engineering
drawing
foundATION IN tvet/
diploma in civil engineering
compiled by Ts. Nik Nor Asima binti Ariffin
Studio Shodwe
Table of Contents
03 - Introduction
04 - Drawing Instruments & Accessories
10 - Layout of Drawing Sheets
11 - Scales 2
12 - Exercise
Intro-
duction
Drawing is the Graphical means of expression of technical details
without the barrier of a language. Engineering Drawing is the
Universal Language for Engineers
Communication in engineering is necessary for effectively
transferring one’s ideas to others. While communicating, we use
our memory to remember objects, sense organs to perceive
objects and mind to imagine objects. Our perception are coloured
or modified by our past experiences.
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What information should be available in an engineering drawing?
A perfect engineering drawing should have the following
information:
Shape of an object
Exact Sizes and tolerances of various parts of the object
The finish of the product
The details of materials
The company’s name
Catalogue no of the product
Date on which the drawing was made
The person who made the drawing
Drawings are the road maps which show how to manufacture
products and structures. No industrial level
construction/manufacturing of any (man-made) engineering
objects is possible without engineering drawing.
Computer has a major impact on the methods used to design and
create technical drawings. The tools are Computer aided design
and drafting (CADD).Design and drafting on computer are cheap
and less time consuming. Then why we go for manual drawing?
Computer cannot replace the drafting board and equipment as a
learning tool.
Before use of the drafting software, their fundamentals regarding
drawing should be clear. If basic fundamentals are clear, better
use can be made of the power of the software. To be an expert in
technical drawing, this first course on Engineering (manual)
drawing is the first step.
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND ACCESSORIES
1. Drawing board
The following set of instruments are required for ensuring perfection in
manual drawing:
1. Drawing board
Drawing board is made of soft wooden platens. Almost perfect
planning of the working surface of the drawing board is to be ensured.
A strip of hard ebony edge is fitted up in a groove on the shorter edge
of the board and perfectly lined to provide the guide for the T-square.
The standard sizes of the drawing board is shown in Table 1.1 below.
D2 size of drawing board is normally recommended for the First year
Engineering students.
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND ACCESSORIES
2. Drawing sheet
Drawing sheet is the medium on which drawings are prepared by means
of pencils or pen. Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes as
shown in Table 1.2. A standard A0 size sheet is the one with an area of 1
m-2 and having dimensions of 1189 x 841. Each higher number sheet (A1,
A2, A3, etc. in order) is half the size of the immediately lower numbered
sheet. For drawing practice for first year engineering students A2 size is
the preferred drawing sheet. The recommended sizes obtained for various
drawing sheets are shown in figure 1
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND ACCESSORIES
3. mini drafter
This is a device used to draw parallel or inclined lines very effectively with
ease. This is mounted on the top left corner of the drawing board by
means of a clamping mechanism which is an integral part of the device.
Figure 2 shows the photograph of a typical college level mini drafter.An
L-shaped scale which is graduated in millimeters acts as the working
edge of the mini-drafter. The L-Shaped scale also has a degree scale for
angle measurement. The working edge can be moved to any desired
location on the drawing board.
Procedure for clamping the mini-drafter
Set the protractor head with reference mark indexing zero degree, then fix
the clamp of the mini-drafter at the top left corner either along the top
horizontal edge of the board or along the left vertical edge of the board.
With the drawing sheet placed underneath the scales of the mini-drafter,
fix the drawing sheet to the drawing board with the scales of the mini-
drafter aligned either with the vertical or the horizontal borderlines of the
drawing sheet.
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND ACCESSORIES
4. set squares
Set squares are a set of 45° set square and 30°-60° set-square, as
shown in figure 3.They are used in conjunction with each other and
with T-square to draw parallel, inclined and perpendicular lines. They
are made of transparent acrylic. Each is having beveled edges with
engraved mm or inch marking. The 45° set square generally has a
protractor where as the 30°-60° set-square includes French curves.
5. COMPASSES
These are used to draw arcs or circles. Generally two sizes of
compasses: one large compass and the other a small spring
bow compass are commonly found. Each compass consist of
a needle point and a pencil point. For drawing very large
radius arcs, the pencil point leg can be removed from the
knee joint and a lengthening bar can be inserted to increase
the radius of the arc. Figure 4 shows the photograph of a
compass.Figure 4 shows the photograph of a compass. 8
(Left) Compasses; (Right) Divider
6. DIVIDERS
Dividers are used to transfer lengths to the drawings either from scales or
from the drawing itself. Similar to the compasses, two sizes of dividers
are used in technical drawings. One large divider and the other small
spring bow divider.
