Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
(a) Describe immunity
IMMUNITY : A state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological
invasion.
Pathogens invade tissues
Requires several hours to
Rapid several days
Specific (adaptive) immune response
Third line of defense
First line of Second line Lymphocytes
defense of defense Antibodies
Skin Phagocytic Cell mediated immune
Mucous white blood response
membranes cells
Secretions of Antimicrobial
skin and proteins
mucous The Antibody mediated
membrane inflammatory (humoral) immunity
response
(b) Describe the general structure and state the classes of antibodies.
ANTIBODY / IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig) : Protein compounds (immunoglobulins) produced by plasma cells in
response to specific antigens and having the capacity to react against the antigens.
Each chain has :
- Constant region (C) - serves as a basis for
distinguishing the classes of antibodies
- Variable region (V) - antigen binding site
The variable region of both heavy & light chains
combined forming antigen-binding site
Antigen binding site that bind with specific
antigens
each antibody has 2 identical antigen binding sites
The monomer consists of 4 polypeptide chains: specific for the epitope (antigenic determinant).
- 2 identical light chains (short polypeptides 1
The Fc region can attach to a host cell or
chain)
complement.
- 2 identical heavy chains (long polypeptides
chain)
Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
st
1 antibody secreted Major antibody Protect mucosal Involve in Receptor
nd
during primary immune secreted in 2 surface of the body allergic for
response immune response for infection responses; antigen on
promote the B cell
Serve as receptors on Provide naturally e.g. saliva, mucus, release of surface
lymphocyte surface acquired passive tears and mother’s histamine
immunity milk and other
Promote agglutination
agent that
reaction
produce
allergic
symptoms
(c) State the roles of lymphoid organs in immunity such as: thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, bone marrow
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
Lymphoid organ Function
Lymph Nodes Throughout the body, at the junction of lymphatic vessel.
Contains lymphocytes (mostly B cells), macrophages & dendritic cells –
to filter(traps & fight) antigen in the lymph
Lymph nodes filter the lymph to remove microorganisms and other
foreign particles.
Each nodule sinus filled contain lymphocytes and macrophages that
destroy invading organisms.
Tonsils A kind of lymph node near the pharynx.
Contains lymphocytes (mostly B cells).
Trap pathogen that enter through nose and mouth.
Protect the respiratory system from infection by destroying bacteria
and other foreign matter that enter mouth or nose.
Thymus In thoracic cavity, above heart, below thyroid gland.
Site of T cells maturation.
Contains macrophages.
Produced thymosin, a hormone that plays a role in immune response.
The thymus secretes a hormone, thymosin, that causes pre-T-cells to
mature (in the thymus) into T lymphocytes.
Spleen In upper left abdomen, under diaphragm.
Contains lymphocytes (mostly T cells).
Filter blood and fight infection.
Site of old erythrocyte destroyed & removed.
Serves as a reservoir for blood, and filters or purifies the blood and
lymph fluid that flows through it.
If the spleen is damaged or removed, the individual is more susceptible
to infections
Bone marrow In hollow interior of long bones.
Origin of all blood cells.
Site of B cells maturation.
Produced the lymphocytes that support the body's immune system.
Area of maturation for most white blood.
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
(d) State the various types of antigen and antibody interactions.
ANTIGEN/IMMUNOGEN DEFINITION: Foreign substances that trigger / induces
specific immune response.
Usually are proteins, polysaccharides & glycoproteins.
Located on the surface of pathogens (bacteria @ virus)
May exist as free molecules
Involve response from B cells & T cells.
Foreign antigen (non-self) : bacteria, virus, fungus, parasites
Self antigens: MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
TYPES OF ANTIGEN & ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
1. PRECIPITATION 2. AGGLUTINATION
The binding of antibodies to soluble
antigens.
The binding of one antibody to many
Form large, insoluble antigen-antibody
pathogens.
complexes which tend to precipitates
Causing pathogens to agglutinate
antigen-antibody complexes are engulf by
(clump together)
macrophage
This immobilize the pathogens and
prevent them from spreading through
the tissue
Antigen-antibody complex is engulf by
macrophage
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
3. Neutralization
Antibodies attach to binding sites of
virus.
To prevent the binding of virus to
host cell/ coats the bacteria and
making them ineffective.
Antigen-antibody complex is engulf
by macrophage
4. Complement fixation / Activation of complement protein.
1. Antibodies combine with antigen on the surface of foreign cell forming antigen-antibody complex
2. This activate the complement proteins.
3. Activated complement proteins generate a membrane attack complex. The membrane attack complex
(MAC) make pores (hole) in the foreign cell’s membrane, causing water & ions enter.
4. The foreign cell then lysed (destroyed).
(e) Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response
Helper T cells
T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
lymphocytes
cells involve plasma cell
macrophages B lymphocytes
memory cell
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
B cells
give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies
T cells
directly attack cells that bear non-self proteins
B and T cells recognize specific antigens through
their plasma membrane-bound antigen
receptors
Lymphocytes are capable of recognizing an
Lymphocytes antigen as they have antigen receptors
Plasma membrane receptor protein’s shape
allows them to combine with a specific antigen
Both types of lymphocytes circulate throughout the blood and lymph
and are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other
lymphatic tissue.
