified to make them applicable to
particular works.

The SANS 2001 family of standards provides technical descriptions of the standard of materials and
workmanship that will be used in the works that are executed or in the performance of the works
when completed (or both). These standards do not make reference to the actions of those
responsible for executing the works or the parties to a contract, i.e. to the constraints relating to the
manner in which contract work is to be performed. Neither do they deal with the commercial
arrangements of such contracts. These standards are suitable for use in any “in-house” construction
work or in all types of engineering and construction works contracts, for example, design by
employer, design and build, develop and construct, construction management or management
contracts.

Standard requirements pertaining to the manner in which works are constructed can be found in the
SANS 1921 family of standards.
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Contents
Page

Acknowledgement

Foreword

Introduction

1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 4

4 Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 5

4.1 Materials ........................................................................................................................ 5

4.2 Jointing of timber members ........................................................................................... 9
4.3 Installation of floor joists ................................................................................................ 10
4.4 Installation of masonry anchors .................................................................................... 10
4.5 Installation of timber flooring ......................................................................................... 13

5 Compliance with the requirements ......................................................................................... 14

Annex A (normative) Preparation of specification data associated with this part

of SANS 2001 for inclusion in the scope of work ................................. 15

Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 17

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Construction works

Part CT1:
Structural timberwork (flooring)

1 Scope
This part of SANS 2001 covers the installation of suspended timber floors in buildings.

NOTE 1 Annex A provides guidance to those responsible for compiling procurement documents which make
reference to this part of SANS 2001.

NOTE 2 This part of SANS 2001 enables suspended floors to be constructed for occupancy class H3
(domestic residence) and H4 (dwelling house) buildings, as described in SANS 10400, that have a distance
that does not exceed 7 m between supports, and a beam spacing that does not exceed 0,6 m. Appropriate
modifications might be necessary to make this part of SANS 2001 applicable for the installation of suspended
timber floors designed for other occupancies or for greater dimensions between beams or supports.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. All
normative documents are subject to revision and, since any reference to a normative document is
deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that document, parties to agreements based on
this document are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the
normative documents indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international
standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.

SANS 281 (SABS 281), Hardwood block and strip flooring. Amdt 1

SANS 629, Softwood flooring boards.

SANS 820, Mild steel nails.

SANS 929, Plywood and composite board.

SANS 1460, Laminated timber (glulam).

SANS 1700-7-1/ISO 4014, Fasteners – Part 7: External drive hexagon bolts and screws –
Section 1: Hexagon head bolts – Product grades A and B.

SANS 1700-7-2/ISO 4015, Fasteners – Part 7: External drive hexagon bolts and screws –
Section 2: Hexagon head bolts – Product grade B – Reduced shank (shank diameter ≈ pitch
diameter).

3
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SANS 1700-7-3/ISO 4016, Fasteners – Part 7: External drive hexagon bolts and screws –
Section 3: Hexagon head bolts – Product grade C.

SANS 1700-14-1/ISO 4032, Fasteners – Part 14: Hexagon nuts – Section 1: Hexagon nuts,
style 1 – Product grades A and B.

SANS 1700-14-2/ISO 4033, Fasteners – Part 14: Hexagon nuts – Section 2: Hexagon nuts,
style 2 – Product grades A and B.

SANS 1700-14-3/ISO 4034, Fasteners – Part 14: Hexagon nuts – Section 3: Hexagon nuts –
Product grade C.

SANS 1700-14-4/ISO 4035, Fasteners – Part 14: Hexagon nuts – Section 4: Hexagon thin nuts
(chamfered) – Product grades A and B.

SANS 1783-2, Sawn softwood timber – Part 2: Stress-graded structural timber and timber for frame
wall construction.

SANS 1931, Particle board – Highly moisture-resistant exterior type.

SANS 10005, The preservative treatment of timber.

SANS 10403, Formatting and compilation of construction procurement documents.

SANS 50312/EN 312, Particleboards – Specifications. Amdt 1

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10403 and the following apply.

