TERRORISM
Joel Joseph
Introduction
• Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population
in furtherance of political or social objectives.
• Domestic terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals or
groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic
influences, such as political, religious, social, racial, or environmental
beliefs.
• International terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by
individuals or groups who are inspired by or associated with
designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations
Challenges
• Defining terrorism is a complex and controversial issue, as it can be
difficult to distinguish between legitimate political or social
movements and terrorist organizations. Additionally, the term
“terrorism” has been used to describe a wide range of activities, from
political assassinations to bombings, making it challenging to develop
a universally accepted definition.
Key Elements
• Unlawful use of force or violence: Terrorism involves the use of
violence or threats of violence that are illegal and unjustified.
• Intimidation or coercion: The primary goal of terrorism is to create a
climate of fear and intimidation among the targeted population or
government.
• Political or social objectives: Terrorism is often motivated by political
or social beliefs, and the actions are intended to achieve a specific
goal or change a particular situation.
Causes
• Political grievances: Political, religious, ethnic, ideological, identity-
driven, linguistic, or socio-economic grievances can lead to terrorism.
• Religious beliefs: Apocalyptic religious beliefs or ethnic zeal can
motivate individuals to engage in terrorist activities.
• State sponsorship: State-sponsored terrorism can also be a significant
factor.
• Globalization and modernization: Hegemony in the international
system by one or two actors can lead to a high level of transnational
anti-systematic terrorism as a war by proxy develops.
• Psychological factors: Psycho-pathological factors amongst group
leadership can play a significant role in the development of terrorism.
• Socio-economic factors: The existence of a “Kalashnikov culture” and
easy availability of guns and explosives can contribute to terrorism.
• Historical events: The war against the pro-Soviet Afghans in the
1980s, which blew back into Pakistan, is an example of how historical
events can contribute to the development of terrorism.
Prevention
Intelligence Gathering and Information Sharing: Enhance intelligence
gathering and sharing among law enforcement agencies, border
control, and other relevant authorities to:
• Monitor potential terrorists and identify individuals becoming
radicalized.
• Share information on terrorist networks, financing, and logistics.
Border Control and Passenger Name Record (PNR) Data: Implement
robust border controls and utilize PNR data
• Track and identify suspicious travelers.
• Prevent foreign fighters from entering or leaving the country.
• Detect and disrupt terrorist financing and logistics.
Criminal Justice and Sanctions: Strengthen criminal laws and sanctions
to:
• Punish terrorist offenses, including planning and training.
• Disrupt terrorist financing and economic support.
• Deter individuals from engaging in terrorist activities
International Cooperation and Coordination: Foster global cooperation
and coordination among governments, law enforcement agencies, and
intelligence services to:
• Share intelligence and best practices.
• Coordinate counter-terrorism efforts and strategies.
• Address the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty, political
instability, and social marginalization.
Community Engagement and Radicalization Prevention: Identify and
challenge extremist ideologies, reduce opportunities for radicalization,
and promote community cohesion. This can be achieved through:
• Working with teachers, youth workers, and community leaders to
recognize and report suspicious behavior.
• Providing alternative narratives and promoting inclusive values.
• Encouraging open debate and countering online extremist content.
THANK YOU
