‭Answers to Questions‬ ‭ .

4 What is the difference between‬

Q
‭Computer Science, Computing, and‬
‭ .1 Define Computational thinking.‬
Q ‭Computational thinking?‬
‭Explain with an example.‬ ‭ omputer Science: The study of computers and computational systems, focusing on theory,‬
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‭algorithms, hardware, software, and data structures.‬
‭ omputational thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down complex‬
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‭problems into manageable parts, identifying patterns, abstracting the general principles, and‬
‭Computing: The act of using computers to process information or perform calculations. It‬
‭developing algorithms to solve the problems. It is a fundamental skill for programming and‬
‭ ncompasses the practical application of computer systems and technologies.‬
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‭algorithm design.‬

‭Computational Thinking: A problem-solving approach that involves using concepts from‬

‭Example: When solving a maze, computational thinking would involve breaking down the‬
‭ omputer science (like decomposition, abstraction, and algorithms) to address real-world‬
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‭ roblem by analyzing the structure of the maze (decomposition), identifying repeated patterns or‬
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‭problems, not limited to computing.‬
‭sections of the maze (pattern recognition), simplifying the problem by removing unnecessary‬
‭details (abstraction), and finally, creating a step-by-step set of instructions to solve the maze‬
‭(algorithm).‬
‭ .5 Define algorithm with a suitable‬
Q
‭ .2 What are the Four major points of‬
Q ‭example.‬
‭Computational thinking?‬ ‭ n algorithm is a finite set of step-by-step instructions designed to solve a specific problem or‬
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‭perform a task.‬
‭ . Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts.‬
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‭Example: A recipe for baking a cake is an algorithm. It includes steps like mixing ingredients,‬
‭2. Pattern Recognition: Identifying similarities or patterns in problems.‬
‭ reheating the oven, and baking for a specific duration, all of which lead to the final product.‬
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‭3. Abstraction: Simplifying a problem by focusing on important information and ignoring‬
‭irrelevant details.‬
‭4. Algorithm Design: Developing a step-by-step procedure or set of rules to solve the problem.‬
‭ .6 Define the concept of a programming‬
Q
‭ .3 Differentiate between bugs and‬
Q ‭language. Give an example of a high-level‬
‭defects.‬ ‭programming language.‬
‭ ug: A bug is an error or flaw in a software program that causes it to behave unexpectedly.‬
B ‭ programming language is a formal language consisting of a set of instructions that can be‬
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‭Bugs occur during coding or design and are identified during development or testing phases.‬ ‭used to produce various kinds of output, typically used to control the behavior of a machine or to‬
‭express algorithms.‬
‭Defect: A defect is a variance between the expected and actual result, usually noticed by the‬
‭ nd-users after the software is released. A defect can originate from a bug but is identified after‬
e ‭Example: Python is a high-level programming language known for its readability and wide‬
‭the product is in use.‬ r‭ ange of applications, from web development to artificial intelligence.‬
 ‭ . Python: Web development, data science, artificial intelligence.‬
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‭ .7 What is the role of translators in‬
Q ‭2. JavaScript: Web development, front-end development, server-side scripting.‬
‭3. Java: Mobile applications (especially Android), enterprise applications.‬
‭programming language? Explain different‬ ‭4. C++: Game development, system software, high-performance applications.‬
‭5. C#: Game development (Unity), Windows applications.‬
‭types of translators used in programming‬ ‭6. PHP: Web development, server-side scripting.‬
‭7. Ruby: Web development, particularly with Ruby on Rails framework.‬
‭language.‬ ‭8. Swift: iOS app development.‬
‭9. Go: Cloud computing, server-side applications.‬
‭ ranslators convert high-level programming code into machine code that computers can‬
T ‭10. Kotlin: Android app development, server-side applications.‬
‭understand. They are essential for running programs written in high-level languages.‬

‭ ypes of Translators:‬
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‭1. Compiler: Translates the entire program into machine code at once, and the machine code is‬
‭ .10 How is debugging different from‬
Q
‭executed directly. Example: C++ compiler.‬
‭2. Interpreter: Translates the program line by line and executes it immediately after translation.‬
‭testing?‬
‭Example: Python interpreter.‬
‭ esting: The process of systematically checking whether a software product behaves as‬
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‭3. Assembler: Converts assembly language code into machine code.‬
‭expected by running it through a set of predefined cases. The goal is to find bugs or defects in‬
‭the system.‬

‭ .8 Explain the types of errors that are‬

Q ‭Debugging: The process of identifying, analyzing, and fixing the bugs found during testing or‬
‭ hile running the software. Debugging is a corrective action taken after discovering an issue‬
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‭likely to occur while running and‬ ‭during testing.‬