Major histocompatibality complex (MHC)
a collections of cell surface glycoproteins
encoded by a family of genes.
MHC as the cell marker / marker molecules /
antigen
Importance in self and non-self recognition
Two main classes
1. Class I MHC molecules
- found on almost all nucleated cells - that is,
on almost every cell.
- facilitate antigen binding to cytotoxic T cells
2. Class II MHC molecules
- restricted to a few specialized cell types,
including macrophages, B cells, activated T
cells, and those inside the thymus.
- facilitate antigen binding to helper T cells
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
(1) HUMORAL (ANTIBODY MEDIATED) IMMUNE RESPONSE
DEFINITION: An immune response involving
production of antibodies by B lymphocytes (B cell)
Defense against: Toxin, free bacteria, viruses in the
body
1. Macrophage [antigen presenting cells (APC)] engulfs a
bacterium (pathogen)
2. Antigenic determinants presented on cell membrane (via a
class II MHC molecule)
3. Macrophage secrets Interleukin I ( IL1) attracts the other
macrophage TH lymphocytes
4. TH Lymphocytes (TH - helper T) secrete Interleukin II to
stimulates proliferation and differentiation B lymphocytes
5. B Lymphocytes react with antigenic determinants
6. B Lymphocytes proliferate forming clone identical
immature B lymphocytes then differentiate into plasma
cells and memory cells
7. Plasma cells secrete antibodies
8. Antibodies react specifically with antigen
9. Memory Cells react specifically with the same antigen upon
subsequent exposure.
Proliferate rapidly forming plasma cells and
memory cells.
Plasma cells produced same antibodies react
specifically with antigen.
The antibodies involved are primarily IgG.
(2) CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE DEFINITION: An immune response by T lymphocytes (T cell)
directly attack the cells that carries the specific antigen.
Doesn’t involve antibody production
Defense against:
bacteria and viruses
within infected cell
Also attack on
transplanted tissue cells
and cancer cells
because perceived as
“non-self”.
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
1. Macrophage [antigen-presenting cells (APC)] engulfs a bacterium (pathogen)
2. Antigenic determinants presented on cell membrane (via a class II MHC molecule)
3. Macrophage secrets Interleukin I to attracts the other macrophage and TH lymphocytes
4. A specific TH cell is activated by binding to the MHC-antigen complex
5. TH cell react with antigenic determinants.
6. TH cell secrete Interleukin II - stimulates proliferation and differentiation TC lymphocytes
7. TC Lymphocytes react with antigenic determinants and proliferate forming clone identical immature T C
8. TC cell differentiate into “activated” TC lymphocytes and memory cells
9. “Activated” TC lymphocytes react specifically with antigen
10. The activated TC cell discharges perforin molecules, which create pores in the membrane of the infected cell.
11. Water and ions flows into the infected cell and the cell lyses.
12. Some of immature TC cells develop into memory cells
13. Memory cells react specifically with the same antigen upon subsequent exposure and proliferate rapidly forming
“activated” TC lymphocytes and memory cells.
14. Activated” TC lymphocytes react specifically with antigen secrete perforin causes lyses of cell membrane
SELF AND NON-SELF RECOGNITION
• The body’s immune defenses do not normally attack
tissues that carry a “self-marker”.
• Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist
peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.
• But when immune defenders encounter cells or
organism carrying molecule that say ‘foreign’, the
immune troops move quickly to eliminate intruders.
• Non-self includes pathogens and cells from other
individuals of the same species.
• Self and non-self cell recognition is governed by
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers –
markers that trigger a response from a lymphocyte
are called antigens – on the plasma membrane of a
cell.
• All body cells have class 1 MHC markers except red
blood cells but class 2 markers are only found on
lymphocytes and some macrophages.
• Self antigens indicate that the cell is produced within
the person and non-self indicate that the material is
foreign to the body.
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Chapter 22 : Immunity
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO March 2016
(f) Explain the primary and secondary immune response
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
DEFINITION: Proliferation
and differentiation of DEFINITION: Immune
lymphocytes that occur response produced during
during the first exposure the second exposure to same
to an antigen antigen at some later time.
1. When first time exposure to antigen. 1. When exposed to same antigen for the
e.g. when receive the 1st dose during second time/ secondary exposure
vaccination
2. Lymphocyte/B cell proliferates and 2. The memory B cells will recognize the
differentiates into plasma cells & same antigen faster
memory B cells
3. The memory B cells will proliferate
3. Plasma cells produce antibodies
rapidly into plasma cell to produce
4. very low concentration of antibodies
antibody
are present at early stage,
5. Primary response peak up to two 4. The response is faster (2-7 days) due to
weeks @ 7- 14 days after initial high concentration of antibodies
exposure to produce enough
antibodies to fight against antigen. 5. The antibodies produced have greater
6. After a short time, antibody level affinity for the antigen.
declines due to the short-lived 6. The memory B cell able to recognize
antibodies antigen for longer period/ the immunity
7. Long-lasting memory B cells will is long lasting
remain in body to trigger secondary
immune response
8. While the response is developing, a
stricken individual may become ill.
9. The symptoms of illness diminish and
disappear when antibodies and T cells
eliminate antigens from body.
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