3.1
accredited certification body
certification body that has been accredited by a government-endorsed accreditation body

3.2
accredited testing laboratory
laboratory that has been accredited by the South African National Accreditation System

3.3
floor joist
horizontal beam which is the primary structural member in the construction of a timber floor

3.4
flooring board
board of face side width not less than 50 mm and not more than 140 mm, and which may be
tongued on the one edge and grooved on the opposite edge

3.5
permissible deviation
pd
specified limit(s) of deviation within which a dimension or position lies

3.6
sleeper wall
masonry wall constructed to support a suspended ground floor

4
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3.7
softwood timber
timber derived from trees of the genus Pinus grown in South Africa and which has been
appropriately graded with respect to its intended use

3.8
sole plate
strip of timber which is laid on top of walls to level the underside of flooring joists

3.9
specification data
data, provisions and variations that make this part of SANS 2001 applicable to a particular contract
or works (see annex A)

3.10
strip flooring
hardwood floor that comprises strips of width not less than 35 mm and not more than 90 mm, and
which are tongued on the one end and grooved on the opposite edge

3.11
suitable
capable of fulfilling or having fulfilled the intended function, or fit for its intended purpose

3.12
suspended floor
floor that spans supports

4 Requirements
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 Floor joists

4.1.1.1 Timber floor joists shall comply with the requirements of either SANS 1460 or
SANS 1783-2, and shall be of the grade and type shown in the construction drawings or specified in
the specification data (see annex A).

4.1.1.2 All timber shall be ordered in the dimensions in which it will be used and shall not be sawn
into smaller cross-sectional sizes.

NOTE Sawing timber lengthways into smaller sizes contravenes the grading rules and invalidates the
grading.

4.1.1.3 The moisture content of floor joists shall not exceed 17 %.

NOTE Timber is normally kiln-dried to approximately 12 % moisture content. However, timber which has been
treated against biological attack using a water-borne preservative might have a moisture content well in excess
of 17 % until sufficient time has elapsed to allow the timber to dry out naturally (10 d to 14 d). Excessive
moisture content can be ascertained by using a moisture meter (properly calibrated) or, in extreme cases, the
timber will feel damp to the touch. The accuracy of moisture meters can be affected in cases where the timber
has been treated.

4.1.1.4 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data, softwood timber within the magisterial
districts identified in table 1 shall be treated against the effects of rot, fungus and insect attack with
CCA (Copper Chrome Arsenate) or a similar suitable preservative, for example Boron, in
accordance with the requirements of SANS 10005. The cut areas of treated timber shall be
thoroughly brushed with two coats of a preservative that belongs to the same class as that used in
the original impregnation.

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During transport and installation, impregnated timber shall be protected and so handled that the
impregnated shell is not broken through, and that the timber is not damaged in any way that might
reduce the effectiveness of the preservative.

Table 1 — Magisterial districts that require treatment of structural

South African pine against biological attack

1 2 3
Magisterial district
Albany King William’s Town Port Shepstone
Alexandria Kirkwood Queensburgh
Bathurst Knysna Richmond (Natal)
Bellville Komga Riversdale
Bredasdorp Lions River Robertson
Caledon Lower Tugela Simon’s Town
Camperdown Lower Umfolozi Somerset West
Ceres Malmesbury Stellenbosch
Clanwilliam Montagu Strand
Durban Mooi River Stutterheim
East London Mossel Bay Swellendam
Eshowe Mpendle The Cape
George Mtonjaneni Tulbagh
Hankey Mtunzini Uitenhage
Heidelberg (Cape) New Hanover Umlazi
Hermanus Paarl Umvoti
Hopefield Pietermaritzburg Umzinto
Humansdorp Piketberg Vredenburg
Inanda Pinetown Wellington
Ixopo Port Alfred Worcester
Joubertina Port Elizabeth Wynberg

4.1.2 Connectors

4.1.2.1 Nails

Nails shall comply with the requirements of SANS 820 and shall have the dimensions given in
tables 2 to 5, as appropriate.

Table 2 — Ordinary wire nails

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3
Length D H
63 2,72 to 3,25 5,9 to 7,0
75 3,05 to 3,25 6,3 to 7,7
90 3,90 to 4,10 7,8 to 9,0
100 3,90 to 5,15 7,8 to 10,7

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Table 3 — Clout nails

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3
Length D H
32 and greater 2,72 to 2,88 8,2 to 9,1

Table 4 — Oval flooring nails

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5
Length D d H h
50 3,45 to 3,65 2,42 to 2,58 4,4 to 4,8 3,0 to 3,34

Table 5 — Cut flooring nails

Side view

Plan view

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3
Length G H
63 2,65 to 2,95 7,4 to 8,0

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4.1.2.2 Nuts and bolts

4.1.2.2.1 Nuts shall comply with the requirements of SANS 1700-14-1, SANS 1700-14-2,
SANS 1700-14-3 or SANS 1700-14-4.

4.1.2.2.2 Bolts shall comply with the requirements of SANS 1700-7-1, SANS 1700-7-2 or
SANS 1700-7-3, and shall have a shank that is a minimum of 20 mm longer than the total thickness
of the timber which is to be bolted together.