7. French curve/Flexible curve
French curve is free form template make of acrylic and is used to
draw a smooth curve passing through a number of points. The outer
profile of the French curve is adjusted such the smooth curve passes
through more than three points and a curve passing through these
lines are drawn. The next part of the curve is then drawn by using
the next three points in addition to the last two points of the
previous curve.A typical French curve is shown in figure below.
A flexible curve is consists of a flexible, generally made of
metallic wire coated with a thick rubber material. This can
be bend in to any shape so that its working edge can be
matched with a number of points and a smooth curve can be .
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Layout of drawing
sheets
Any engineering drawing has to follow a standard format. The drawing
sheet consist of drawing space, title block and sufficient margins. After
fixing the drawing sheet on the drawing board, margins should be drawn.
The layout should facilitate quick reading of important particulars.
Drawings are prepared at various locations and shared and quick
references should be located easily.
A typical drawing sheet is shown in figure 4 and consist of the following:
1. Borders – space left all around in between the trimmed edges of the
sheet. A minimum of 10 mm
2. Filling margin – 20 mm minimum on left hand side with border
included. This is provided for taking perforations.
3. Grid reference system – For all sizes of drawing sheets for easy
location of drawing within the frame. The length and the width of the
frames are divided into even number of divisions. Number of divisions
for a particular sheet depends on complexity of the drawing. The
length of the grids lies between 25 mm to 75mm depending on the
Drawing sheet size. The grids along vertical edges are named by
capital letters where as grids along the horizontal edges are by
numerals. Numbering and lettering start from the corner of thesheet
opposite to the title box and are repeated on the
opposite sides. The numbers and letters are written upright.
Repetition of letters or numbers like AA, BB, etc. are practiced
in case they exceed that of the alphabets.
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Typical Drawing Layout
8. title box
An important feature on every drawing sheet. This is located at the
bottom right hand corner of every sheet and provides the technical
and administrative details of the drawing. The title box is divided
into two zones;
a. Identification zone : In this zone the details like the identification
number or part number, Title of the drawing, legal owner of the
drawing, etc. are to be mentioned.
b. Additional information zone : Here indicative items lime symbols
indicting the system of projection, scale used, etc., the technical
items lime method of surface texture, tolerances, etc., and
c. other administrative items are to be mentioned.
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9. LINES
Lines is one important aspect of technical drawing. Lines are always
used to construct meaningful drawings. Various types of lines are
used to construct drawing, each line used in some specific sense.
Lines are drawn following standard conventions mentioned in BIS
(SP46:2003). A line may be curved, straight, continuous, segmented.
It may be drawn as thin or thick. A few basic types of lines widely
used in drawings are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Types of letters used in engineering drawing.
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10. LINES STROKES
Line strokes refer to the directions of drawing straight and curved
lines. The standards for lines is given in BIS : SP-46, 2003
Vertical and inclined lines are drawn from top to bottom, horizontal
lines are drawn from left to right. Curved lines are drawn from left
to right or top to bottom. The direction of strokes are illustrated in
figure below.
The line strokes for drawing straight and curved lines.
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scales
There is a wide variation in sizes for engineering objects. Some are
very large (eg. Aero planes, rockets, etc) Some are vey small ( wrist
watch, MEMs components)
There is a need to reduce or enlarge while drawing the objects on
paper. Some objects can be drawn to their actual size. The
proportion by which the drawing of an object is enlarged or reduced
is called the scale of the drawing.
Definition
A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object
as represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same.
Drawings drawn with the same size as the objects are called full
sized drawing.
It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to its
actual size. e.g. Buildings,
Heavy machines, Bridges, Watches, Electronic devices etc.
Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at
Full size
Reduced size
Enlarged size
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Intermediate scales can be used in exceptional cases where recommended
scales can not be applied for functional reasons.
Types of Scale :-
Engineers Scale : The relation between the dimension on the drawing
and the actual dimension of the object is mentioned numerically (like 10
mm = 15 m).
Graphical Scale: Scale is drawn on the drawing itself. This takes care of
the shrinkage of the engineer’s scale when the drawing becomes old.
BIS Recommended Scales
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format border
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lab assignment
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