SANATANA DHARMA VIDYASALA
ENGLISH MEDIUM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
NEW GENERATION SCHOOL
ALAPPUZHA - 688001
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution
(Est. in 1972)
CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2024-25)
Submitted by
NAME : VYSHNAV M SHAJI
CLASS : XII
BOARD ROLL NO :
NAME & SIGNATURE OF PROJECT MENTOR: Ms. SARITHA SHANMUKHAN
NAME & SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER:
SDV ENGLISH MEDIUM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,
ALAPPUZHA
2024- 2025
Chemistry Project Report on “ Rate of evaporation of
different liquids”
Submitted to central board of secondary education in partial fulfilment of
AISSCE by
Name of the Student : VYSHNAV M SHAJI
Class : XII
Registration Number :
Signature of External Examiner:
CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine investigation work has
been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and
satisfactorily by VYSHNAV M SHAJI student of CLASS XII, SDV English Medium
Higher Secondary School, Alappuzha regarding his project titled “Rate of
evaporation of different liquids”.
Mrs. SAVITHA S CHANDRAN Ms. SARITHA SHANMUKHAN
Principal Chemistry Teacher
SDVEMHSS SDVEMHSS
Alappuzha Alappuzha
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my chemistry
teacher Ms. SARITHA SHANMUKHAN for providing a helping hand in this
project. His valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project are
responsible for attaining its present form. I would also like to thank my parents
as they encouraged me to put forward my project.
VYSHNAV M SHAJI
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
RATE OF EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
CONTENT
1. Objective of the project
2. Introduction
3. Aim
4. Apparatus and chemicals required
5. Theory
6. Procedure
7. Observation
8. Result
9. Precautions
10. Bibliography
Objective of the Project
This project is of the rate of evaporation of different liquid, in which we
also discuss the factors which affect the rate of liquid .
Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous
phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known
as vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained
in the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong
molecular attractive forces which hold molecules together. The
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous
phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a
small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules
which undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the
kinetic energy of the molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic
energy. Therefore, temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will
have same distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high
molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase
of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until
whole of the liquid evaporates.
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
(1) Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of
attraction in liquid determine the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-
molecular forces of attraction larger is the extent of evaporation. In
diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
(2) Temperature: The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with
temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also
increases. Thus, with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also
increases.
(3) Surface Area: Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids
constitute the evaporation. Therefore, larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.
(4) Composition of Environment: The rate of evaporation of liquids
depends upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air
current flowing over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of
the substance in vapour state there by preventing condensation.
Experiment no. 1
Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.
Requirement:
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm
10 ml. pipettes
Stop watch
Acetone
Benzene and
Chloroform.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out
of 10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minutes. Now cover each of the petri
dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Volume
Petri dishes Liquid Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1–V2
(V2) ml.
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010
Results:
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
Experiment no. 2
Aim:
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethylether.
Requirement:
Three Petri dishes of volume 15 ml and 25ml with cover
10 ml. of pipette and
Stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry two Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethylether in each of the Petri dishes A and B and cover
them immediately.
3. Uncover both of the Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each
Petri dish.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri
Volume of Volume Taken Remaining Evaporated
dishes
P.T.Ds. (ml.) Vol. (ml.) volume
Marked
A 15 ml 10 4 6
B 25 ml 10 2 8
Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as 25ml > 15ml
Conclusion:
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
Experiment no. 3
Aim:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement:
Two Petri dishes of 25ml of volume each
Stop watch
10 ml. pipette
Thermometer
Thermostat
Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated
Time (Sec.)
Marked (0C) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10
Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.
Conclusion:
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.
Experiment no. 4
Aim:
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone .
Requirement:
Two Petri dishes
Acetone.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.
Observation:
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
Petri dishes volume
Conditions Time (Sec.)
Marked Evaporated (ml.)
A With fan 40 10
B without fan 50 10
Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
With fan > Without fan.
Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow
of air current.