NOTE Cup-head or carriage bolts have square shanks which might damage the timber.

4.1.2.3 Washers

Washers shall have dimensions in accordance with table 6.

Table 6 — Washer dimensions

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3
Type 12 mm diameter 8 mm diameter
bolts bolts
Square 136 × 36 × 3,6 125 × 25 × 2,4
Round 36 × 3,6 25 × 2,4

4.1.2.4 Hangers

Unless otherwise specified in the specification data, metal punched plate support hangers shall
have a zinc galvanized coating of not less than 275 g/m2 and shall bear a mark which readily
identifies the manufacturer or supplier.

Hangers shall be tested by an accredited testing laboratory to demonstrate that, when bolted or
nailed through predrilled or prepunched holes into structural softwood (pine) members, they can
transfer a permissible load of at least 4,0 kN across the joint without slippage occurring.

4.1.2.5 Masonry anchors

Unless otherwise specified in the specification data, metal masonry anchors shall be of the
expanding type, be corrosion resistant and have a diameter and length of not less than 10 mm and
45 mm, respectively, and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Such
anchors, when embedded in grade 20 concrete for standard test purposes, shall have a safe
working load in shear of not less than 2,5 kN certified by the manufacturer. Such certification shall
be substantiated by test report certificates from an accredited certification body.

4.1.3 Flooring boards

4.1.3.1 Flooring boards shall comply with all of the following requirements or, if required in terms of
the specification data, the requirements of SANS 629:

a) have a face side width of not less than 50 mm and not more than 140 mm and shall be tongued
on one edge and grooved on the opposite edge with square-sawn or end-matched ends;

b) be a softwood, derived from trees of the genera Pinus, Cedrus, Podocarisus or Cypressus;

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c) be free of loose knots, pith, pitch pockets, in-bark or pockets of parenchymatous tissue;

d) have individual, sound, through-face knots and splay knots of a size that does not exceed one-
quarter of the width of the face side;

e) have a thickness of not less than 22 mm;

f) have tongues and grooves, which produce a tight sliding fit and a flush joint on the face side of
the boards; and

g) have a length of at least 1,8 m if square sawn at its ends, or 0,6 m, if matched.

4.1.3.2 Strip flooring shall comply with all of the following requirements or, if required in terms of the
specification data, the requirements of a suitable method: Amdt 1

a) be a hardwood that has a density of more than 640 kg/m3 at a moisture content of 12 %;

b) have a thickness of not less than 20 mm;

c) have a width between 35 mm and 90 mm and a nominal length of not less than 460 mm;

d) be free of loose knots and knot holes that have a diameter that exceeds 6 mm or sound knots
that have a diameter that exceeds 20 mm; and

e) have tongues and grooves, which produce a tight sliding fit and flush joint on the face side of the
strips.

4.1.3.3 Particle boards shall have a thickness of not less than 20 mm and shall comply with the
requirements of SANS 50312 or SANS 1931. Amdt 1

4.1.3.4 Composite and plywood board shall have a thickness of not less than 19 mm and shall
comply with the requirements of SANS 929.

4.2 Jointing of timber members

4.2.1 Unless skew nailing is required, nails shall be driven in at right angles to the grain of the
timber and to such a depth that the heads are flush with the timber surface. Where skew nailing is
required, the skew nail shall not be closer than 30 mm from the edge of the member through which
it is driven.

4.2.2 Hangers shall either be nailed in each hole with 32 mm long wire clout nails or be bolted with
a single 8 mm diameter bolt.

NOTE 75 mm nails for hangers might cause excessive damage to the fibres of the timber.

4.2.3 Holes drilled through timbers to accommodate bolts shall not have a diameter that exceeds
the bolt diameter by more than 2 mm.

4.2.4 Holes shall be drilled at right angles to the joints. Where timber-to-timber connections are to
be made, the components shall be clamped together before drilling.

NOTE The use of templates for marking the positions of bolts is recommended.

4.2.5 All bolts used to join joists together shall be installed with washers under both the head and
the nut.

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4.2.6 Nuts shall be so tightened that the members fit closely. If necessary, nuts shall be tightened
again after the timber has reached its equilibrium moisture content.

NOTE Nuts should be tightened so that the washers just bite into the surface of the timber. Bolts should be of
sufficient length so as to allow at least one full thread to project from the nut when tightened.

4.2.7 Members shall be so assembled that no unintentional stresses are induced. Members which
are badly warped, split or ill-fitting shall not be used.