‭executing a program.‬
‭ . Syntax Errors: Mistakes in the program's syntax, such as missing semicolons or parentheses.‬
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‭2. Runtime Errors: Errors that occur during program execution, such as division by zero or‬
‭trying to access an unavailable file.‬
‭3. Logical Errors: The program runs without crashing but produces incorrect results due to‬
‭incorrect logic or calculations.‬
‭4. Semantic Errors: Occur when the code is syntactically correct but does not perform the‬
‭intended task or logic.‬

‭ .9 List top 10 most common‬

Q
‭programming languages and their most‬
‭common uses.‬
 ‭They are important because they help define the structure and meaning of the code, ensuring‬
‭Tutorial 2 Answers‬ t‭he program works correctly.‬

‭ .5 Define storage classes available in C‬

Q
‭ .1 What are some basic rules of C‬
Q
‭language.‬
‭programming?‬
‭ . auto: The default storage class for local variables inside a function.‬
1
‭ . Every C program must have a main() function where the execution begins.‬
1 ‭2. register: Requests that the variable be stored in the CPU register for quick access.‬
‭2. All statements must end with a semicolon (;).‬ ‭3. static: Retains the value of a variable between function calls.‬
‭3. Variable names must start with a letter or underscore, but not with a number.‬ ‭4. extern: Declares a global variable defined in another file.‬
‭4. Code should be written in blocks enclosed in curly braces {}.‬
‭5. C is case-sensitive, meaning Var and var are different.‬

‭ .6 What is the use of #define‬

Q
‭ .2 Describe the basic data types in C‬
Q ‭pre-processor? Explain with an example.‬
‭language.‬ ‭ define is used to create macros or symbolic constants that replace text in the code.‬
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‭Example:‬
‭ . int: Used for integers (whole numbers) like 3, -5.‬
1 ‭#define PI 3.14‬
‭2. float: Used for single-precision floating-point numbers (decimals) like 3.14.‬ ‭int area = PI * radius * radius;‬
‭3. double: Used for double-precision floating-point numbers (larger decimals).‬ ‭Here, PI is replaced with 3.14 during the compilation process.‬
‭4. char: Used for single characters like 'A' or '9'.‬
‭5. void: Represents the absence of type, used with functions that return no value.‬

‭ .7 Explain the decision-making‬

Q
‭ .3 What is a variable? Illustrate with an‬
Q ‭statement in C with an example program.‬
‭example.‬ ‭ ecision-making statements in C control the flow of execution based on conditions.‬
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‭Example:‬
‭ variable in C is a container used to store data values.‬
A ‭if (age >= 18) {‬
‭Example: int age = 25; here age is a variable that stores the integer 25.‬ ‭printf("You are an adult.");‬
‭} else {‬
‭printf("You are not an adult.");‬
‭ .4 What is a keyword in C? Why are they‬
Q ‭}‬
‭This code checks if the age is 18 or more and prints the appropriate message.‬
‭important?‬
‭ keyword in C is a reserved word that has a predefined meaning and cannot be used as a‬
A ‭ .8 What is an operator? Explain different‬
Q
‭variable name.‬
‭Example: int, return, and if are keywords.‬ ‭types of operators in C.‬
‭ n operator in C is a symbol that performs operations on variables and values.‬
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‭Types:‬
‭1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, / for mathematical operations.‬
‭2. Relational Operators: >, <, ==, != for comparisons.‬
‭3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, ! for logical operations.‬
‭4. Assignment Operators: = for assigning values.‬
‭5. Increment/Decrement Operators: ++ and -- to increase or decrease a value by one.‬

‭ .9 What is the role of printf and scanf in‬

Q
‭C programming? Explain with examples.‬
‭ rintf: Displays output on the screen.‬
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‭Example:‬
‭printf("Hello, World!");‬
‭This prints "Hello, World!" on the screen.‬

s‭ canf: Takes input from the user.‬

‭Example:‬
‭int age;‬
‭scanf("%d", &age);‬
‭This takes an integer input and stores it in the age variable.‬

‭ .10 What is the use of && and ||‬

Q
‭operators in C programming?‬
‭ & (Logical AND): Returns true if both conditions are true.‬
&
‭Example:‬
‭if (a > 0 && b > 0) {‬
‭printf("Both are positive numbers.");‬
‭}‬

|‭| (Logical OR): Returns true if at least one condition is true.‬

‭Example:‬
‭if (a > 0 || b > 0) {‬
‭printf("At least one is a positive number.");‬
‭}‬