4.3 Installation of floor joists

4.3.1 Floor joists shall be set level on, and skew nailed to, sole plates (38 mm × 76 mm minimum)
with 100 mm ordinary wire nails on top of sleeper walls, built into walls with a 90 mm minimum end
bearing or set in truss hangers bolted to masonry walls as shown in figures 1 and 2 at the centres
specified in the construction drawings or in the specification data.

NOTE SANS 10400 establishes requirements for the ventilation of suspended timber ground floors.

4.3.2 Continuous floor joists which are set on sole plates on top of sleeper walls shall be lapped at
least 100 mm with joints positioned over such walls. The joists shall be nailed together by means of
three 63 mm ordinary wire nails.

4.3.3 Unless otherwise specified in the scope of work, support hangers to receive joists shall be
twice fixed to walls with masonry anchors.

4.3.4 Bracing or solid bridging shall be fixed either between, or to the underside of, joists which are
set on sleeper walls and which have a depth of 152 mm or greater, as shown in figure 3.

4.3.5 The depth of notches made for piping in the top or bottom of a joist shall not exceed one-fifth
of the required depth of the joist and their distance from the edge support shall not exceed one-sixth
of the span (see figure 4).

4.3.6 Holes for piping and conduits may be drilled in the middle third of the depth of the joist,
preferably slightly above the centre. Their diameter, however, shall not exceed one-quarter of the
depth of the joist where they are in the middle third of the span of the joist, and elsewhere shall not
exceed one-fifth of the depth of the joist (see figure 4).

4.4 Installation of masonry anchors

4.4.1 Masonry anchors shall be installed, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, in
holes that have the same diameter as the anchor. The depth of embedment shall not be less than
40 mm.

4.4.2 Masonry anchors shall be torqued up upon installation until the nut cannot be turned any
more without considerable effort being expended.

NOTE Masonry anchors should not be installed in walls constructed of hollow units unless the cores of the
units where bolts are to be located are filled with infill concrete.

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a) Detail at sleeper wall

b) Detail at external wall

c) Detail at internal wall

DPC = damp-proof course

Figure 1 — Bearing details for suspended timber ground floors

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a) Beam built into wall b) Beam supported by truss hanger

All timber built into masonry shall be coated with carbolineum or a similar preservative.

Figure 2 — Bearing details for suspended timber floors other than ground floors

a) Bridging b) Bracing

Figure 3 — Bridging and bracing of floor joists of depth 152 mm and greater

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a
Hole size in middle third of span < D/4
Hole size outside of middle third of span < D/5

a) Location and depth of notches for piping

b) Holes for piping and conduits

D = depth of beam
L = span of beam

Figure 4 — Location and maximum size of notches and holes in joists

4.5 Installation of timber flooring

4.5.1 An unobstructed space of width at least 12 mm shall be allowed between the seams of walls
and the longitudinal edges of the flooring and other solid features to allow for movement. A space of
width at least 6 mm shall be left between faces of walls and other solid features and the ends of the
flooring.

4.5.2 Joints between consecutive panels of particle board shall be centred on top of flooring joists.
Panels shall be arranged with their length perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the joists and in
such a manner that each panel spans at least three joists. End joints shall be staggered.

4.5.3 Particle, plywood and composite boards shall be secured to joists by means of 50 mm long
oval nails. Nails shall be driven in at centres that do not exceed 150 mm.

4.5.4 The end and edge joists of particle boards shall be nailed and glued with a resorcinol
adhesive or resorcinolphenol-type adhesive in areas of high temperature or humidity, or a polyvinyl
acetate dispersion-type adhesive in normal dry conditions. The adhesive shall be applied to all
faces of both profiles of the joints.

4.5.5 Header joints in strip flooring may occur in the spaces between flooring joists, provided that
each length of flooring is nailed to at least two supports. Header joints shall be staggered so that
there is no joint in two adjacent strips between flooring joists or on the same flooring joist.

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4.5.6 Strips in strip flooring shall be laid singly and secret-nailed to each floor joist with oval wire
nails, lost head nails or other suitable nails. Such nails shall be driven into the edge of the strips just
above the tongue at an angle of approximately 45° to the vertical and punched flush with the edge
of the flooring. Alternatively, strip flooring may be face-nailed once with cut flooring nails of length
not less than 63 mm.

4.5.7 Board flooring shall be in lengths that either make header joints unnecessary, or reduce them
to a minimum. Such joints shall be cut squarely or slightly angled, formed directly above flooring
joists and staggered.

4.5.8 Board flooring may be laid either in groups, clamped together with floor cramps or other
types of cramps, or laid singly. Each board shall be face-nailed twice to each floor joist with flooring
nails of length not less than 50 mm driven through the flooring near the two edges of the board.

5 Compliance with the requirements

The permissible deviations (pd) in the completed timber flooring shall be as follows:

a) deviation from any two points measured 6 m apart: 10 mm

b) deviation of any point under a 3 m straight edge placed level in any direction: 6 mm.

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Annex A
(normative)

Preparation of specification data associated with this

part of SANS 2001 for inclusion in the scope of work
Specification data form an essential part of this part of SANS 2001; without such data, requirements
are incomplete.

The format for the specification data has been developed to be compatible with the requirements in
table D.1 of SANS 10403:2003. The specification data should be incorporated in the scope of work
as shown in table A.1.

Table A.1 — Incorporating this part of SANS 2001 in the scope of work

1 2 3
TOPIC ASPECT COMMENTARY
DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS
CONSTRUCTION
Works specifications Applicable part(s) The following parts of SANS 2001 and associated specification
of SANS 2001 data are applicable:
1) SANS 2001 …..
2) SANS 2001 …..

The associated specification data are as follows:

Specification data Essential data:
pertaining to The requirements for .….…. are ….….
SANS 2001…
The requirements for …..…. are ….….
Variations:
1) ...........................................................
2) ...........................................................
Additional clauses:
1) ...........................................................

Applicable national
and international
standards
Particular/generic
specifications

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Develop the specification data based on the contents of table A.2.

Table A.2 — Specification data associated with this part of SANS 2001

1 2 3
Guidance notes
Specification data associated with this
part of SANS 2001 Clause
Consideration
number
Essential data
Laminated/softwood timber joists shall be 4.1.1.1 Omit if shown in the construction drawings.
grade ......…… and have a cross section Alternatively, state that laminated/softwood timber
of …...… joists shall be of the type and cross section in
accordance with a stated standard.
All softwood timber shall be treated against 4.1.1.4 Omit if softwood timber shall only be treated in the
the effects of rot, fungus and insect attack. specified magisterial districts.
Metal punched steel plate support hangers 4.1.2.4 The hangers as specified in 4.1.2.4 have sufficient
shall have a zinc galvanized coating of not strength to support floors in buildings that have an
2
less than 275 g/m and ………… occupancy class H3 (domestic residence) and
H4 (dwelling house), as described in SANS 10400,
and that have a distance that does not exceed 7 m
between supports and a beam spacing that does not
exceed 0,6 m. Amend specifications where design
requires greater strength to support long span joists
or greater dimensions between beams or supports.
Metal masonry anchors shall be of the 4.1.2.5 The masonry anchors as specified in 4.1.2.4 have
expanding type, be corrosion resistant sufficient strength to support floors in buildings that
and have a diameter and length of not less have an occupancy class H3 (domestic residence)
than ..........……… and H4 (dwelling house), as described in
SANS 10400, and that have a distance that does not
exceed 7 m between supports and a beam spacing
that does not exceed 0,6 m. Amend specifications
where design requires greater strength to support
long span joists or greater dimensions between
beams or supports.
Softwood flooring boards shall comply with 4.1.3.1 Omit if boards shall not comply with the
the requirements of SANS 629 and requirements of SANS 629.
a) have a genus of ....…… Plugging may be permitted only if of a flooring grade.
a
b) be solid/laminated
c) be of a clear flooring/select
a
flooring/flooring grade
c) have a thickness, length and width of…
Boards may be plugged.
Finger joints shall not appear prominently.
Hardwood strip flooring shall comply with 4.1.3.2 Omit if hardwood strip flooring shall not comply with
the requirements of a suitable method and the requirements of a suitable method.
a) have a genus of ......……
a
b) be clear/figured grade
d) have a thickness, length and width of …
The joists shall be installed at ….. centres. 4.3.1 Omit if shown in the construction drawings. Joists
should be at centres that do not exceed 600 mm.
a
Delete option that is not applicable.
Amdt 1

16
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.

SANS 2001-CT1:2011
Edition 1.1

Table A.2 (concluded)

1 2 3
Guidance notes
Specification data associated with this
part of SANS 2001 Clause
Consideration
number
Variations
State variations, if any.
Additional clauses
State additional clauses, if any.

Bibliography
SANS 10400 (SABS 0400), The application of the National Building Regulations.

© SABS

17
This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.

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This standard is exclusively for Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality for use on a shared file server. Under the copyright agreement
entered into, Emnambithi Ladysmith Municipality may make five (5) printouts of the standard and must see to it
that no more than five persons have concurrent access to the standard.

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